of looking about him, like the Celt, for objects to amuse or excite. He has few holidays (unlike the Celt, whose holidays take all the temper out of labor), and he hardly knows how to employ them except in party processions.

"The Ulsterman is not imaginative or traditional, chiefly, because his affections strike no deep root into Irish history. The Celt is more steeped in poetry and romance; the Ulsterman knows almost nothing of fairy mythology, or of the love of semi-historic legend which fires the imagination of the Celt. The ghost is almost the exclusive property of the ancient race. The Ulsterman has certainly lost his share, or at least his interest, in such things, although he is surrounded, like the Celt, by all the old monuments of pagan times, each with a memory and a tale as gray as the stone itself. It is probably because he is so imaginative that the Celt has not such a real possession of the present as the Ulsterman; for those who think too much of a splendid past, whether it be real or imaginary, are usually apt to think too little of the present, and the remark has been made that the poetry of the Celt is that of a race that has seen better days, for there is an almost total want of the fine old Norse spirit of self-reliance, and of making the best possible use of the present. In one of his fits of despondency, Goethe envied America its freedom from ruined castles, useless remembrances, and vain disputes, which entangle old nations and trouble their hearts while they ought to be strong for present action. Certainly the Ulsterman has not allowed himself to be encumbered in any such way. "People have said of Ulstermen, as they have said of the Scotchmen, that they are destitute of wit and humor; but they certainly have wut, if they have not wit, and as practised in the northeastern part of the province, it corresponds very nearly with what is properly humor. It has not the spontaneity, the freshness, the oddity, the extravagance of Celtic humor, which upsets our gravity on the instant; it has not the power of pitching it strong' or 'drawing the long-bow' like the humor of America; nor has it the sparkling and volatile characteristics of French wit. It is dry, caustic, and suggestive, on the whole rather reticent of words, and, in fact, very Scotch in character; and the fun is contained rather in the whole series of conceptions called up by a set of anecdotes and stories than by any smart quip or flash at the close. Often the humor, as in Scotland, lies not in what is said but in what is suggested, the speaker all the while apparently unconscious of saying anything to excite amusement or laughter. Many of the illustrations are, like those of Dean Ramsay, of an ecclesiastical character; for the Ulsterman, like the Scotchman, makes religion a condition of social existence, and demands with an unsparing rigor, on the part of all his neighbors, a certain participation in the ordinances of religion.

'We need hardly say that Presbyterianism runs strong in the native current of Ulster blood. It has a good deal of the douce Davie Dean type, and is resolutely opposed to all religious innovations. It was Dean Swift who said, when he saw the stone-cutters effacing the cherub faces from the old stonework of an Episcopal church which was to do duty as a Presbyterian edifice, 'Look at these rascally Presbyterians, chiselling the very Popery out of the stones!' Mr. Froude says it was the one mistake of Swift's life, that he misunderstood the Presbyterians. It is not generally known that there was a Janet Geddes in Ulster. At the Restoration, the celebrated Jeremy Taylor appointed an Episcopal successor at Comber, County Down, to replace an excellent Presbyterian worthy, who refused conformity. The women of the parish collected, pulled the new clergyman out of the pulpit, and tore his white surplice to ribbons. They were brought to trial at Downpatrick, and one of the female witnesses made the following declaration: 'And maun a' tell the truth, the haile truth, and naethin but the truth?' 'You must,' was the answer. Weel, then,' was her fearless avowal, 'these are the hands that poo'd the white sark ower his heed.' It is Presbyterianism that has fixed the religious tone of the whole province, though the Episcopalians possess, likewise, much of the religious vehemence of their neighbors, and have earned among English High Churchmen the character of being Puritan in their spirit and theology.

"Arthur Helps, in one of his pleasant essays, says that the first rule for success in life is to get yourself born, if you can, north of the Tweed; and we should say it would not be a

bad sort of advice to an Irishman to get himself born, if possible, north of the Boyne. He might have to part with something of his quickness of perception, his susceptibility to external influence, and his finer imagination; but he would gain in working-power, and especially in the one great quality indispensable to success-self-containedness, steadiness, impassibility to outward excitements or distracting pleasures. It is this good quality, together with his adaptability, that accounts for the success of the Ulsterman in foreign countries. He may be hard in demeanor, pragmatical in mind, literal and narrow, almost without a spark of imagination; but he is the most adaptable of men, and accepts people he does not like in his grave, stiff way, reconciling himself to the facts or the facts to himself. He pushes along quietly to his proper place, not using his elbows too much, and is not hampered by traditions like the Celt. He succeeds particularly well in America and in India, not because Ulstermen help one another and get on like a corporation; for he is not clannish like the Scottish Highlanders or the Irish Celts, the last of whom unfortunately stick together like bees, and drag one another down instead of up. No foreign people succeed in America unless they mix with the native population. It is out of Ulster that her hardy sons have made the most of their talents. It was an Ulsterman of Donegal, Francis Makemie, who founded American Presbyterianism in the early part of the last century, just as it was an Ulsterman of the same district, St. Columbkille, who converted the Picts of Scotland in the sixth century. Four of the Presidents of the United States and one Vice-president have been of Ulster extraction: James Monroe [?], James Knox Polk, John C. Calhoun, and James Buchanan. General Andrew Jackson was the son of a poor Ulster emigrant who settled in North Carolina towards the close of the last century. I was born somewhere,' he said, 'between Carrickfergus and the United States.' Bancroft and other historians recognize the value of the Scotch-Irish element in forming the society of the Middle and Southern States. It has been the boast of Ulstermen that the first general who fell in the American war of the Revolution was an Ulsterman-Richard Montgomery, who fought at the siege of Quebec; that Samuel Finley, president of Princeton College, and Francis Allison, pronounced by Stiles, the president of Yale, to be the greatest classical scholar in the United States, had a conspicuous place in educating the American mind to independence; that the first publisher of a daily paper in America was a Tyrone man named Dunlap; that the marble palace of New York, where the greatest business in the world is done by a single firm, was the property of the late Alexander T. Stewart, a native of Lisburn, County Down; that the foremost merchants, such as the Browns and Stewarts, are Ulstermen; and that the inventors of steam-navigation, telegraphy, and the reaping machine-Fulton, Morse, and McCormick-are either Ulstermen or the sons of Ulstermen.

"Ulster can also point with pride to the distinguished career of her sons in India. The Lawrences, Henry and John,—the two men by whom, regarding merely the human instruments employed, India has been preserved, rescued from anarchy, and restored to a position of a peaceful and progressive dependency,- were natives of County Derry. Sir Robert Montgomery was born in the city of Derry; Sir James Emerson Tennant was a native of Belfast; Sir Francis Hincks is a member of an Ulster family remarkable for great variety of talent. While Ulster has given one viceroy to India, it has given two to Canada in the persons of Lord Lisgar and Lord Dufferin. Sir Henry Pottinger, who attained celebrity as a diplomatist, and was afterward appointed governor-general of Hong Kong, was a native of Belfast. Besides the gallant General Nicholson, Ulster has given a whole gazetteful of heroes to India. It has always taken a distinguished place in the annals of war. An Ulsterman was with Nelson at Trafalgar, another with Wellington at Waterloo. General Rollo Gillespie, Sir Robert Kane, Lord Moira, and the Chesneys were all from County Down. Ulstermen have left their mark on the world's geography as explorers, for they furnished Sir John Franklin with the brave Crozier, from Banbridge, his second in command, and then sent an Ulsterman, McClintock, to find his bones, and another Ulsterman, McClure, to discover the passage Franklin had sought in vain.

"We have already spoken of the statesmanlike ability of Ulstermen abroad. Mention may now be made of at least one statesman at home — Lord Castlereagh — who was a native of County Down, and the son of the first Marquis of Londonderry, who was a Presbyterian elder till the day of his death. The name of Castlereagh may not be popular in any part of Ireland on account of the bloody recollections of the rebellion of 1798; but his reputation as a statesman has undoubtedly risen of late years, for it is now known that he was not such an absolutist or ultraist as has been generally imagined. He possessed in perfection the art of managing men, and excelled as a diplomatist, while he had an enormous capacity for work as an administrator. For most of his career he had a very remarkable man for his private secretary, Alexander Knox, a native of Derry, whose literary remains have been edited by Bishop Jebb, and whose conversational powers are said to have recalled those of Dr. Johnson himself. Lord Macaulay calls him an altogether remarkable man.' George Canning, the statesman who detached England from the influences of Continental despotism and restored her to her proper place in Europe, who was the first minister to perceive the genius and abilities of Wellington, and who opened that Spanish ulcer' which Napoleon at St. Helena declared to be the main cause of his ruin, was the son of a Derry gentleman of ancient and respectable family. Lord Plunket, who was equally celebrated in politics, law, and oratory, was a native of Enniskillen, where his father, the Rev. Thomas Plunket, was a minister of the Presbyterian Church. To come down nearer to our own times, three men who have made their mark on the national politics of Ireland-John Mitchell, Charles Gavan Duffy, and Isaac Buttbelong to Ulster. The first was the son of a Unitarian minister, and was born in County Derry; the second is the son of a County Monaghan farmer; the third, the son of the late rector of Stranorlar parish in County Donegal. An Ulsterman - Lord Cairns now [1876] presides over the deliberations of the House of Lords.

"But we must speak of the more purely intellectual work of Ulstermen, in the walks of literature, science, and philosophy. It has been remarked that, though their predominant qualities are Scotch, they have not inherited the love of abstract speculation. Yet they have produced at least one distinguished philosopher in the person of Sir Francis Hutchison, professor of moral philosophy in the University of Glasgow in the last century, and, if we may follow the opinion of Dr. McCosh, the true founder of the Scottish school of philosophy. He was born at Saintfield, County Down, where his father was a Presbyterian minister. In natural science, Ulster can boast of Sir Hans Sloane, a native of Killyleagh, County Down ; of Dr. Black, the famous chemist, a native of Belfast; of Dr. James Thompson and his son, Sir William Thompson, both natives of County Down; and of William Thomson and Robert Patterson, both of Belfast. In theology and pulpit oratory, Ulstermen have always taken a distinguished place. If Donegal produced a deistical writer so renowned as John Toland, Fermanagh reared the theologian who was to combat the whole school of Deism in the person of the Rev. Charles Leslie, the author of A Short and Easy Method with the Deists. The masterly treatise of Dr. William Magee, Archbishop of Dublin, on the doctrine of the atonement still holds its place in theological literature. He was an Enniskillener, like Plunket, and his grandson, the present bishop of Peterborough, is one of the most eloquent divines on the English bench. There is no religious body, indeed, in Ulster, that cannot point to at least one eminent theologian with a fame far extending beyond the province. The Presbyterians are proud of the reputation of the Rev. Henry Cooke, of Belfast; the Unitarians, of the Rev. Henry Montgomery, of Dunmurry, near Belfast; the Baptists of the Rev. Alexander Carson, of Tubbermore, County Derry, the author of the ablest treatise ever written on behalf of Baptist principles; the Methodists, of Dr. Adam Clarke, the learned commentator on the Scriptures, who was born at Maghera, in the same county; and the Covenanters, of the Rev. John Paul, who had all the logical acuteness of a schoolman. In oratory, Ulstermen are proud of the great abilities of Plunket, Cooke, Montgomery, Isaac Butt, and Lord Cairns. In pure scholarship they name Dr. Archibald Maclaine, chaplain at The Hague, and translator of Mosheim's History; Dr. Edward Hincks, of Killyleagh, County Down, the

decipherer of the Nineveh tablets; and Dr. Samuel Davidson, the eminent biblical scholar and critic..

"Ulster claims the sculptor, Patrick McDowell; and Crawford, whose works adorn the Capitol at Washington, was born, we believe, at sea, his parents being emigrants from the neighborhood of Ballyshannon, County Donegal. But we cannot remember a single painter, or musical composer, or singer, who belongs to Ulster. In the art of novel-writing there is William Carleton, already referred to, the most realistic sketcher of Irish character who has ever lived, and who far excels Lever, and Lover, and Edgeworth in the faithfulness of his pictures, though he fails in the broader representations of Hibernian humor. No one has so well sounded the depths of the Irish heart, or so skilfully portrayed its kinder and nobler feelings. Ulster was never remarkable for pathos. Carleton is an exception; but he belonged to the ancient race, and first saw the light in the home of a poor peasant in Clogher, County Tyrone. The only other novel-writers that Ulster can boast of none of them at all equal in national flavor to Carleton - —are Elizabeth Hamilton, the author of The Cottagers of Glenburnie, who lived at the beginning of this century; William H. Maxwell, the author of Stories of Waterloo; Captain Mayne Reid, the writer of sensational tales about Western America; Francis Browne; and Mrs. Riddle, the author of George Geith. In dramatic literature, Ulster can boast of George Farquhar, the author of The Beaux' Stratagem, who was the son of a Derry clergyman, and of Macklin, the actor as well as the author, known to us by his play The Man of the World. The only names it can boast of in poetry are Samuel Ferguson, the author of The Forging of the Anchor; William Allingham, the author of Laurence Bloomfield, with two or three of lesser note."

5 The affinity between France and America is not limited to the latter's appreciation and imitation in matters of art alone. At an early day in the history of this country, that affinity extended far beyond the bounds of æsthetical amenities. It included the fields of politics, of science, and of warfare. The reason for this is not far to seek. There are many people in America who never will, nor do they care to, understand aright the history of the building of the American nation; and to these people the idea of such a thing as a close bond of union and sympathy with France, which for so long a time obviously existed in America, is one of the things which they cannot explain, and for which they can only account by classing it as an anomaly. To honest students of their country's history, however, and to all who can see beyond their own immediate community or horizon, it is evident that there was no anomaly in a Franco-American alliance; and that to a very large proportion of the American people whose forefathers were here in pre-Revolutionary days, such a union was quite as much to be expected as, at other times, would be an alliance with England. The Ancient League between Scotland and France, which existed from before the time of Bruce until the days of Knox, was an alliance for defence and offence against the common enemy of both; and that League was the veritable prototype of the later alliance between America and France against the same enemy.

ΤΟ

CHAPTER XI

THE TUDOR-STUART CHURCH RESPONSIBLE FOR EARLY AMERICAN ANIMOSITY TO ENGLAND

HE English Church Establishment owed its origin primarily to the vices

him into excesses too great even for the absolution of the Roman pontiff; though it is altogether likely that Henry's divorce of Catherine of Aragon was refused by the Pope more because it menaced the papal ascendancy than because it troubled the papal conscience. Organized under such circumstances, Henry's "Church" naturally obeyed in all things the will of its creator; and, as the conditions required, it was afterwards the pander, flatterer, or main coadjutor of his various successors; so that, down to the beginning of the present century the religion of the loyal Englishman, as compared with that of others, had in it more that was of a secular nature, and in all things subordinate to the State. The English Episcopalian has until recently been taught that the king is the supreme head of the "Church," and his universal worship of the royal fetich is, perhaps, nothing more than a manifestation of the same emotions which in other religious establishments differently constituted find expression in the worship of departed ancestors, of the saints, of the Virgin Mary, or of the Deity. As a result of this teaching, the Englishman's veneration for British royalty became almost as strong as that with which other men regard things holy, and was certainly more farreaching in its effects. The compact between the Church Establishment and royalty was in the nature of a close partnership, with the terms and conditions clearly laid down and accepted on both sides. The kings have ever since relied chiefly upon their bishops to maintain the loyalty of the common people to the crown, and to that end the bishops have heretofore effectively used that most powerful agency, religion.

At the same time, the Church soon secured from the king a division of the power thus obtained and a goodly share of the material acquisitions resulting from its exercise. It has been necessary for both parties to the compact, as a matter of self-preservation, to prevent the intrusion of new elements into the field, and so long as it could possibly be done they were kept out. Early manifestations of spiritual religion, accordingly, were viewed with alarm and abhorrence by bishop and king alike, stigmatized as dissension by the one and sedition by the other, and repressed as treason by both. It is only during the present century, with the spread of knowledge among the masses, that the great body of the English people has learned that there is not necessarily any more than a nominal kinship between the terms "bishop" and "religion"; and that the consequent decadence of the Anglican Church has