range of thought and action of the Scotch-Irish people; but they are Scotch through and through, they are Scottish out and out, and they are Irish because, in the providence of God, they were sent for some generations to the land that I am permitted to speak of as the land of my birth."

The second authority is the Rev. John S. MacIntosh of Philadelphia, who, by reason of his many years of close observation spent amongst the people of Ulster, and his extended research into their earlier history, is perhaps better qualified to speak conclusively on the subject than any other living person. His testimony is that: "Our American term - the Scotch-Irish

is not known even in Ulster, save among the very few who have learned the ways of our common speech. The term known in Britain is the Ulsterman; and in Ireland, it is the 'sturdy Northern,' or at times the 'black Northern.' What changed the Lowlander, and what gave us the Ulsterman? In this study I have drawn very largely upon the labors of two friends of former years Dr. William D. Killen of the Assembly's College, one of the most learned and accurate of historians, and the Rev. George Hill, once Librarian of Queen's College, Belfast, Ireland, than whom never was there more ardent student of old annals and reliable of antiquarians. But more largely still have I drawn on my own personal watch and study of this Ulster folk in their homes, their markets, and their churches. From Derry to Down I have lived with them. Every town, village, and hamlet from the Causeway to Carlingford is familiar to me. Knowing the Lowlander and the ScotchIrish of this land, I have studied the Ulsterman and his story of rights and wrongs, and that eagerly, for years. I speak that which I have seen, and testify what I have heard from their lips, read from old family books, church records, and many a tombstone in kirk-yards.

“This fact, that the Ulster colonist was a stranger, and the favorite, for the time, of England and her government, wrought in a twofold way; in the Ulsterman and against him.

Again, the fact that he was the royal colonist wrought in him the pride, the contempt, the hauteur and swaggering daring of a victorious race planted among despised savages. What at a later day was seen here may be seen down all the stretch of Ulster history. I have myself seen it, and heard time and again he would 'lord it ower the mere Eerish.' And the rulers of that hour both cultivated that feeling and enforced it. The Celt of that day had nothing to make him winsome or worthy of imitation. Romance and sentiment may as well be dropped. We have the hard facts about the clansmen of the O'Neill. The glory and the honor were with England. The times were big with the fresh British life. The men and women of that age and the age just closed are mighty by their witching force of greatness in good and evil. It is the era of Britain's bursting life and greatening soul. Song and statesmanship, the chiefs of the drama, and the captains of daring are telling mightily on our forefathers in England and in Ulster. The new 'Plantation' itself is full of enchantment when contrasted with the old state

of internecine war.

. . But those proud and haughty strangers, with high heads and their new ways, were hated as aliens and harried from the beginning by 'the wild Irish.'

The scorn of the Scot was met by the curse of the Celt. The native chiefs and their clansmen did not distinguish between the government and the colonists; nor had they the right; nor did the colonists give them any cause. The hate and the harrying of the Irish were returned, and with compound interest, by the proud Ulsterman. I neither approve nor apologize : I simply state what I find. To him the 'redshanks' of the 'wild Earl' of Tyrone were exactly as the redskins of our forests to the men of New England and the Susquehanna and the Ohio. The natives were always 'thae Eerish!' and the scorn is as sharp to-day on the tongue of a Belfast Orangeman as two centuries ago. It has been said that the Ulster settlers mingled and married with the Irish Celt. The Ulsterman did not mingle with the Celt. I speak, remember, chiefly of the period running from 1605 to 1741. There had been in Ireland before the 'Plantation' some wild Islanders from the west of Scotland, whose descendants I have found in the Antrim 'Glynnes'; they did marry and intermarry with the natives; but King James expressly forbade any more of these island-men being taken to Ulster; and he and his government took measures that the later settlers of the 'Plantation' should be taken from the inward parts of Scotland,' and that they should be so settled that they 'may not mix nor intermarry' with 'the mere Irish.' The Ulster settlers mingled freely with the English Puritans and with the refugee Huguenots; but so far as my search of state papers, old manuscripts, examination of old parish registers, and years of personal talk with and study of Ulster folk disclose-the Scots did not mingle to any appreciable extent with the natives. I have talked with three very old friends, an educated lady, a shrewd farmer's wife, and a distinguished physician; they could each clearly recall their great-grandfathers; these great-grandparents told them their fathers' tales; and I have kept them carefully as valuable personal memoirs. These stories agree exactly with all we can get in docuWith all its dark sides, as well as all light sides, the fact remains that Ulsterman and Celt were aliens and foes.

ments.

"Hence came constant and bitter strife. In both Lowlander and Ulsterman is the same strong racial pride, the same hauteur and selfassertion, the same self-reliance, the same close mouth, and the same firm will- the stiff heart for the steek brae.' They are both of the very Scotch, Scotch. To this very hour, in the remoter and more unchanged parts of Antrim and Down, the country-folks will tell you: 'We're no Eerish bot Scoatch.' All their folk-lore, all their tales, their traditions, their songs, their poetry, their heroes and heroines, and their home-speech, is of the oldest Lowland types and times."

Again, we have some supplementary evidence to the same effect from a recent Scottish author, John Harrison, who, in his account of the native

Irish-Scots, gives a brief and characteristic description of an Ulster graveyard. This author says:

Two miles south from Donaghadee, on the shore road into the Upper Ards, that narrow peninsula between Strangford Lough and the Irish Sea, there lies a little enclosure which must arrest the stranger's attention. It is a graveyard, and is called Temple-patrick. It is surrounded by low stone walls; no church or temple is now within its confines; no trees or flowers give grateful shade, or lend colour and tender interest; it is thickly covered with green mounds, and with monumental slabs of gray slaty stone,-the graves are packed close together. Read the simple "headstones," and you discover no trace of sentiment; few fond and loving words; no request for the prayers of the passer-by for the souls of those who sleep below; nothing more akin to sentiment than "Sacred to the memory of." Above, great masses of gray clouds, as they go scudding past, throw down on the traveller, as he rests and thinks, big drops of rain; and before him is spread out, north, south, and east, the sullen sea, whose moan fills all his sense of hearing. It is not the spot which a man would love to picture to himself as his last resting-place. Read the names on the stones, and you discover why here in Ireland there is to be found nothing of tender grace to mark the higher side, nothing of tinsel to show the lower, of Irish character. The names are very Scottish-such as Andrew Byers, John Shaw, Thomas MacMillan, Robert Angus; it is a burying-place of the simple peasants of County Down, who are still, in the end of the nineteenth century, as Scottish as they were when they landed here nearly three centuries ago.

.

It is difficult to bring home to men who do not know Ireland and its history, the fact that there is a deep, strongly marked difference between the Ulstermen and the Irish, and that that difference is not accidental, not the divergence arising out of different surroundings, not even that springing from antagonistic religious training, but is the deeper, stronger-marked cleavage of differing race. It is as distinct as that between any two varieties of any other animal-say between mastiff and stag-hound. Of course, intermarriage gradually shades off the difference of type; but take the Scots of the Ards of Down, who have probably scarcely intermarried with the Irish during the three hundred years they have been in the island, and contrast them with the inhabitants of West Donegal, who have probably scarcely mixed their blood with the English, and you see the race difference. It is strange for any man who is accustomed to walk through the southern districts of Scotland, and to meet the country people going about their daily work in their everyday clothes and everyday manner, to cross into Ireland and wander through the country roads of Down or Antrim. He is in a country which is supposed to be passionately anxious to set up a separate nationality, and yet he cannot feel as if he were away from his own kith and kin. The men who are driving the carts are like the men at home; the women at the cottage doors are in build and carriage like the mothers of the southern Highlands; the signs of the little shops in the village bear well-known names-Paterson, perhaps, or Johnstone, or Sloan; the boy sitting on the "dyke" with nothing to do is whistling "A man's a man for a' that." He goes into a village inn, and is served by a six-foot, looselyhung Scottish Borderer, worthy to have served "drams " to "the Shepherd and Christopher North"; and when he leaves the little inn he sees by the sign that his host bears the name of "James Hay," and his wonder ceases.

The want of strangeness in the men and women is what strikes him as so strange. Then he crosses the Bann, and gets into a different region. He leaves behind him the pleasant green hills which shut in Belfast Lough, the great sweep of rich plain which Lough Neagh may well ask to show cause why it should not be annexed to its inland sea; he gets within sight of the South Derry hills, and the actors in the scene partly change. Some are very familiar; the smart maid at his inn is very like the housemaid at home, and the principal grocer of the little village is the "very image" of the elder who taught him at the Sunday School; but he meets a donkeycart, and neither the donkey nor its driver seem somehow or other to be kin to him; and the "Father" passes him, and looks at him as at a stranger who is visiting his town,-then the Scotsman knows that he is out of Scotland and into Ireland. It is not in Belfast that he feels the likeness to home so much, for everybody is walking fast just as they are in Glasgow, so he cannot notice them particularly, and, of course, the "loafers" at the publichouse doors, who are certainly not moving smartly, do not count for anything in either town; but it is in the country districts-at Newtown Ards, or Antrim, where life is leisurely, that he recognizes that he is among his own people; while it is in a town which is in the border-land between Scottish and Irish, say at Coleraine, on a Saturday market-day, that he has the difference of the two types in face and figure brought strongly before him. Some seem foreign to him, others remind him of his ain countrie," and make him feel that the district he is in, is in reality the land of the Scot.

66

A contributor to the Edinburgh Review for April, 1869, in writing on this subject, says:

Another effect of the Plantation [of Ulster] was that it effectually separated the two races, and kept them apart. It planted a new race in the country, which never coalesced with the native population. There they have been in continual contact for more than two centuries; and they are still as distinct as though an ocean rolled between them. We have seen that all former schemes of plantation failed, because the new settlers became rapidly assimilated to the character, manners, and faith of the native inhabitants; even the descendants of Oliver's Puritan troopers being as effectually absorbed in the space of forty years as to be undistinguishable from the Celtic mass. The Ulster settlement put an end to the amalgamation of races; difference of creed, difference of habits, difference of tradition, the sundering effects of the penal laws, kept them apart. The Presbyterian settlers preserved their religious distinctness by coming in families, and the intense hatred of Popery that has always marked the Scottish mind was an effective hindrance to intermarriage. It is a curious fact, that the traditions of the Ulster Presbyterians still look back to Scotland as their home, and disclaim all alliance with the Celtic part of Ireland. Indeed, the past history of Ulster is but a portion of Scottish history inserted into that of Ireland; a stone in the Irish mosaic of an entirely different quality and color from the pieces that surround it.

Hence it is that in Ulster of the present day there is little difficulty in distinguishing the citizen of Scottish blood from the Episcopalian of English and the Roman Catholic of Irish descent. In the towns and districts where the Presbyterians are most numerous we find that, so far as names, language,

habits of thought and action, and the testimony of recorded history can be taken, the population bears the most characteristic marks of a Scottish origin. In the country districts, the peasant still retains the Scotch “bur " in his speech'; devoutly believes in the doctrines of John Calvin and John Knox; is firmly committed against everything allied with Popery or Prelacy; and usually emphatic in his claims to a Scottish and his disavowal of an Irish descent."

Not that all the Irish Scots are Presbyterians, however, nor all the Presbyterians Scotch. From the days of Echlin and Leslie down, some of the most bitter opponents and persecutors of Ulster Presbyterianism and its adherents have been Scotchmen; while some of its most useful and influential supporters have come from the ranks of the English Puritans and the French Huguenots.' Nevertheless, the great bulk of the Presbyterian settlers in Ulster were from Scotland, and of this class was composed nearly the whole emigration from that country. In inquiring into the origin of these people, therefore, we must seek for it on the other side of the Irish Channel.

NOTES TO CHAPTER XII.

"The

1 The rector of the parish of Dungiven, in county Derry, writing in 1814, says: inhabitants of the parish are divided into two races of men, as totally distinct as if they belonged to different countries and regions. These, in order that we may avoid the invidious names of Protestant and Roman Catholic, which indeed have little to say in the matter, may be distinguished by the usual names of Scotch and Irish, the former including the descendants of all the Scotch and English colonists who have emigrated hither since the time of James I., and the latter comprehending the native and original inhabitants of the country. Than these, no two classes of men can be more distinct: the Scotch are remarkable for their comfortable houses and appearance, regular conduct, and perseverance in business, and their being almost entirely manufacturers; the Irish, on the other hand, are more negligent in their habitations, less regular and guarded in their conduct, and have a total indisposition to manufacture. Both are industrious, but the industry of the Scotch is steady and patient, and directed with foresight, while that of the Irish is rash, adventurous, and variable.”—Statistical Account of Ireland, Dublin, 1814, vol. ii., p. 307.

? The numerous Protestant Kellys, Sullivans, Murphys, McMahons, and others show that there are exceptions to this general proposition.

W. E. H. Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, vol. ii., p. 404.

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4 The two counties which have been most thoroughly transformed by this emigration are the two which are nearest Scotland, and were the first opened up for emigrants. These two have been completely altered in nationality and religion. They have become British, and in the main, certainly Scottish. Perhaps no better proof can be given than the family names of the inhabitants. Some years ago, a patient local antiquary took the voters' list of county Down of those rated above £12 for poor-rates,” and analyzed it carefully. There were 10,028 names on the list, and these fairly represented the whole proper names of the county. He found that the following names occurred oftenest, and arranged them in order of their frequency Smith, Martin, M’Kie, Moore, Brown, Thompson, Patterson, Johnson, Stewart, Wilson, Graham, Campbell, Robinson, Bell, Hamilton, Morrow, Gibson, Boyd, Wallace, and Magee. He dissected as carefully the voters' list for county Antrim, in which there were 9538 names, and found that the following were at the top: Thompson, Wilson, Stewart,