ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS are due to the publishers hereinafter named for their courtesy in permitting the use, in text and notes, of extracts from their publications, as follows: To Messrs. D. Appleton & Co., publishers of Reclus's The World and Its Inhabitants, Bancroft's History of the United States, and Lecky's England in the XVIIIth Century. To Messrs. William Blackwood & Sons, publishers of Burton's History of Scotland, Harrison's Scot in Ulster, MacKerlie's Galloway: Ancient and Modern, and Maxwell's History of Dumfries and Galloway. To James Cleland, publisher, and W. T. Latimer, author, of Latimer's History of the Irish Presbyterians. To David Douglas, publisher of Robertson's Scotland under Her Early Kings, and Skene's Celtic Scotland, To Joseph Foster, editor of Members of the Scottish Parliament. To Samuel Swett Green, author and publisher of The Scotch-Irish in America. To Messrs. Macmillan & Co., Limited, London, publishers of Green's Short History of England, Making of England, Conquest of England, and General History of England. To Messrs. Harper & Brothers, publishers of Campbell's The Puritan in Holland, England, and America, Freeman's Origin of the English Nation, and Green's Short History of England, Conquest of England, and Making of England. To Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., publishers of Adams's Massachusetts: Its Historians and Its History, Fiske's Critical Period of American History, and Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, To Messrs. J. B. Lippincott & Co., publishers of Fisher's Evolution of the Constitution of the United States. To Messrs. Longmans & Co. and Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons, publishers of Froude's English in Ireland. To Messrs. Longmans & Co., publishers of Lecky's England in the XVIIIth Century. To the Presbyterian Board of Publication, publishers of Breed's Presbyterians and the Revolution, Craighead's Scotch and Irish Seeds in American Soil, and Moffat's The Church in Scotland. To Oliver P. Temple, author of The Covenanter, Cavalier, and Puritan. To James Thin, publisher of Cunningham's Church History of Scotland. OF THE CALIFORNIA HE CHAPTER I THE SCOTCH-IRISH AND THE REVOLUTION THE term "Scotch-Irish" is peculiarly American, and in tracing its ori gin we have, epitomized, the history of the people to whom it is now applied. The word seems to have come into general use since the Revolution, having been first taken as a race-name by many individuals of a very large class of people in the United States, descendants of emigrants of Scottish blood from the North of Ireland. The name was not used by the first of these emigrants, neither was it generally applied to them by the people whom they met here.' They usually called themselves "Scotch," just as the descendants of their former neighbors in Northern Ireland do to-day; and as do some of their own descendants in this country, who seemingly are averse to acknowledging any connection with Ireland.' The Quakers and the Puritans generally spoke of them as "the Irish," and, during the Revolutionary period, we find a large and influential body of these people joined together at Philadelphia, in the formation of a patriotic association to which they gave the distinctively Irish title, "The Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick."' The appellation "Scotch-Irish" is not, as many people suppose, an indication of a mixed Hiberno-Scottish descent; although it could be properly so used in many cases. It was first appropriated as a distinctive race-name by, and is now generally applied to, the descendants in America of the early Scotch Presbyterian emigrants from Ireland. These Scotch people, for a hundred years or more after 1600, settled with their wives and families in Ulster, in the North of Ireland, whence their descendants, for a hundred years after 1700,-having long suffered under the burdens of civil and religious oppression imposed by commercial greed and despotic ecclesiasticism, -sought a more promising home in America. It has been remarked by some recent observers in this country that while American history has been chiefly written in New England, that section has not been the chief actor in its events. No doubt the second part of this proposition would be disputed by a large |