and the remains of its illustrious founder lie interred in the cathedral which he founded. Amongst other privileges granted by its benefactor, that of the coronation of the emperors was one. Here the emperor was crowned with the same ceremonies as at Milan and Rome. Here he received the silver crown, at Milan the iron crown, and at Rome the golden crown. Charlemagne was not only a canon of his own cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle; but ordained that all his successors in the imperial dignity, should be canons of this cathedral also. The town-house is a very fine structure of freestone, built in 1353, and adorned with statues of all the emperors since the days of Charlemagne. In the middle, and immediately in front of the town-house, is a stately fountain, remarkable for its largeness and excellent architecture. It has four springs running continually from above into a large brazen cistern, 30 feet in circumference, and weighing 12,000 lb. From thence it runs by six pipes into a large stone cistern, whence it is conveyed through the city. On the top of this fountain, is a large brazen statue of Charlemagne in armour. The cathedral is a large Gothic structure. It has a lofty steeple at the west end, adorned with several pyramids, and surmounted with a large globe and cross. The interior is beautified with a vast number of pillars of brass, marble, and granite, gilded statues, brass doors, and partitions. The whole city is a league and a half in circumference, and may be divided into the inner and the outer city; the former being separated from the latter by a wall with ten gates, and three-fourths of a league in circumference. The other wall, which encloses the whole, has eleven gates. It is well-supplied with water; and, though lying in a hollow, the air is salubrious. The stone and marble quarries in the neighbourhood supply the inhabitants with materials for building. The greater part of the inhabitants embraced the Reformation; but the city being taken by the famous Spinola, the Protestant citizens were expelled, and Popery re-established. There are above 30 parish-churches in the city; the territory belonging to its jurisdiction contains 18 villages, and 20,000 acres of land, called the kingdom of Aix-la-Chapelle. It has suffered a variety of changes and misfortunes since the time of its restorer, Charlemagne. Its greatest calamities, however, were those which it suffered during the war consequent upon the French revolution. There are 8 hot baths here, the temperature of which range from 30° to 51° Reaumur. Among the manufactures, those of needles and pins are famous. Treaties of peace were concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668, and 1748; and in 1818 the founders of the holy alliance held their congress of infamous memory here. It lies 40 miles west of Cologne, and 75 miles east of Brussels. N. Lat. 50° 45', and Long. 6° 3′ E. of Greenwich, and contains, according to M. Balbi, 35,000 inhabitants.-The town of Julich or Juliers, on the Roer, is fortified.

3d. The District of Trier or Treves.] The chief town of this district is Trier or Treves, on the Moselle. It is one of the oldest towns of Germany, and was a considerable place under the Romans, who gave it the name of Trevirorum Civitas. It now contains above 15,000 inhabitants, and is the seat of a bishop.-Saarlouis, on the Saar, contains 6000 inhabitants. It was built by Louis XIV. and strongly fortified by Vauban. In the neighbourhood of Saarbruck are inexhaustible forests and coal mines, both of which furnish important articles of exportation.

CHAP. IX. THE KINGDOM OF BAVARIA.

THE original country of the Bavarian monarchy is the duchy of Bavaria, which has its name from the first inhabitants the Boii or Bojoarians, of whom it is not certain whether they were of Celtic or German origin. This division of Germany, once a circle, a duchy, and an electorate, prospered and grew into a kingdom under the fostering care of Napoleon Bonaparte, who enlarged its territories at the expense of Austria and Prussia, and the neighbouring petty princes of the Germanic body, especially those of the spiritual order. Two large tracts of country, of which the contiguity is interrupted by the districts of Baden and Hessen, form this country. The largest lies in the heart of Germany, the smaller on the left banks of the Rhine. The former is bounded on the N.W. by Hessen Cassel; on the N. by the duchies of Saxony, and by Reuss; on the N.E. by the kingdom of Saxony; on the E. and S. by the Austrian dominions; and on the W. by Wirtemberg, Baden, and Hessen. The latter is bounded on the N. by the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, and by the Hessian provinces of the Rhine; on the E. by the Rhine; on the S. by France; and on the W. by the Lower Rhine. The territorial surface is, according to Hassel, 1,453.91; and according to Stein 1,338.25 German square miles. More recent calculations fix it at 1,382.59 German, or 31,108 British square miles, of which 2250 square miles belong to the circle of the Rhine.

History.] Bavaria was subjected to the Roman sceptre under the name of Vindelicia and Noricum, and when Theodoric, after having conquered Odoaser, founded a new Eastro-Gothic empire, Bavaria was included in it. After the fall of that monarchy, the Bavarians were conquered by the Frankish king Theodoric of Astrasia; but they preserved the prerogative of choosing their own chiefs; of whom it is not quite ascertained whether they went under the name of kings or dukes. We find, about the year 556, the family of the Agilolfingians possessing this dignity, which they held till the end of the 8th century. We observe among them Odilo, the son-in-law of Charles Martel, under whose reign, in the middle of the 8th century, the archbishop Bonifacius divided the Bavarian clergy into four bishoprics, namely, Salzburg, Passau, Regensburg, and Freysingen. Tharsilo II. who succeeded in 748, was obliged to swear allegiance to Pipin at Compeigne, and having been afterwards accused of rebellion against Charlemagne, was, by the diet of Ingelheim, condemned to death, but sent into a convent, and with him the dynasty of the Agilolfingians was extinguished. Charles abolished the dignity of duke of Bavaria, and named his brother-in-law, the count Gerold, governor of this province, into which he introduced the Frankish feudal system, and the division into gaus, governed by Grafen or counts. Bavaria afterwards fell to the portion of Louis the German; and upon his death in 840, his son, Carlomann, was named king of Bavaria. With Louis IV., who died in 911, the Carlovingian race was extinguished, and Arnulph II., son of the Bavarian general Luitpold, assumed the dignity of duke, and the sovereign power. Under his successors Bavaria was a scene of perpetual contention. In 1071, Welph, son of Azo of Este, became duke of Bavaria, which, in 1138, passed to the house of Austria, but in 1154 returned to the house of Welph, in the person of Henry the Lion.

In 1180, it finally returned to the first family, by the accession of Otto of Wittelsbach, a descendant of Arnulph II. duke of Bavaria, after the family had been unjustly deprived of the government for two centuries. The emperors, Louis in 1314, and Charles VII. in 1740, were of this family. The first palatine of the Rhine was Eberhard of Franconia, in 925. In 1385, the palatinate family purchased the reversion of the domains of Deuxponts from Everhard, the last duke a descendant of Otto of Wittelsbach. In 1444, the palatinate was united with Veldentz. In the 15th century, the Bavarian family obtained the palatinate by marriage, and from it the modern family has descended. Frederic V. elector palatine, married Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, and aspired to the crown of Bohemia, but was vanquished, his dominions ruined, and the electorate transferred to the house of Bavaria. Yet, by the treaty of Westphalia, his son regained part of his dominions, and was created an eighth elector. In 1685, the duke of Neuburg, a branch of the Bavarian house, succeeded to the palatinate, by the death of the last prince without children. This was an unfortunate event for the inhabitants of the palatinate, as the family of Neuburg were staunch Catholics, whereas the princes of the palantine house had been zealous Protestants. By the death of Emeric Joseph, the last elector of Bavaria, without children, Charles Theodore, elector palatine, of the house of Neuburg, succeeded to the Bavarian dominions; and thus two electorates were united in his person, namely, those of Bavaria and the Rhenish palatinate. Charles Theodore died in 1797, and was succeeded by his nephew, then duke of Deuxponts, the father of the present Bavarian sovereign, who assumed the government under the name of Maximilian Joseph, in 1799. He ceded, in the peace of Luneville, the provinces on the left banks of the Rhine to France, and several other districts were given in indemnification to other countries. But, on the other hand, Bavaria was aggrandized by the secularization of the estates of the clergy in 1803, by acquisitions at the peace of Presburg in 1805, by the foundation of the Rhenish confederacy in 1806, and by the peace of Vienna in 1809. In the peace of Presburgh, the royal title was acknowledged for Bavaria, and by its close connexion with France, it rose to be the first state in the Rhenish confederacy. But when, after the Prussian campaign, the whole of Germany rose against France, Bavaria, by a treaty with Austria, concluded on the 8th of October, 1813, joined the cause of the allies, for which Austria guaranteed to the king the integrity of his States. At the congress of Vienna, the former Prussian principalities of Anspach and Baireuth were conceded to Bavaria, but the king was obliged to relinquish the Tyrol and Vorarlberg to Austria, for which he obtained Wurzburg and Aschaffenburg. Other exchanges again took place, till at last, at the general assembly in Frankfort on the 20th July 1819, matters were finally settled, and the integrity of Bavaria, as a country of the German confederacy, fixed to the territory, now possessed by the king. On the 26th of May 1818, Maximilian granted a constitution to his subjects, of which we shall speak hereafter; and in February 1819, the first convocation of the States was held at Munich. Maximilian had the best intentions, and really did much good to his country, in which he was very popular. He died lately, and has been succeeded by his son Louis I. who has already excited great hopes by the truly liberal sentiments he has shown.

Physical Features.] Bavaria is generally a level conuntry except towards the south, where it is very mountainous; here, as it borders on

Salzburg, Tyrol, and the Vorarlberg, it partakes of the wild and rugged nature of these Alpine regions. But though it is generally an open level, it is the highest and most extensive level land in Germany. It may be considered as a vast plain-the bed, perhaps, of an ancient lake-extending from the Alps of Tyrol, to the foot of the Fichtelgebirge on the north, the country sloping on both sides to the Danube, the great drainer of the waters of southern Germany. The general height of these plains is 1650 English feet above the level of the sea.

Mountains.] The Bavarian mountains belong to the two grand German chains. To that of the Alps belong the Noric Alps, the Arlberg, the Allgau Alps, the Spessart, the Steigerwald, the Rhön, the Fichtelgebirge, and the Thuringian forest, of which only one point belongs to Bavaria. On the Rhine, the duchy of Deuxponts is a mountainous region, being intersected by the grand chain of the Vosges, which, towards Germany are steep and rugged, whilst towards France they have a gradual slope or gentle declivity. They present numerous defiles and narrow passes, particularly the defile of Keyserslautern, famous in the commencement of the revolutionary war, as the scene of many sanguinary and hot contested engagements between the French and Prussians.

Rivers.] Bavaria is in general very well watered. The principal rivers are the Danube, to the basin of which belong the Iller, the Lech, the Wertach, the Iser, the Inn, and the Salzach; the Rhine, to the basin of which belong the Lauter, the Queich, the Nahe, and the Blies. The Mayne, a principal river of the N. of Bavaria, also belongs to the basin of the Rhine; its tributary rivers are the Regnitz, the Rodach, the Itz, the Kinzig, the Lohr, and the Tauber. To the basin of the Weser belongs the Fulda; to that of the Elbe the Eger and Saale; these three rivers have their sources in the kingdom. There is no navigable canal except the one which unites the Frankinthal with the Rhine.

Lakes.] The southern part of Bavaria abounds in forests, lakes, and morasses. There are estimated to be no less than 16 large lakes, 160 smaller lakes, 275 rivers and streamlets, 360 forests, and a number of fishponds, in this country. Besides the lake of Constance-of which only a small part belongs to Bavaria-the most considerable are the Chiemsee, the Wuermsee, the Kochelsee, and the Zellersee; but as they are of comparatively little importance, they merit no particular description.

Morasses.] Among the great number of bogs or mosses which are in the S.E. circles, the most remarkable is the moss of the Danube, covering above 70 English square miles; the moss of Erding, said to exceed 100 square miles; and the moss of the Iser, nearly 30 miles long, and 12 broad. These morasses are partly overgrown with rushes, and only in a few parts present peat.

Climate.] The climate is on the whole temperate and healthy; the air, is, however, sharp in some parts, on account of the considerable elevation. In the valleys, along the Danube and Mayne, there is a very mild climate, and in the Rhenish provinces. In some of the valleys of the Mayne, even chesnut and almond trees are found.

Soil and Produce.] The southern, or the Upper Bavaria, though very mountainous, is by no means so unfit for cultivation, as has been generally supposed. Amidst these rugged and stupendous mountains, where the ideas of stability and grandeur only are excited, the eye is frequently relieved by beautiful valleys, whose soil is so rich as to repay more than six fold even the awkward and unskilful culture of a Bavarian

farmer. The tract of country which stretches from Munich, along the banks of the Danube and Inn, is the finest arable land in Bavaria, and is beautifully diversified with hills, which are clothed to their summits with magnificent forests. The upper palatinate, on the north of the Danube, is a connected chain of mountains, rising gradually from the Danube to the Fichtelgebirge and the mountains of Bohemia; yet these lands afford excellent pasturage, and are in many cases susceptible of every kind of culture. Of this country, so highly favoured by Providence, a great portion is allowed to remain in a state of nature. There are vast tracts of land which are considered by the inhabitants as marshes, but in many of which the traces of ancient furrows still remain to reproach their negligence and indolence. There is another part of Bavaria covered with a fine forest; whilst a third part, without any apparent reason, is always left in fallow. Upon the whole, it is probable that not more than half the country is under proper cultivation. A German journalist informs us, that agriculture is so much neglected in Bavaria, that except in good years, it does not produce grain sufficient for its own consumption; whilst in the comparatively barren district of Deuxponts, as much grain is raised by its industrious peasantry as suffices for their wants. Fruit is produced in great quantity, and the culture of it goes on increasing, particularly in the circles of Rezat, the Mayne, and Rhine; whole cargoes of dried fish and fruit are exported. Wine is one of the principal productions of the Lower Mayne circle, it is also produced on the banks of the Lake of Constance, on the Rhine, in the Upper Mayne, and Rezat circles; wood is a staple ware, and the rearing of the forests engages many thousands of people. Hops are cultivated in some places, and flax to a great extent in the tract called the Bavarian forest, which also furnishes great quantities of garden-vegetables, particularly cabbage and turnips. The wretched state of agriculture in this country was to be ascribed some years ago to the ignorance of the secular and ecclesiastical proprietors, and to the foolish administration of the officers of government. The farmers were divided into three classes; namely, those who were so called, by way of eminence, and who must have at least eight work horses, and are surnamed einseidler or hermits, because their farms are always at some distance from any town or village. Many of these farmers had an extent of three miles square, and employed from 12 to 15 plough-horses. Of this class, there were about 40,000. The second class, called half-farmers, consisted of those who had four horses. The third class, called quarter-farmers, had only two horses. A fourth class, called haussler, were only day-labourers, who wrought for the other classes, and had no plough-horses of their own. Besides these obstacles to the progress of agricultural improvement, a very injudicious and oppressive mode of taxation prevailed. No exemption was made in favour of the poorer class of labourers, who were taxed to the utmost of their slender means, and at the very same rate as their wealthier neighbours. The prodigious veneration paid to the monks was another cause tending greatly to retard agricultural improvement. An income exceeding one-third of the whole revenue was engrossed by these lazy locusts, who enjoyed also a complete immunity from all taxation. The present government has, however, effected a great amelioration on the state of the agriculturists, and in a few years, it is to be hoped, the resources of this valuable country will be fully called into action.