The people upon this rose in a mass,— —a chain of fire along the mountains was the signal of insurrection,—the women drove away the cattle into the recesses of their frozen mountains, and the men supplying the want of cannon- -like the Catalonians in the late Spanish war-with the trunks of trees hooped with iron, compelled the French to retire. In 1796, they drove the French, under general Vaubois, out of their country; and, in 1797, when Bonaparte was adding conquest to conquest, they rose en masse, under general Laudohn, and descending like a torrent from their native mountains, drove the French out of their country; and had not Francis been terrified into the preliminaries of Leoben, by the menaces of Bonaparte, who well-knew the danger of his own situation, the French general and his army, entangled in the defiles of the Styrian mountains, might then have been destroyed, as the Tyrolese had made themselves masters of Verona, and were joined by all the neighbouring mountaineers, to the number of 50,000 men. In 1799, they drove Massena out of the Voralberg with great slaughter. In 1801 and 1805, they were also successful; particularly in 1805, when they thrice defeated Ney and the Bavarians; but by the treaty of Presburg, in January 1806, their country was delivered up to Napoleon's Bavarian ally, with a futile stipulation that their ancient privileges should be preserved to them. By the constitution of the Tyrol, the sovereign did not acquire a right to the allegiance of the people until the oath of fealty had been taken, in the name of the community, by the four Estates convened in full assembly at Innspruck. The Bavarian government neglected this ceremony, and took possession of the country by a set of French commissioners; the Estates remonstrated, and the new monarch answered them with gracious promises. At last the constitution of the Tyrol was abolished by a royal ordonnance, and the country deprived of its very name by its subdivision into the circles of the Inn, the Eisach, and the Etsch, under which denominations it was incorporated in the Bavarian monarchy, then newly remodelled into a dwarfish resemblance of its great foster-mother the French empire. When war again commenced, in 1809, between Austria and France, the Tyrolese, under the command of the gallant Hofer, took arms to emancipate themselves from the Bavarian yoke, and were for a time eminently successful, till deprived of Austrian aid by the defeat of Wagram, and the armistice that followed, they were left to maintain the contest alone, and after a brave, but ineffectual defence, were compelled to yield to the power of Bavaria, aided by the numerous legions of France. The most horrible atrocities were now committed by the victors on the vanquished. Forty-one towns and villages in the Upper and Lower Innthal, and the Pusterthal, containing 7000 houses, were burnt, besides Nauders, Molo, and Schuderus. In the last action, near Brixen, where the wife fought by her husband, and the maiden by the side of her father or betrothed husband, 350 women were cut down by the cavalry. All the patriots who survived were delivered over to the military tribunals, and condemned to be shot. The gallant Hofer was seized in his hut, and conducted barefooted through the snow, to Botzen, and thence to Mantua, where he was shot, pursuant to a sentence of a military tribunal, on the 24th of February, 1810. He refused to let his eyes be covered when led to execution; and died as became a hero and a patriot, rejoicing that he had done his duty. By

Andreas Hofer was a native of Sand, in the valley of Passeyr, and was born in the year 1771. His excellent moral and religious character procured him at an early

the congress at Vienna in 1815, the Tyrolese and Voralbergers were released from their hated subjection to the Bavarian yoke, and restored to their former sovereign, the emperor of Austria.

Physical Features.] The Tyrol, and the whole south-western part of the country above the Ens, may justly be denominated German Switzerland,-being, in respect of physical features, a continuation of that country. Of this extensive and highly diversified region, the bishopric of Trent forms the southern division; that of Brixen, the N.E. division; the Voralberg, the N.W. division; while the proper Tyrol occupies the centre. It is bounded on the N. by Bavaria and Suabia; on the E. by Salzburg and Illyria; on the S. by Austrian Italy; and on the W. by part of the same, the country of Bormio, the Grisons, and the Lake of Constance. The Voralberg is separated on the east, by a chain of mountains denominated the Mountains of Eagles, from the Tyrol; and is called in gazetteers, the county of Bregenz; having the counties of Pludenz, Sonnenberg, Feldkirch, and Schellenberg, on the south. This country was the ancient Rhetia; and was by the Romans divided into Upper and Lower, the former answering to the Grisons and the Italian Tyrol, and the latter to the German Tyrol and Salzburg, the heights of the Brenner being the boundary between the two. This country is full of mountains; but the principal chain stretches from the Valteline, on the S.W., to the duchy of Salzburg, on the N.E., which, as Saussure remarks, is the general course of the Alpine chains. The Brenner, or burning hill,' as it is called in German, the modern name of this chain, rivals the grand Alps of Switzerland, in numerous glaciers; and, like other grand chains, presents exterior barriers, that on the north being distinguished by the name of Spitz, while that on the south is termed Vedretta. The breadth of the Tyrolian chain from Trent to Innspruck is 70 British miles directly across from S. to N. The primitive, or highest elevations, are to the north of Sterzing, whence precipitous streams descend to the river Inn on the north. The naked and rugged peaks of the mounts of Lorinzen, Fartschel, and Tschafateh, raise their towering heads towards the N.W.; and on the S.E. are those of Glander, Schloss, Pragls, and Pallanser; whose summits are entirely bare, and seem to be composed of granite. The glacier most easy of access is Stuben, 4,692 feet above the level of the sea, with beautiful pyramids of azure, which in sunshine reflect a blaze of light. The Brenner is, according to Beaumont, only 5,109 feet above the level of the sea. The Bok-kogel is another vast peak; in the opinion of Mr. Eustace, equal in height, if not superior to Mont Blanc, and presenting a more sublime and majestic appearance. Towards the west and north of Innspruck are several detached mountains covered with constant snow, amongst which those of Verner are the most remarkable. The Great Glockner, between Tyrol and Salzburg, is said to be 12,780 feet in age the esteem of all the inhabitants of his valley, among whom he was appointed to fill an office, which nearly corresponds to that of our justice of the peace. When his country was brought under the Gallo-Bavarian yoke, he thrice repaired to Vienna to represent the situation of his countrymen to the emperor and the archdukes, and to implore their succour. Encouraged by the emperor, Hofer returned, and, with two of his companions in arms, concerted a plan for attacking the French and Bavarian troops. It was agreed that the sign for a general attack on the enemy should be given by saw-dust thrown into the river Inn. In all the places upon the banks of that river where there were persons to whom the secret had been confided, the meaning of the saw-dust was perfectly understood. They instantly hastened to ring the alarum. bells, the inhabitants rose en masse, and complete success crowned the undertaking. Hofer was invested with the title of commander-in-chief of the whole country.

From

height; and the Orteles has been computed at 12,864 feet. Schellenberg and Feldkirch, a chain of mountains runs N.W. and S.E. as far as the Ober-Innthal, separating the Voralberg and Western Tyrol from the Grisons. It then runs a meridional course, separating the Lower Engadine from the Tyrol; and stretching eastward, separates the canton of Bormio and the sources of the Adda on the south, from the Munsterthal on the north. This chain, which is the highest of the Julian Alps, is called the Wurmser-Joch, and is noted for the daring exploit of the French, under general Dessoles, in 1799. In order to reach the Munsterthal, and make themselves masters of the head-valley of the Adige, the French had difficulties to encounter, which, it is said, would have arrested the most intrepid guides of the glaciers. Notwithstanding the ices and snows which covered the Wurmser-Joch, they climbed the mountain, and by this manœuvre turned the intrenched defiles, which the Austrians kept in the most perfect security, never dreaming of the passage of an army by a glacier hitherto deemed inaccessible. Having reached the summit, the French slid, or rather rolled down with their arms into the valley from a prodigious height, and with such of the troops as had freed themselves from those abysses, Dessoles attacked general Laudohn, in his intrenchments at Glurns and Tauffers, and compelled the most of his army to surrender with their cannon and baggage, Laudohn himself escaping with a very few of his men into the Val de Venosta.

It was reserved for this age of enterprise to disclose the secret wonders of the superior Alps, and to scale their lofty summits. The enormous ridges clothed with an unknown depth of perpetual snow, and often crowned with sharp pinnacles, or obelisks of granite, called by the Swiss, horns, and by the Germans, kogel or peaks,—the dreadful chasms presenting an abyss of some thousand feet in depth,—the glaciers, or seas of ice, sometimes extending 30 or 40 miles in length,—the sacred silence of scenes till then unvisited except by the chamois, and goat of the rocks, the clouds, and sometimes the thunderstorm, rolling at a great distance below, the extensive prospect, reducing kingdoms as it were to a map, the pure elasticity of the air, exciting a kind of incorporeal sensation, were all novelties in the history of human adventure.

Rivers.] As might be expected in a country of mountains, rivers descend in every direction, and separate to different seas: as the Inn, the Drave, and the Lech, to the Danube; the Ill and the Bregenz, to the Rhine; the Adda, to the Po; the Adige, the Eisach, the Rienz, the Brenta, the Piave, and the Tagliamento, to the Adriatic.

The Inn.] The Inn is the principal river of the Tyrol. It rises in the canton of the Grisons, from the mountain of Maloggia, and waters the Upper and Lower Engadine, before it enters the Tyrol at St. Jacob and Finstermunz. During this part of its course, amounting to 50 British miles, as the descent is more gradual, so its course is less precipitous than other Alpine streams. But after its entrance into the Tyrol, where the descent is more precipitous, and where it is joined by numberless rapid torrents issuing from the mountains bordering on both sides of this long, steep, and narrow valley of 100 miles, it runs with greatly increased velocity, till after a comparative course of 270 British miles, during which it receives the Zill, the Aicha, the Salza, and the Rot, it enters the Danube, at Passau, with a volume of water equalling, if not surpassing that of its rival stream.

The Adige.] The Adige rises in the valley of the Malsheide, which is separated from the Ober-Innthal on the N. by a chain of heights. After running 20 miles south, it is joined by another branch, coming from the northern side of the Wurmser-Joch, through the Munsterthal. The confluent stream at Glurns obtains the name of the Etsch, which it retains till joined by the Eisach at Bolzano or Botzen, when it receives that of the Adige. After receiving the Non and the Lavis, and passing to the south by Trent and Verona, it runs E. and falls into the Adriatic, 10 miles to the north of the Po, after a comparative course of 200 miles. The Eisach is larger and more rapid than the Adige, its sister-stream.

The Drave.] East of the source of the Rienz, on the opposite side of the mountain, and above the village of Innichin, rises the river Drave. In descending the river, through the steep and winding defiles of the Tyrolian mountains, till it arrives at the town of Lienz, only 15 leagues from its source, the stream must be crossed no less than fifteen times. Hence it pursues an easterly and south-easterly course, through Carinthia, Styria, and Lower Hungary, and falls into the Danube, 16 miles below Esseck. Its comparative course may be estimated at 400 British miles; and it is frequently impassable on account of its rapidity

The Lech, Iser, and Iller.] The Lech rises in the mountains of the Voralberg, and after a course, through that elevated district, of 50 miles, it enters Bavaria, separating it from the circle of Suabia, and runs into the Danube, 10 miles to the E. of Donauwert. Its comparative course is 150 British miles.-The Iser, a river of equal length and magnitude, rises in the Tyrol, and runs along the foot of the mountains that skirt the valley of Innspruck, till it enters Bavaria. After visiting Munich, the capital of Bavaria, it runs a N.E. course of 80 miles, and enters the Danube at Dickendorff. The Iller rises from the western side of the Mountains of Eagles; and after running through part of the Voralberg and Suabia, and passing by the city of Kempten, enters the Danube, almost opposite the city of Ulm, after a course of 100 miles.

Productions and Industry.] The Tyrolese mountains present every aspect, from the ever-blooming verdure of perpetual spring, to the dreary sterility of the frigid zone. Though covered with eternal snow, yet their sides are clothed with the finest woods, abounding in every variety of forest trees, and sheltering numerous species of game. Their valleys, though rocky in soil, have rich and extensive fields of corn, flax, and tobacco. On the eminences which crown these fertile vales, various sorts of fruit are grown, as also small woods of chesnut-trees; the vine is reared as far as Brixen, but the wine is not skilfully managed. The rugged aspect of this elevated country, contrasted with the beauty and fertility of its vales, gave rise to a saying of the emperor Maximilian, that the Tyrol was like a peasant's frock,-coarse indeed, but right warm. But the chief wealth of the Tyrol lies in its mineral productions and precious stones, such as agates, cornelians, rubies, a species of diamonds, amethysts, emeralds, chalcedonies, and granites. Mines of silver and lead, which have been long celebrated, occur near Lermos. The mines of Nasereit, in the same quarter, among the Verner Mountains, 32 miles N.W. of Innspruck, are opulent in silver, lead, copper, and iron. Nor is the southern region of Tyrol deficient in mines; but the principal mines are at Schwatz, where one containing silver and copper was discovered in 1448; it is very rich, and still employs 1000 miners. This mine formerly produced a revenue of 300,000 guelders annually to the emperor; but the propor

tion of silver to copper is now as one to forty. The salt mines at Halle, 6 miles N.E. of Innspruck, produce vast quantities of that commodity, and yield a revenue of 300,000 florins, or £35,000 sterling annually; and an annual profit of 200,000 crowns. Above 1000 hands are constantly employed in these salt-works. The Tyrolese are a very industrious people, but their industry is unaccompanied with any of those evils, which, in the present state of the manufacturing system, poison the great mass of the population of a manufacturing country. They are often seen climbing the deepest rocks with a basket of manure on their head, or letting themselves down by a rope to some little insulated spot of garden-ground which they have discovered amid the cliffs of their mountains. In autumn, they rear silk-worms, and cultivate hemp, flax, and tobacco. Many of them, like the Irish, in summer, emigrate for the season, leaving their homes with a hurdy-gurdy, a knapsack, and a stock of oaten cakes, and returning at the end of autumn, after a tour in the surrounding countries, with the profits of their summer's toil. These annual emigrants are said to amount to 30,000. Those who go upon trading speculations have usually partners at home; and the manner in which their accounts are settled marks the honesty of the people. As soon as the adventurer has returned, his partners are summoned, his bag of money is emptied in their presence, the contents are divided according to their respective shares, and this is a final and sufficient settlement. During the winter, while the snow and the torrents block up their villages, every house exhibits a scene of delightful industry,the women are employed at their spinning-wheels, or in knitting stockings, or embroidering cloth,-while the men and boys make boxes, cases of instruments, and toys, which find their way not only to most parts of Europe, but even to America. A particular branch of industry in this country is the breeding of Canary birds, which are reared in great quantities for sale.

Topography.] The Tyrol and Voralberg are divided into 7 circles, containing 22 towns, 36 boroughs, and 3,150 villages, and bearing the names of the principal valleys and districts.

The Circle of Unter-Innthal.] With this circle were united, in 1815, the Ziller and Brixenthal,38 formerly belonging to Salzburg. This whole district is a large valley, through which the Inn flows, and from which some smaller valleys branch off. The Rhetian Alps here join the Noric Alps. The chief town is Innsbruck or Innspruck, the capital of Tyrol, which maintains an animated commerce. There is a very fine monument of Maximilian I. in one of the churches; and a lyceum with 15 professors. The population is estimated by Balbi at 9,000.

The Circle of Ober-Innthal.] This circle embraces the whole upper valley of the Inn, with several very narrow side-valleys. The Rhetian Alps run from S.W. to N.E. through the country, and tower here to the majestic Orteles and the Hochvogel. The air is sharp; corn is reared only in a few districts, and potatoes are almost the only food of the poor; cattle, however, are abundant, and cheese and butter are the principal productions. From no part of Tyrol is emigration so extensive as from this district, in consequence of the limited means which it possesses of supporting its population. Glurns, a small town on the

The German appellation that is equivalent to our term dale, meaning a valley watered by a river; but sometimes the name of the head-town is prefixed to the term thal, instead of the river watering the district.