Smith, Moore, Boyd, Johnson, M'Millan, Brown, Bell, Campbell, M'Neill, Crawford, M'Alister, Hunter, Macaulay, Robinson, Wallace, Millar, Kennedy, and Hill. The list has a very Scottish flavor altogether, although it may be noted that the names that are highest on the list are those which are common to both England and Scotland: for it may be taken for granted that the English "Thompson" has swallowed up the Scottish "Thomson," that "Moore" includes the Ayrshire "Muir," and that the Annandale "Johnstones" have been merged by the writer in the English“ Johnsons." One other point is very striking — that the great Ulster name of O'Neill is wanting, and also the Antrim "Macdonnel." Another strong proof of the Scottish blood of the Ulstermen may be found by taking the annual reports presented to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland, held in June, 1887. Here are the names of the men, lay and clerical, who sign these reports, the names being taken as they occur: J. W. Whigham, Jackson Smith, Hamilton Magee, Thomas Armstrong, William Park, J. M. Rodgers, David Wilson, George Macfarland, Thomas Lyle, W. Rogers, J. B. Wylie, W. Young, E. F. Simpson, Alexander Turnbull, John Malcolm, John H. Orr. Probably the reports of our three Scottish churches taken together could not produce so large an average of Scottish surnames.-The Scot in Ulster, Edinburgh, 1888, pp. 103-105.

Many of the settlers were English, but the larger and more influential element came from the Calvinists of Scotland. To-day the speech of Ulster is Scotch rather than English, showing which nationality has predominated.-Douglas Campbell, The Puritan in Holland, England, and America, vol. ii., p. 474.

• Towards the end of the last century "in all social and political matters the native Catholics, in other words the immense majority of the people of Ireland, were simply hewers of wood and drawers of water for Protestant masters, for masters who still looked on themselves as mere settlers, who boasted of their Scotch or English extraction, and who regarded the name of 'Irishman' as an insult."— J. R. Green, History of the English People, book ix., ch. ii.

Most of the great evils of Irish politics during the last two centuries have arisen from the fact that its different classes and creeds have never been really blended into one nation, that the repulsion of race or of religion has been stronger than the attraction of a common nationality, and that the full energies and intellect of the country have in consequence seldom or never been enlisted in a common cause.-Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, vol. ii., p. 505. Am. ed., pp. 440 and 441. Travellers tell us that to-day in sections of Ulster the population is Scotch and not Irish.

'A considerable portion of the English colonists, especially those who came to the London settlement in Londonderry county, were Puritans, and joined with the Scots in church affairs. A strong Calvinistic element was also afterwards infused into the district by the French Huguenots, who settled in different parts of Ireland after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.-Harrison, The Scot in Ulster, p. 21.

"While along the shores of Down and Antrim, and by the banks of the Six-Mile Water and the Main, the colonists are almost wholly from the Lowlands of Scotland; upon the shores of Derry and Donegal, and by the banks of the Foyle and the Bann, were planted by the action of the same far-seeing James Stuart, bands of English colonists. Large grants of land in the escheated counties of Ulster were bestowed upon the great London companies, and on their vast estates by the Foyle and the Bann were settled considerable numbers of fine old English families. The Englishmen may be easily traced to this very day in Derry, and Coleraine, and Armagh, and Enniskillen. Groups of these Puritans dotted the whole expanse of Ulster, and in a later hour, when the magnificent Cromwell took hold of Ireland, these English colonists were reinforced by not a few of the very bravest and strongest of the Ironsides. To this very hour I know where to lay my hands on the direct lineal descendants of some of Cromwell's most trusted officers, who brought to Ireland blood that flowed in the purest English veins. The defiant city of Derry was the fruit of the English

settlement, the royal borough of Coleraine, the cathedral city of Armagh, the battle-swept Enniskillen, and several towns and hamlets along the winding Bann. Among these English settlers were not a few who were ardent followers of George Fox, that man who in many respects was Cromwell's equal, and in some his master; these Friends came with a man of great force of character, Thomas Edmundson, who bore arms for the Parliament, and has left behind him a singularly interesting diary. The Friends came to Antrim in 1652, and settled in Antrim and Down; hence come the Pims, the Barclays, the Grubbs, and Richardsons, with many another goodly name of Ulster.

"The name of this Irish province was spreading over Europe by the second decade of the seventeenth century as the 'shelter of the hunted'; and soon the Puritan and the Quaker are joined in Ulster by another nobleman of God's making - the Huguenot from France. Headed by Louis Crommellin they came a little later and settled in and around Lisburn, founding many of the finest industries of Ulster, and giving mighty impulse to those already started. And still later, following the 'immortal William' came some brave burghers from Holland and the Netherlands. Thus Ulster became a gathering ground for the very finest, most ́formative, impulsive, and aggressive of the free, enlightened, God-fearing peoples of Europe."-J. S. MacIntosh, "The Making of the Ulsterman," Scotch-Irish Society of America Proceedings, vol. ii., pp. 98, 99.

CHAPTER XIII

SCOTLAND OF TO-DAY

T has been said of the modern Scottish race by some of its enthusiastic sons

have taken a prominent part in the affairs of the English speaking world than has any other. Whether this be true or not, there are two facts bearing upon that phase of Scottish race-history to which attention may properly be called. The first and most important fact is, that nearly all the men of Scottish birth or descent who are renowned in history trace their family origin back to the western Lowlands of Scotland. That is to say, the district comprising the counties of Lanark, Renfrew, Ayr, Dumfries, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumbarton-in area about the same as Connecticut, and the most of which was formerly included in the Celto-British kingdom of Strathclyde, has produced a very large proportion of the men and families who have made the name of Scotland famous in the world's history.'

In this district are to be found the chief evidences in Scotland of the birth or residence of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Dumbartonshire is the reputed birthplace of St. Patrick, Ireland's teacher and patron saint. Elderslie, in Renfrewshire, is said to have been the birthplace of Scotland's national hero, William Wallace. Robert Bruce also, son of Marjorie, Countess of Carrick and daughter of Nigel or Niall (who was himself the Celtic Earl of Carrick and grandson of Gilbert, son of Fergus, Lord of Galloway), was, according to popular belief, born at his mother's castle of Turnberry, in Ayrshire. The seat of the High Stewards of Scotland, ancestors of the royal family of the Stuarts, was in Renfrewshire. The paternal grandfather of William Ewart Gladstone was born in Lanarkshire. John Knox's father is said to have belonged to the Knox family of Renfrewshire. Robert Burns was born in Ayrshire. The sect called the "Lollards," who were the earliest Protestant reformers in Scotland, appear first in Scottish history as coming from Kyle in Ayrshire, the same district which afterwards furnished a large part of the leaders and armies of the Reformation. The Covenanters and their armies of the seventeenth century were mainly from the same part of the kingdom. Glasgow, the greatest manufacturing city of Europe, is situated in the heart of this district. These same seven counties also furnished by far the greater part of the Scottish colonists of Ulster, in Ireland, from whom are descended a large proportion of the Scotch-Irish who have become famous in American history.'

The second fact about the race-history of Scotland and one that in a measure accounts for the first, is, that the population of the western Lowlands during the past six hundred years has consisted of a mixed or com

posite race, made up of a number of different and originally very dissimilar racial elements. The basis of the race was the Romanized Briton who lived "between the walls," built by the Romans across the island of Great Britain in the time of the Emperor Hadrian.* Chiefly from these early Britonsor Welsh (i. e., aliens "), as they were called by the Anglic invaders,— the Ulster Scot gets his Celtic blood, and not from the Gaels of modern Ireland. The Britons were in part Brythonic or Cymric Celts, identical with some of the tribesmen of Gaul who are described by Cæsar; in part Gaelic Celts, who had preceded the Cymri some centuries in their migration to the islands; in part non-Celtic and non-Aryan Aborigines, whom the Gaels found there; and in part a blended race, comprising all these basic elements, with an additional Roman element furnished from the Roman legions (provincial and imperial), which for four centuries traversed, harried, and dominated the island of Great Britain. As time passed, there came marked departures from the original type, occasioned by intermarriages, first with the Picts and Scots, then with the Angles and Danes who occupied and largely peopled the eastern coast of Scotland, and with the Norsemen, who settled in the southwest.' From the last-named stock comes most of the Teutonic blood of the Ulster Scots, or Scotch-Irish. After the eleventh century, the Normans came from England into Scotland in large numbers, and occupied much of the land, their leaders frequently intermarrying with the daughters of native Celtic chieftains. Long before the seventeenth century, in the early years of which the Scottish emigration to Ireland began, the various race-groups of the western Lowlands of Scotland had become fused into one composite whole, having the attributes of the Celt, the Norse, the Angle, and the Norman; thus typifying many centuries ago the identical race which the world to-day is beginning to recognize as the American-an amalgamation of the Teutonic and the Celtic, having the staying qualities of the one, with the grace, adaptability, and mental brilliancy of the other.

"The Scottish Lowlanders are a very mixed race," says Reclus, the French traveller and geographer, "and even their name is a singular proof of it. Scotland was originally known as Hibernia, or Igbernia, whilst the name of Scotia, from the end of the sixth to the beginning of the eleventh century, was exclusively applied to modern Ireland. The two countries have consequently exchanged names.

John of Fordun, the first of the early historians of Scotland whose writings can even in part be relied upon, has given us the following description of Scotland as it existed in his day (he died shortly after 1384):

At

Scotia is so named after the Scottish tribes by which it is inhabited. first, it began from the Scottish firth on the south, and, later on, from the

* One wall ran east from the Clyde and the other from the Solway.

river Humber, where Albania also began. Afterwards, however, it commenced at the wall Thirlwal, which Severus had built to the river Tyne. But now it begins at the river Tweed, the northern boundary of England, and, stretching rather less than four hundred miles in length, in a northwesterly direction, is bounded by the Pentland Firth, where a fearfully dangerous whirlpool sucks in and belches back the waters every hour. It is a country strong by nature, and difficult and toilsome of access. In some parts, it towers into mountains; in others, it sinks down into plains. For lofty mountains stretch through the midst of it, from end to end, as do the tall Alps through Europe; and these mountains formerly separated the Scots from the Picts, and their kingdoms from each other. Impassable as they are on horseback, save in very few places, they can hardly be crossed even on foot, both on account of the snow always lying on them, except in summertime only; and by reason of the boulders torn off the beetling crags, and the deep hollows in their midst. Along the foot of these mountains are vast woods full of stags, roe-deer, and other wild animals and beasts of various kinds; and these forests oftentimes afford a strong and safe protection to the cattle of the inhabitants against the depredations of their enemies; for the herds in those parts, they say, are accustomed, from use, whenever they hear the shouts of men and women, and if suddenly attacked by dogs, to flock hastily into the woods. Numberless springs also well up, and burst forth from the hills and the sloping ridges of the mountains, and, trickling down with sweetest sound, in crystal rivulets between flowery banks, flow together through the level vales, and give birth to many streams; and these again to large rivers, in which Scotia marvellously abounds, beyond any other country; and at their mouths, where they rejoin the sea, she has noble and secure harbors.

Scotia, also, has tracts of land bordering on the sea, pretty, level, and rich, with green meadows, and fertile and productive fields of corn and barley, and well adapted for growing beans, peas, and all other produce; destitute, however, of wine and oil, though by no means so of honey and wax. But in the upland districts, and along the highlands, the fields are less productive, except only in oats and barley. The country is, there, very hideous, interspersed with moors and marshy fields, muddy and dirty; it is, however, full of pasturage grass for cattle, and comely with verdure in the glens, along the watercourses. This region abounds in wool-bearing sheep, and in horses; and its soil is grassy, feeds cattle and wild beasts, is rich in milk and wool, and manifold in its wealth of fish, in sea, river, and lake. It is also noted for birds of many sorts. There noble falcons, of soaring flight and boundless courage, are to be found, and hawks of matchless daring. Marble of two or three colors, that is, black, variegated, and white, as well as alabaster, is also found there. It also produces a good deal of iron and lead, and nearly all metals.

The manners and customs of the Scots vary with the diversity of their speech. For two languages are spoken amongst them, the Scottish and the Teutonic; the latter of which is the language of those who occupy the seaboard and plains, while the race of Scottish speech inhabit the highlands and outlying islands." The people of the coast are of domestic and civilized habits, trusty, patient, and urbane, decent in their attire, affable, and peaceful, devout in Divine worship, yet always prone to resist a wrong at the hand of their enemies. The highlanders and people of the islands, on the other hand, are a savage and untamed nation, rude and independent, given to rapine, ease-loving, of a docile and warm disposition, comely in person, but