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till the Mohammedan conquest, A. D. 638. At that date, under the caliphate of Omar, Egypt was invaded by Amer Ebnel As, who took Pelusium and Babylon of Egypt, a strong Roman station, after a siege of seven months. From thence he advanced to Memphis, which John Mecaukes, governor for the Byzantine emperor, treacherously surrendered, and the Copts agreed to pay tribute, or a capitation tax, to the caliph. Alexandria also was captured, and the whole country as far as Syene reduced to a province of the caliphate. In the year 868, Ahmed ebn é Tooloon, governor of Egypt for the Abasside caliphs, usurped the dominion of the country, which lasted till 906, when the caliphs retook Egypt. In 912, Abayd Allah el Mahdee invaded Egypt, which he retained till 934, when he was defeated by the forces of the caliph. Two years after, El Akhshed Mohammed ebn Tughg, a Turkish chief, in the service of the caliph, usurped the government of Egypt, and began a new dynasty, which lasted till 970, when the Fatimeh, who ruled in Africa, took possession of the country. These Fatemite caliphs ruled over Egypt till the period of the crusades, A. D. 1171, when the Kurd Salah é deen Yoosef Ebn Eyoob founded the dynasty of the Eyoobites, which existed till 1250. At this period, El Moez, a Turkoman memlook, or slave, after murdering Touran Shah, usurped the throne, and founded the dynasty of the Baharite sultans. Baybers, a memlook, also assassinated his master in 1261, or 1262, and made himself sultan of Egypt. His descendants ruled under the title of Baharite Memlook Meleks, or sultans, till 1382, when Dowlet el Memeleek el Borgéeh, a Circassian slave, founded the dynasty of the Borgéeh, or Circassian memlooks, which lasted till 1517, when Selim I., the Ottoman sultan, defeated the memlooks at Heliopolis, and caused Toman Bey, the last of their rulers, to be hanged at Cairo. The memlooks, however, still retained power in Egypt. Selim, indeed, made conditions with the memlooks, by a treaty, in which he acknowledged Egypt as a republic governed by twenty-four beys, tributary to him and his successors, who appointed a pacha, or governor, to reside at Cairo. The beys were to elect from among themselves a sheikh of Belad, to be their head, who was looked upon by the Porte as the chief of the republic, or the memlook aristocracy. This latter body was to enjoy absolute power over the inhabitants of Egypt. They were permitted by this treaty, which was signed A. D. 1517, to levy taxes, keep a

military force, raise money, and exercise all the rights of sovereignty.

Egypt remained under this form of government till the French invasion, 1798, when Napoleon, under the pretence of delivering the country from the power of the memlooks, took possession of it. He was expelled from thence in 1801; and the pacha appointed by the sultan, was restored to his government. The memlooks and the pacha, however, could not agree; and, at length, Mohammed Ali collected most of the beys, with their principal officers, within the citadel of Cairo, where he caused them all to be massacred. This occurred A. D. 1811. A few escaped into Upper Egypt, from whence they were driven into Nubia, and finally, the few who survived, took refuge in Darfur. This was the end of the memlook power, which had ruled over Egypt for more than 400 years, and under whose power the country had suffered more than during any other period of its history.

Such are the vicissitudes to which Egypt has been subjected, such the manner in which it has been scourged. Other changes futurity will develope; and He only who has pronounced a woe upon the land, knows what those changes will be. Reader, ponder upon these things, and, in the spirit of fear and love,

Adoring stand before his throne.

And his dread power and justice own.

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2. Athothis, his son, built the palace at Memphis, and wrote the anatomical books, being a physician.

57

3. Cencenes (Kenkerres,) his son....

31

4. Venephes (Enephes or Venepheres) his son, raised pyramids near the town of Cochone. A great plague in Egypt during his reign....

5. Usaphaedus (Saphiados or Usaphaes) his son..

6. Miebidus (Niebis or Niebais) his son..

7. Semempsis (Semenpses or Mempses) his son. raged in Egypt.

A pestilence

8. Bienaches (Ubienthes or Bibethis) his son...

The sum is 263.*

It will be observed, that there are some discrepancies in the number of years which some of the dynasties are said to have existed, and the sum total, when correctly cast. Where these occur, the proper sum is given in connexion with the original numbers.

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Total 263

II. DYNASTY

Of nine Thinite kings.

1. Boethus 1. (or Bochus.) In his reign, the earth is said to have opened at Bubastis.....

2. Caeachos, (Chous or Cechous,) under whom the bulls Apis in Memphis, and Mnevis in Heliopolis, and the Mendesian goat, were appointed to be gods.

3. Binothris, (or Biophis,) under whom it was enacted that females might govern a nation...........

4. Tlas........ According to Eusebius, these three, and 5. Sethenes... their four successors, did nothing worthy 6. Charis...... (of remembrance, and he omits their names.

Yrs.

38

39

47

17

41

17

25

48

30

Total 302

7. Nephercheres. Fabulists reported the Nile to have flowed with honey during eleven days....

8. Sesochris....

9. Cheneres (or Keneres.) Name omitted by Eusebius...

Eusebius gives 297 years.

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III. DYNASTY

Of nine Memphite kings.

1. Necherophes, (Echerophes or Necherochis.) In his reign, the Libyans revolted from the Egyptians.......

2. Tosorthrus, (or Sesorthus.) He introduced the mode of building with hewn stone, and patronized literature.........

3. Tyris......

4. Mesochris..

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5. Soyphis, (Sonphis or Zonphis.) | after Sesorthus, but he omits

6. Tosertasis.

7. Aches.

8. Sephuris.

9. Cerpheres.....

Eusebius gives 197 years.

1. Soris

IV. DYNASTY

Of eight Memphite kings of a different branch.

2. Suphis. Built the largest pyramid, ascribed by Herodotus to

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Yrs.

29

63

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1. Othoes, (Othius, or Thoes,) killed by his guards.

2. Phius.

3. Methusuphis.

4. Phiops (or Aphiops,) who began to reign at the age of six

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Yrs.

30

53

7

94

1

12

Total 203

VII. DYNASTY

Of 70 Memphite kings, who reigned 70 days; or, according to Eusebius five kings, who reigned 75 days or years.

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