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comprehensive treatment of botany than Asa Gray, the descendant of a New England Scotch family? W. R. Smith, a Scotchman, has been for years superintendent of the Government Botanical Gardens.

That distinguished Scotch anatomist, John Abernethy, the father of modern surgery, revolutionized this science. Dr. J. Y. Simpson was the first person to use chloroform as an anesthetic in the practice of surgery. Ephraim McDowell's skill found new fields in operative surgery, and he became noted in Europe as well as in America. No race has given to medicine the superiors of William and John Hunter, of Matthew Bailie, or John Barclay. If one were to ask who have been the four most noted surgeons and medical doctors in America, the answer would be: Hamilton, Hammond, Hays Agnew, and Weir Mitchell, all of Scotch blood.

As early as 1795, Dr. Thornton called attention to the possibility of teaching the deaf and dumb to talk, and Alexander Bell introduced the system for instructing the deaf and dumb, invented by his Scotch father. John Alston was the inventor of the blind alphabet, and John Gall printed in English the first book for the blind.

Gedd, the inventor of stereotyping, was a Scotchman. The Scot also gave us the lightning presses. Scott, Gordon, and Campbell are of our blood. David Bruce, the pioneer type-maker, the inventor of the typecasting machine, introduced the Gedd process in America. Archibald Binney and James Ronaldson established the first type foundry in Philadelphia. To Bruce and the McKellars we are greatly indebted for the advanced position our country holds to-day in this great industry. The first American newspaper, the News-Letter, was published in Boston by John Campbell. William Maxwell, a Scotchman, published at Cincinnati the first newspaper in the Northwest Territory; and the first religious paper in the United States was published at Chillicothe, Ohio, by a Scotchman.

In sculpture, Scotland has given to England and America their finest artists. William Calder Marshall, and not an Englishman, won the prize offered by the British government for a design for the Wellington monument. Sir John Steele executed the colossal statue of Burns that adorns New York's beautiful park. John C. King, the New England sculptor, whose busts of Adams and Emerson are masterpieces of plastic art, and whose cameos of Webster and Lincoln are magnificent gems, was a Scot; as was Joel Hart, whose statues of Clay at Richmond and New Orleans are extensively admired. Crawford and Ward are of our blood; and where is there a Scot whose heart does not beat with pride in the knowledge that Scotch blood courses in the veins of Frederick Macmonnies? There is no end to Scotch painters. Sir David Wilkie was perhaps the most noted of British artists. Then there were Francis Brant and William Hart. Some of the works of Alexander Johnston are among the world's masterpieces. David Allan's pen drew the familiar illustrations to Burns's lyrics. There was an academy of art in Glasgow before there was one in London. Guthrie, MacGregor, Walton, Lavery, Patterson, Roche, and Stevenson all have been eminent painters. Gilbert Stuart, who left us portraits of prominent actors in early American history, was a Scot, as was E. F. Andrews, who has given America its best portraits of Jefferson, Martha Washington, and Dolly Madison, those which hang in the White House. Alexander Anderson was the first American wood-engraver, inventing, as he did, the tools used by those pursuing this art.

No other race has produced explorers of greater achievement than Mackenzie, Richardson, Ross, Collison, McClintock [Melville, Greely], or Hays.

John and Clark Ross made the only valuable discoveries ever made in the Antarctic region; while David Livingstone, Mungo Park, Doctor Johnson [James Grant], and Doctor Donaldson penetrated Darkest Africa. Thomas Hutchins, the first geographer of the United States, was Scotch. So were James Geddes and Samuel Forrer, the pioneer engineers of the Northwest Territory. Commodore Matthew Galbraith Perry, one of the famous family of sailors, broke down the walls of Japan, and let in the light of Western civilization. The Perrys got their great force of character from their mother, who was Scotch. For thirty years Sir Robert Hart was at the head of the Chinese financial system, and opened to commerce_many Chinese ports, while Samuel M. Bryan was for a dozen years the Postmaster-General of Japan, and introduced into that empire the Western postal system.

Do we speak of war, a thousand Scotch names rise above all the heroes: Wallace at Stirling; Bruce at Bannockburn; Wolfe's Scottish soldiers at the Heights of Abraham; Forbes at Fort Duquesne; Stark at Bennington; Campbell at King's Mountain; Scott at Lundy's Lane; Perry on Lake Erie; Grant at Appomattox. Were not Wellington and Napier Scotch? The latter was.

Paul Jones was only one of the naval heroes of our blood. Oliver Hazard Perry captured a whole British fleet in the battle of Lake Erie, building his own ships on the bank of the lake. Perry's mother was an Alexander; and it is a fact not mentioned in histories published in New England, that for years after, the victory on Lake Erie was called Mrs. Perry's victory, by neighbors of the family in Rhode Island. Thomas McDonough, of Lake Champlain, Stewart, and Bailey were Scots. Isaac Newton, who had charge of the turret and engine of the Monitor, in its clash with the Merrimac, was of the same blood. Alexander Murray commanded the Constitution; and William Kidd, the daring pirate, was also a Scotchman. In the American Civil War the Scotch-American generals of the Federal Army from Ohio alone made our race conspicuous in skill of arms. Grant was a Scotchman. His [father's] people came direct to America, and first settled in Connecticut [his mother's people were of Pennsylvania ScotchIrish stock]. New England gave the country not only Stark and Knox, but Grant and McClellan, as well as Salmon P. Chase and Hugh McCulloch. But I was speaking of Ohio. The McDowells, the Mitchells, the McPhersons, the Fighting McCooks (two families having nine general officers in the field), the Gibsons, the Hayeses, the Gilmores, all were Ohio Scots. General Gilmore, you will remember, revolutionized naval gunnery in his cannonade and capture of Fort Pulaski, which extended his fame throughout Europe. Gilmore, the " Swamp Angel," as he was called, was an Ohio Scotchman. A majority of the Indian fighters in the Northwest during the Revolutionary period were Scotchmen and Scotch-Irishmen, whose achievements are history. The McCullochs, the Lewises, the McKees, the Crawfords, the Pattersons, the Johnstons, and their fellow Scots won the West. George Rogers Clark made complete conquest of the Northwest, giving to free government five great States that otherwise would have been under the British flag. The truth about Ohio is, it has been Scotch from its first governor, Arthur St. Clair, down to the present [1895] chief executive, William McKinley. In the list of governors, we find Duncan McArthur, Jeremiah Morrow (or Murray), the father of the national road and of Ohio's internal improvements, Allen Trimble, who introduced the public-school system into Ohio, Rutherford B. Hayes, who became President of the United States, James E. Campbell, and William McKinley, who is likely to be a candidate

of one of the political parties for the office of President [of the six Presidents born in, or who were elected to office from, Ohio - Harrison, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, and McKinley-four were of Scottish descent].

Professor Hinsdale, an Ohio historian of Puritan extraction, wrote this bit of truth: "The triumph of James Wolfe and his Highlanders on the Heights of Abraham, and not the embattled farmers of Lexington, won the first victory of the American Revolution." And did it come by mere chance that another Scotchman, in the person of General John Forbes, at about the same time, led the English forces that reduced Fort Duquesne at the confluence of the three rivers, and opened the gateway to the boundless west for the forward march of Anglo-Saxon civilization? Did it come by chance that James Grant was the commander in the relief of Lucknow; that the unmatched Havelock led Scottish soldiers in his Asiatic campaigns which brought such lustre to British arms? We have a right to manifest pride in the fact that of the four field commanders-in-chief in the Civil War, three were Scotch-Scott, McClellan, and Grant. Chinese Gordon was a Scot. Through the veins of Robert E. Lee flowed the blood of Robert Bruce. Ulysses S. Grant and Jefferson Davis were descendants of the same Scotch family of Simpson.

Statesmen? If Scotland had given to civil government only the name of Gladstone, she might ever glow with a mother's pride. Erskine, too, was a Scotchman, and considered by many writers the ablest and most eloquent of the long line of British jurists whose influence was most potent in giving England freer government, and withal the most vigorous defender of constitutional liberty born on British soil. Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, and of the law providing for religious tolerance; Madison, the father of the Constitution, Monroe, [Jackson], Polk, [Taylor], Buchanan, Johnson, Grant, Hayes, [Arthur, Harrison, McKinley], are Presidents our race has given to the United States. Daniel Webster was of Scottish blood; so were the intellectual giants, Benjamin Wade and Joshua Giddings. Wade's Puritan father was so poor in purse that the son was educated at the knee of his Scotch Presbyterian mother. McLean and Burnet, two of the ablest lawyers and statesmen of the West, were Scots. With one exception, all the members of Washington's Cabinet were of the same virile blood; as were likewise three out of four of the first justices of the United States Supreme Court. In finance, the Scotch are no less distinguished than in other lines of endeavor. William Paterson was the founder of the Bank of England, and Alexander Hamilton established the American system of finance. Both were

Scots.

The accepted notion that all the Scotch get their theology from Calvin is incorrect. Charles Pettit McIlvaine, perhaps the ablest bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America, and certainly one of the most profound educators on this continent, was a Scotchman by descent. Bishop Matthew Simpson was without question the ablest prelate of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America. James Dempster, whom John Wesley sent to America as a missionary, was a Scotchman, and his son, John Dempster, was the founder of the school of theology of the Boston University. Father McCormick," as he was called, organized the first Methodist Episcopal church in the Northwest Territory. John Rankin was the founder of the Free Presbyterian, and Alexander Campbell of the Christian Disciples' Church. Robert Turnbull was the most scholarly divine of the New England Baptist Church. Edward Robinson, of the Puritan Church, was recognized as the ablest American biblical scholar. While referring to scholars,

I must not neglect to mention the fact that James Blair founded William and Mary College in Virginia; that Princeton is a Scotch institution; that Doctor Alexander founded Augusta Academy, now the great Washington and Lee University; that Jefferson gave the South the University of Virginia; that Doctor John McMillan and the Finleys established more than a dozen colleges in the West and South; that Doctor Charles C. Beatty established the first woman's college west of the Alleghany Mountains; and that Joseph Ray, William H. McGuffey, and Lindley Murray were three of America's most prominent educators.

NOTES TO CHAPTER X.

1 It seems certain that William Shakespeare was at least in part of Celtic descent. He was a grandson of Richard Shakespeare, Bailiff of Wroxhall, by Alys, daughter of Edward Griffin of Berswell. Edward Griffin was of the Griffin or Griffith family of Baybrook in Northamptonshire, who claimed descent from Griffith, son of Rhysap Tudor, King of South Wales. See The Gentle Shakespeare: A Vindication, by John Pym Yeatman, of Lincoln's Inn, London, 1896. See also p. 314, Note 13.

2 John Gladstanes, of Toftcombes, near Biggar, in the upper ward of Lanarkshire, was a small farmer, who married Janet Aitken; their son, Thomas, who died in 1809, settled in Leith, where he was a prosperous merchant, and where he married Helen Neilson, of Springfield; their son John, born in 1764, married, 1800, Ann Robertson, daughter of Andrew, a native of Dingwall, in Ross-shire; John and his wife settled in Liverpool, where, in 1809, their son, William Ewart Gladstone, was born.

3 Rev. James Bryce (1767-1857) went from Scotland, where he was born, to Ireland, and settled in 1805, as minister of the anti-burgher church in Killaig, County Londonderry. His son, James Bryce (1806-1877) was born in Killaig (near Coleraine). In 1846, appointed to the High School, Glasgow. (See Dictionary of National Biography, to which the information contained in the article on the Bryces was furnished by the family.) James Bryce, the writer of The American Commonwealth, the son and grandson of the persons just mentioned, was born in Belfast, Ireland, May 10, 1838. His mother was Margaret, eldest daughter of James Young, Esquire, of Abbeyville, County Antrim. (See Men and Women of the Time, thirteenth edition, 1891.)-Samuel Swett Green, The Scotch-Irish in America, p. 34.

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“T——— C—,” a writer in Fraser's Magazine for August, 1876, makes the following observations on the character and achievements of the Scotch in Ulster :

"Ulstermen have been described as a mongrel community. This is true in a sense. They are neither Scotch, English, nor Irish, but a mixture of all three; and they are an ingredient in the Irish population distinguished by habits of thought, character, and utterance entirely unlike the people who fill the rest of the island. It is easy to see, however, at a single glance that the foundation of Ulster society is Scotch. This is the solid granite on which it rests. There are districts of country-especially along the eastern coast, running sixty or seventy miles, from the Ards of Down to the mouth of the Foyle-in which the granite crops out on the surface, as we readily observe by the Scottish dialect of the peasantry. Only twenty miles of sea separate Ulster from Scotland at one point; and just as the Grampians cross the channel to rise again in the mountains of Donegal, there seems to be no break in the continuity of race between the two peoples that inhabit the two opposite coasts. Thus it comes to pass that much of the history of Ulster is a portion of Scottish history inserted into that of Ireland; a stone in the Irish mosaic of an entirely different color and quality from the pieces that surround it. James I., colonized Ulster in the seventeenth century, not with the Gaelic Scots, who might have coalesced with their kindred Celts in Ireland, but with that Lowland rural population who from the very first fixed the moral and religious tone of the entire province. Ireland was then called 'the back door of Great Britain'; and

James I. was anxious to place a garrison there that would be able not only to shut the door, but to keep it shut, in the face of his French or Spanish enemies; and, accordingly, when an attempt was made at the Revolution to force the door, the garrison was there-the advanced outpost of English power-to shut it in the face of the planter's grandson, and so to save the liberties of England at the most critical moment in its history. One may see (as Hugh Miller did) in the indomitable firmness of the besieged at Derry the spirit of their ancestors under Wallace and Bruce, and recognize in the gallant exploits of the Enniskillen men under Gustavus Hamilton, routing two of the forces despatched to attack them, and compelling a third to retire, a repetition of the thrice-fought and thrice-won battle of Roslin.

"It is now time to notice the character and ways of the Ulsterman, not the Celt of Ulster, who gives nothing distinctive to its society, for he is there what he is in Munster or Connaught, only with a less degree of vivacity and wit,-but the Scotch-Irishman, inheriting from Scotland that Norse nature often crossed no doubt with Celtic blood, the one giving him his persistency, the other a touch of impulsiveness to which Ulster owes so much of its progress and prosperity. He represents the race which has been described as the vertebral column of Ulster, giving it at once its strength and uprightness'—a race masculine alike in its virtues and faults-solid, sedate, and plodding—and distinguished both at home and abroad by shrewdness of head, thoroughgoing ways, and moral tenacity. The Ulsterman is, above all things, able to stand alone, and to stand firmly on his own feet. He is called 'the sturdy Northern,' from his firmness and independence and his adherence to truth and probity. He is thoroughly practical. He studies uses, respects common things, and cultivates the prose of human life. The English despise the Irish as aimless, but not the man of Ulster, who has a supreme eye to facts, and is 'locked and bolted to results.' There is a business-like tone in his method of speaking. He never wastes a word, yet on occasion he can speak with volubility. He is as dour and dogged on occasion as a Scotchman, with, however, generally less of that infusion of sternness-so peculiarly Scotch-which is really the result of a strong habitual relation between thought and action. English tourists notice the stiff and determined manner of the Ulsterman in his unwillingness to give way to you at fair or market, on the ground that one man is as good as another. The Ulsterman, no matter what his politics, is democratic in spirit; and his loyalty is not personal, like that of the Celt, but rather a respect for institutions. He has something, too, of the Scotch pugnacity of mind, and always seems, in conversation, as if he were afraid of making too large admissions. Mr. Matthew Arnold speaks of 'sweet reasonableness' as one of the noblest elements of culture and national life. The Ulsterman has the reasonableness, but he is not sweet. A southern Irishman says of him: The Northerns, like their own hills, are rough but healthsome, and, though often plain-spoken even to bluntness, there is no kinder-hearted peasantry in the world.' But he is certainly far inferior to the Celtic Irishman in good manners and in the art of pleasing. Though not so reserved or grave as the Scotchman, and with rather more social talent, he is inferior to the Southern in pliancy, suppleness, and bonhomie. He hates ceremony and is wanting in politeness. He is rough and ready, and speaks his mind without reserve. He has not the silky flattery and courteous tact of the Southern. A Killarney beggarman will utter more civil things in half an hour to a stranger than an Ulsterman in all his life; but the Ulsterman will retort that the Southern is too sweet to be wholesome.' Certainly, if an Ulsterman does not care about you, he will neither say nor look as if he did. You know where to find him; he is no hypocrite. The Celt, with his fervent and fascinating manner, far surpasses him in making friends whom he will not always keep; while the Ulsterman, not so attractive a mortal at the outset, improves upon acquaintance, and is considerably more stanch in his friendships. Strangers say the mixture of Protestant fierte with good-nature and good-humor gives to the Ulsterman a tone rather piquant than unpleasing. Like some cross-grained woods, he admits of high polish, and when chastened by culture and religion, he turns out a very high style of man. He differs from the Celt, again, in the way he takes his pleasures; for he follows work with such self-concentration that he never thinks

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