fooleries, from which some have hastily concluded that there was, after all, nothing but the most trifling and unessential distinctions between the Culdees [Columbans] and their AngloRoman opponents; yet a closer examination may enable us to discover that they differed in some points of vital importance. . . . From incidental notices . . . it may be gathered that the Culdees were opposed to the Church of Rome in such essential doctrines as the following: They rejected . . auricular confession, penance

authoritative absolution.

and relics,

works of supererogation,

transubstantiation . . . the worship of angels, saints, praying to saints for their intercession, prayers for the dead, confirmation.-Hetherington, History of the Church of Scotland, pp. 15, 16. The vital point of their difference, as stated by their representatives at the Whitby conference, in 664, will be found in the next succeeding extract from Bede. It was that they would not accept Augustine as their superior.

5 Bk. iii., ch. xxv.

See p. 218, Note 43.

See p. 305.

England's influence and example were the direct causes of the subservience of Scotland's more ancient and purer faith. This might be rendered evident did our limits permit us to trace minutely the successive events which led to this disastrous result; such as the residence for a time in England of some of our most powerful kings, especially Malcolm Canmore and David I., who, returning to Scotland with their minds filled with prejudices in behalf of the pomp and splendor of the English Prelacy, made it their utmost endeavor to erect buildings and organize and endow a hierarchy which might vie in dignity and grandeur with those of their more wealthy neighbors. The ruinous effects were soon apparent. In vain did the best of the Scottish clergy oppose these innovations; their more ambitious brethren were but too ready to grasp at the proffered wealth and honor; and at length, to save themselves from the usurpations of the Archbishop of Canterbury, who strove to assert supremacy over the Scottish church, they yielded up their spiritual liberty to the Roman pontiff in the year 1176.—Hetherington, History of the Church of Scotland, p. 14.

8 See Knox's History of the Reformation, bk. i.

Slavery under the Roman empire was carried on to an excess never known elsewhere, before or since. Christianity found it permeating and corrupting every domain of human life, and in six centuries of conflict succeeded in reducing it to nothing. . . Christianity in the early ages never denounced slavery as a crime, never encouraged or permitted the slaves to rise against their masters and throw off the yoke; yet she permeated the minds of both masters and slaves with ideas utterly inconsistent with the spirit of slavery. Within the Church, master and slave stood on an absolute equality.-W. R. Brownlow, Lectures on Slavery and Serfdom in Europe, lecture 1, 2.

10 It has been often shown that slavery was introduced through motives of mercy, to prevent conquerors from killing their prisoners. Hence the Justinian code and also St. Augustine (De Civ. Dei., xix., 15) derived servus from servare, to preserve, because the victor preserved his prisoners alive.-Lecky, History of European Morals, vol. i., pp. 101, 102.

WITH

CHAPTER X

SCOTTISH ACHIEVEMENT

WITH the Scotch, the expression of the spiritual has ever been through religion. In art and literature they have produced less relatively than the English-in the North of Ireland, almost nothing. Yet it is far from the truth to say that Celtic genius has not found expression in literature or art. More than once it has been pointed out that Shakespeare himself was born near the forest of Arden, close to the border-line between England and Wales. The people of the West of England to-day are probably as much Celtic as Teutonic, and it would seem that there are at least no better grounds for claiming their greatest genius as a Saxon than for assuming that he may have been a Briton. He is as likely to have been the one as the other; though if the truth could be known, it would probably be found that he had received an infusion of the blood and the spirit of both.'

Of the second greatest poet of Britain, it may be said there is vastly more reason for believing him to have been of purely Celtic extraction than there is for asserting Shakespeare's genius to have been wholly Teutonic. It is possible, however, that Burns, also, was of mixed descent. Rare Ben Jonson, likewise, although himself born in England, was the grandson of an Annandale Scotchman.

Walter Scott, James Boswell, Lord Byron, Robert L. Stevenson, Edgar Allan Poe, James M. Barrie, Thomas Carlyle, Washington Irving, Hall Caine, Robert Barr, John M. Watson, S. R. Crockett, David Christie Murray, and William Black are writers of Scottish blood who have been given a high place in English literature, and some of them classed as English. In their days, Buchanan, Robertson, Hume, and Macaulay were perhaps the greatest historians Britain had produced. Those Scots have since been eclipsed by other writers of a more English origin; but the latter, in turn, have been outdone by a Celt one whose work, so far as it has gone, shows the most philosophical, judicious, and enlightened treatment of the subject of English history that it has yet received. This historian is Mr. W. E. H. Lecky.

Other Scottish writers who have helped to make the fame of "English" literature world-wide are Tobias Smollett, William E. Aytoun, Joanna Baillie, M. O. W. Oliphant, Alexander Barclay, John Stuart Blackie, James Beattie, Robert Buchanan, John Hill Burton, Thomas Campbell, Jane Porter, Andrew Lang, Archibald Forbes, Benjamin Kidd, George Farquhar (of Londonderry), John Galt, George MacDonald, John Barbour, James Hogg (the Ettrick Shepherd), John Wilson (Christopher North), Allan Ramsay, William Drummond, James Pollok, William Dunbar, James Thomson (who wrote Rule, Britannia), James Macpherson, Charles Mackay, F. W. Robertson.

Among the great thinkers in the fields of political and practical science Scotland has given to the world James Watt (the inventor of the steamengine), Adam Smith, Hugh Miller, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Joseph Black, Robert Simson, John Robinson, Sir James Mackintosh, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Morell Mackenzie, William Murdoch (the inventor of illuminating-gas), John Napier (the inventor of logarithms), James Bruce, the two Rosses, Mungo Park, James Grant, Dugald Stewart, and David Livingstone, besides a legion of American scientists of the first rank. William Ewart Gladstone was of purely Scottish parentage. His father, born in Leith, was descended from a Lanarkshire farmer, and his mother, Ann Robertson, belonged to the Ross-shire Robertsons. James Bryce likewise is of Scottish descent.' In America, during the past ten years, these two men were the best known and most popular Britons of the decade, and Gladstone's death was mourned as generally on this side of the Atlantic as in Great Britain. Lord Rosebery, the present leader of the Liberal party in Great Britain, is also a Scotchman.

Ulster can boast of the names of some of the best of the captains who served under Wellington; and she gave to India two men who helped materially to save that empire for England during the great mutiny-Henry and John Lawrence. Of the blood of the Ulster settlers sprang Lord Castlereagh, George Canning, Sir Henry Pottinger, and Lord Cairns; and also one of the most brilliant and successful of modern administrators, Lord Dufferin, the inheritor of the title of one of the first of the Scottish settlers, James Hamilton, Lord Clannaboye, and the possessor of part of the old Scottish settlement on the south shore of Belfast Lough.*

In art, Scotland has produced little that is worthy; but the same remark applies with equal force to England. British art, as a rule, is built on foundations of conventionality rather than inspiration. Here, as in some certain other attributes of a refined civilization, the best examples are produced by Celtic France. Nevertheless, critics to-day are coming to class the Scottish artist, Henry Raeburn, with the world's greatest portrait painters. George Cruikshank, also, was the son of a father born north of the Tweed. To America, France, more than England, represents all that is most excellent in modern art. As a consequence, American artists of Scottish and English ancestry are producing more excellent work than their British cousins of native stock."

In connection with the subject of Scottish achievement, it will be appropriate to give in condensed form the results of an investigation made by Mr. William H. Hunter, a diligent and painstaking student, who presented the following facts in an address delivered before the West Florida Pioneer Scotch Society on January 25, 1895:

It has been said that opportunity is the father of greatness; but the opportunity for inventing the steam-engine obtained before the boy Watt

played with the vapor from his mother's kettle. A Scotchman saw the opportunity and grasped it, and revolutionized the forces in the hands of man. When we study race-building, we can understand why a Scotchman (Cyrus McCormick) invented the mowing-machine. John Sinclair, a Scotchman of wonderful perception, organized the British Board of Agriculture. John Caird's writings added not a little to the advancement of agriculture. Henry Burden invented the cultivator, and Thomas Jefferson gave us the modern plough. I am also told that Longstreet, who improved the cottongin, and made possible its operation by means of steam power, was of Scottish blood. I take it that there are men here to-day who remember the revolution made in American farming by the introduction of the double Scotch harrow.

When Michael Menzies and Andrew Meikle invented the threshing-machine in 1788, they made it so nearly perfect in all its workings that little room for improvement was left for latter-day genius. The improved roads in most general use are made after the systems introduced by the eminent Scotch engineers, MacAdam and Telford.

Watt made the first electrical apparatus, and would have continued experiments along this line, but dropped electricity to give his whole time to perfecting the steam-engine. The honor for harnessing lightning to serve man as a swift messenger belongs to one through whose veins coursed Scotch blood-Samuel Finley Breese Morse. The oldtime telegraphers, James D. Reid, Andrew Carnegie, Robert Pitcairn, Kenneth McKenzie, and David McCargo, the men who aided Morse, and made his system successful, are of Scotch blood. The Wizard of Menlo Park is of the same blood [Edison's mother was Mary Elliott]. Sir William Thomson, a native of Scotch-Ireland, made possible the successful operation of the ocean electric cables by invention of the mirror-galvanometer, which reflects the words noted by the electric sparks as they flash under the sea. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a Scotchman, while Elisha Gray, of the same blood, is at work perfecting a telotograph. John Ericsson was born a Swede, but his biographer says of him that he got his genius from his mother, who was of Scottish descent. In speaking of the steamship, how many Scotch names come to mind! Newcomen, Watt, Patrick Miller, Symington, Henry Burden, Bell, Roach, the American shipbuilder, and Fulton, distinguished as the first person to successfully propel a boat by steam. The first steam vessel to cross the Atlantic from America was built by a Scotchman. The Great Western, constructed by Henry Burden, was the first steamship to cross the ocean from Europe to America. The modern mariner's compass was invented by Sir William Thomson.

The possibility of a railway was first suggested by Watt. Henry Burden first made the peculiar spike, used to this day to fasten the rail to the crosstie. Peter Cooper built the first locomotive in America. The Pennsylvania. Railroad Company, the greatest and most powerful railroad corporation in the world, was brought to its present stage by the skilled efforts of such Scotchmen as Thomas A. Scott, William Thaw, J. N. McCullough, James McCrea, and Robert Pitcairn [to these names should now be added those of Frank Thomson and A. J. Cassatt]; while General Campbell, the manager of the Baltimore & Ohio system, is also a Scotchman [later John K. Cowen, also of Scottish blood]. During the late war between the States, the Federal railroad military service was under the generalship of D. C. McCullum. The Canadian Pacific Railroad was built by a Scotchman.

It is a fact that Puritan ladies were taught to spin, on Boston Common, by Scottish immigrants from Northern Ireland; and the great textile industry was given impetus by the invention of carding and spinning machines by Alexander and Robert Barr, which machines were introduced by a Mr. Orr, also a New England Scotchman. And the inventor of the mule spinning machine was a Scot. Gordon McKay invented the sole-stitching that revolutionized shoemaking in New England.

The first iron-furnace west of the Alleghany Mountains was erected by a Scotchman named Grant, in 1794. At this mill, the cannon-balls used by Perry in the battle of Lake Erie were made. John Campbell, a stalwart Ohio Scot, first employed the hot-blast in making pig-iron.

The Scotch author is eminent in every line of literary production. We could rest our honors with Hume, Carlyle, Scott, and Burns, and hold a high place in the world of letters. Adam Smith was the first person to write of political economy as a science, which theme has been also treated by Samuel Baily, J. R. McCullough, Chalmers, and Alison. Scotland gave the literary world Barbour, Blind Harry, Gavin Douglas, Wyntoun, Dunbar, McKenzie, Wilson, Grant, Barrie, George MacDonald, and John Stuart Blackie. Scotland gave to America Washington Irving.

Mrs. Margaret Wilson Oliphant is of our blood, and also Robert Louis Stevenson. What author of fiction has received fuller attention than John Maclaren Watson? The Scot has been a voluminous writer of theology from the days of John Knox, the real hero of the Reformation. You all know that, of the six ablest British sermonizers - Alison, Irving, Chalmers, Robertson, Robert Hall, and Spurgeon the first four mentioned were Scotch.

Hugh Miller told us the story of the rocks. To Scotland we are indebted for William McLuce, the father of American geology, undertaking, as he did, as a private enterprise, the geological survey of the United States, visiting each State and Territory, and publishing his maps six years prior to publication of the Smith geological map of England. The Owens-David, Richard, and Robert Dale-were men of the highest attainments in the field of American geology, the latter, at his death, having the finest museum and laboratory on the Western Continent. Andrew Ramsey, who was the directorgeneral of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, was a Scot.

Nicholl, Keill, and Ferguson, the noted astronomers, were Scotchmen. The most learned of American astronomers was General Armsby McKnight Mitchell. .. Maria Mitchell, another Scotch-American astronomer, had the distinction of receiving a medal from the King of Denmark.

No other race has produced a greater mathematician than John Napier, the most distinguished of the British writers on the science of numbers. Has Germany produced men of larger grasp of thought along this line than James Beattie or Andrew Baxter, than Sir William Hamilton or Doctor Abercrombie ? Neil Arnott was the first person to illustrate scientific principles in the language of common life, his work being so popular that it ran through five editions in six years. Robert and James Holdams, the philosophers, Spencer Fullerton Baird, the most noted American naturalist, Alexander Wilson, the ornithologist, Samuel Mitchell, who published the first scientific periodical in the United States, Lindley Murray, the philologistall were Scots, and all authorities in their respective fields of research. Dr. Clay McCauley, the noted Scotch Unitarian of Boston, is at the head of the Senshin Sacknin, or school of advanced learning belonging to this church in Japan. Who has written on the science of botany with greater clearness than John H. Balfour? Was there ever a scholar of wider distinction for