The climate of Vienna is very variable, and can by no means be called healthy: the annual bills of mortality exhibiting a list of deaths, in the proportion of one in fifteen, according to De Serres; and one in nineteen, according to Nicolai. Various hypotheses have been framed, to account for this extraordinary mortality. Nicolai attributes it to hard eating and drinking, as if all the people of Vienna were drunkards and gluttons. De Serres supposes it to arise chiefly from the resort of country invalids to the numerous hospitals and infirmaries of the capital; and affirms, in perfect contradiction to Nicolai, that the inhabitants are sober and temperate.34

Few spots are so intersected with water, as the vicinity of Vienna. The Danube, broken into a variety of channels, loses its usual rapidity, and seems as if disposed to linger in this beautiful scenery. But scarcely has it left the neighbourhood of the capital, and advanced into the great level of Hungary, than it rolls along, in all its former impetuosity. One of the arms of this river, flowing between the city and the suburb of Leopoldstadt, serves for the purposes of navigation, and is crossed in four different places by wooden bridges. The city of Vienna, exclusive of the suburbs, is not large; its circumference being only four miles, or an hour's walk round the ramparts. A large open space of 600 paces in breadth runs round the walls, and separates the city from the suburbs. so that the fortifications command an ample range. The suburbs, great and small, are 33 in number. In 1683, when Vienna was besieged by the Turks, the suburbs were only three or four in number; and a century ago, several of them were only villages or country-seats. Their increase has been chiefly owing to the abrogation, by Joseph II., of the feudal rights possessed by the landed proprietors of the spot, after which the district became entitled to the same privileges as the rest of the capital. Fifty years ago, Vienna was considered to be well-fortified: having a rampart, twelve strong bastions, ten ravelins, deep and wide square ditches, and outworks of proportionable strength. The old works were said to be built with the money extorted by Leopold of Austria from the people of England, as the ransom of the gallant Richard the lion-hearted. With this sum, amounting to 140,000 marks of silver, Cologne weight, Leopold not only walled and fortified Vienna, but likewise the cities of Ens, Hainburg, and Neustadt.

Vienna is situated in 48° 12′ 36′′, N. Lat. and 16° 16′ 42′′, E. Long. from Greenwich; and is 175 British miles, road distance, S. E. of Prague, in Bohemia.35

Mendelsohn, Susmilch, Iselin, and others, were imprisoned as criminals. License to read the books of heretics, under Maria Theresa, was only to be procured from the pope's nuncio. The imperial library is deplorably defective in historical works. A new catalogue has been lately ordered; and its utility has been much increased under the younger Van Sweiten. It is daily open from nine to twelve forenoon.

34 De Luca, a German physician affirms, that of 19,229 children, admitted into the foundling-hospital, from 1772 to 1781, 8,445 have died; and Schlosser terms these foundling-hospitals, moral and natural slaughter-houses: Nicolai says, that before a foundling-hospital was established, above 1500 foundlings were annually admitted into the town hospital.

35 Vienna owes its first aggrandizement to Henry I. in 1142, who then made it the place of his residence, and in 1158 surrounded it with a wall. In 1198, it obtained its municipal privileges. In 1241, it was captured by Frederic II. In 1477, it was unsuccessfully besieged by the Hungarians, who took it, however, in 1485, under the command of Mathias Corvinus, their king. It sustained two sieges from the Turks, in 1529, and 1683; the last of which was infinitely more terrible than the first, as it lasted upwards of ten weeks. The road to Vienna was laid open to the Turks by Tekeli, whom Leopold would not subdue by clemency, and could not reduce by force.

2d. The Lower Wienerwald.] This bailiwick contains the town of Baden, celebrated for its warm baths, which annually attract from 2000 to 3000 visitors; and the village of Schoenbrunn, with the palace of the empress Maria Theresa, and the finest botanical garden in Germany.

3d. The Upper Wienerwald.] St. Polten, the principal town of this district, contains about 4000 inhabitants, and is the seat of a bishop.

4th. The Lower Manchartsberg.] This bailiwick takes its name from the mountains which run through it. Korunenburz, with a population of 1,900 inhabitants, is the principal town. The village of Gross-Aspern, on the Danube, is celebrated by the battle of the 22d and 23d May, 1809; and Wagram, on the Russbach, by the battle of the 6th July following.

5th. The Upper Manchartsberg.] Krems, the principal town of this bailiwick, contains 3,600 inhabitants. Upwards of 100,000 pilgrims annually visit the celebrated church of Maria Taferl, which is situated here on the top of a high mountain.

The garrison only consisted of 16,000 men, commanded by count Stahremberg. Never, till the days of Napoleon, was such an army as that of the Turks seen at Vienna. It consisted of 140,000 regular troops; 18,000 Wallachians, Moldavians, and Transylvanians, led by their respective princes; 15,000 Hungarians, under Tekeli; 50,000 Tartars, under the famous Selim Gyeray Khan: the whole, including volunteers, and the usual cumberous appendages of an oriental army, amounting to 300,000 men, 31 pashas, and 5 sovereign princes, with 300 pieces of cannon; all under the command of Kara Mustapha, nephew of the great Cuprogli, but destitute of his abilities. The whole plain that encircles Vienna, comprehending a space of three leagues, was filled in all its extent with the Turkish camp, which abounded in every thing necessary for so vast a multitude. The different quarters were commanded by pashas, who displayed the magnificence of kings; but all this magnificence was eclipsed by the pomp of the vizier, who combined in his character, the opposite extremes of avarice and prodigality. His retinue consisted of 4000 officers and servants; and the park that enclosed his tents was as extensive as the city he besieged. The counterscarp was lost by the besieged, after a series of successive combats of 23 days' continuance; and on the 22d of August, the engineer, Capliers, who had made an exact computation of his means of defence, judged that he could not hold out three days longer, if the Turks should make a general assault. No army had yet appeared to help the place: and Stahremberg wrote these emphatic words to the duke of Lorrain: "No more time to lose, my lord; no more time to lose." But the avarice of the vizier proved the salvation of Vienna; for it is certain, that if he had given the orders for a general assault, the city must have fallen. Entertaining the notion that the capital of the German emperors must contain immense treasures, he was afraid of losing this imaginary wealth, if the city should be taken by storm: as in that case it would inevitably be subjected to universal and indiscriminate pillage. He therefore forbade the army to assault the place, but rather to wait patiently till it should surrender. This enraged the janizaries, and damped the ardour of the besiegers, who plainly saw that the vizier meant to be the sole gainer by the business. John Sobieski, with 25,000 men, at last arrived, on the 7th of September. On the 9th, the whole Christian army, 74,000 strong, was in motion. On the 12th, they approached the last heights of the Kalemberg range. It was yet in the power of the vizier to repair his faults, for he had nothing to do, but occupy the hill, and mask the defiles, in order to prevent the advance of the Christian army; but he neglected the opportunity. John Sobieski was appointed generalissimo of the Christian force; and in company with the duke of Lorrain, the electors of Saxony and Bavaria, and the other commanders, took the sacrament two hours before daybreak of the 13th of September,-a day that was to decide whether the cross or the crescent should prevail, whether Vienna, under Mahommed IV. should share the fate of Constan tinople, under Mahommed II.,-whether the star of the house of Hapsburg, or of Othman, should be lord of the ascendant, and whether the western empire should be re-united to that of the east. The eventful problem was settled ere night, by the utter defeat of an army three times more than that of the assailants. Vienna, though dreadfully damaged, was delivered; and Sobieski made a splendid entry, through smoking ruins, into the city, amidst the rapturous acclamations of a saved people. It was indeed a great political deliverance; for had Vienna been taken, the Christian churches, as was the case at Constantinople, would have been converted into mosques; the tide of conquest would have rolled to the Rhine, and the power of Louis XIV. been the only opposing mound to the swell of Mussulman ambition.

UPPER AUSTRIA.] The inhabitants of the western part of the archduchy are almost wholly Germans; the women are distinguished for their beauty, particularly those of Linz. The religion of the majority is the Catholic; but there are about 24,000 Lutherans.

Agriculture and Manufactures.] A country so mountainous can have but little agriculture; however, there are some parts well-cultivated by the very industrious inhabitants. The cattle are fine, and the horses strong. Wood is very valuable in this country, and there are some fine forests, but they require to be managed with sagacity, as fuel is becoming scarce. Salt, and other productions of the mineral kingdom, are the principal riches of the country. Manufactures are also carried on with great industry, particularly those of iron; there are also several cotton manufactures. Lichtenstern values the exportation at twelve and a half millions of florins.

Topography.] The land above the Ens is divided into 5 circles, which are also called viertels, or quarters.

1st. The Muehlviertel.] This circle contains, according to Hassel, 176,028 inhabitants. The capital is Linz, with a population of 17,243, on the right bank of the Danube, over which is a bridge of 800 feet in length.

2d. The Hausruckviertel.] tainous, but has fertile valleys. principal town.

This is the smallest circle; it is moun-
Wells, with 3,738 inhabitants, is the

3d. The Traunviertel.] The southern part of this circle is covered with Alps, several of which have their tops constantly clothed in snow, and present glaciers and avalanches like those of Switzerland; the northern part is flat, and belongs to the valley of the Danube. Steyer, with 10,000 inhabitants, is the principal town. The richest salt mines, which form the wealth of the country, lie in the romantic district called the Salzkammergut, where 500,000 quintals of salt are produced every year, and where above a million could be produced if there was a market for it.

4th. The Innviertel.] The agriculture of this province is good. The chief town is Braunau, with 2,150 inhabitants.

5th. The Circle of Salzach.] This district, recently acquired from Bavaria, excluding the districts on the left banks of the Saale and Salza, and the provostship of Birchtolsgaden, is, according to Lichtenstern, 3,256 British square miles; but including these, 3,700. Its population exclusive of the districts on the Saale and Salza, retained-we presume -by the king of Bavaria, is, according to Lichtenstern, only 160,000; whilst according to Hassel, it is 210,000 according to Serres and Höeck, the population is 200,000. The difference between the three statements may be easily reconciled, as De Serres and Höeck included in the duchy the districts omitted by Lichtenstern. The mountain of Duerrenberg, near Hallein, eight British miles S. S. E. of Salzburg, produces annually 750,000 quintals of salt. The salt is of all colours, yellow, red, blue, and white; it is hewn out from subterraneous lanes, and afterwards dissolved in fresh water, which is then conveyed into pits, of the brine of which is made the finest salt. The district of Salzburg is also celebrated for its mineral productions, particularly the Zillerthal, or the vale of the river Ziller, where the substance called zillerthite is found. According to Bergman, of all the Austrian dominions, this district yields only to Hungary in the production

of the precious metals. Among the minerals found here are talc, serpentine, asbestos, and thallite, or green schorl; also beryls, and emeralds. Prodigious quantities of steel and brass are manufactured here for the different armouries. The archbishop of Salzburg was formerly primate of all Germany, the see being founded by St. Rupert, an Englishman, in A. D. 716. The archbishop possessed many large domains in Austria, Styria, and Carinthia; and his revenue was estimated by Keysler, at 800,000 rixdollars, or £140,000 sterling annually; but according to accurate and certain information, the income arising from all his lands, amounted to 4,000,000 guelders, or £350,000 sterling yearly. The archbishopric is now secularized; and was lately exchanged by the king of Bavaria, with the emperor of Austria, for the palatinate on the west side of the Rhine.

II. THE DUCHY OF STYRIA.

The old castle of Styr, situated where the Steyer falls into the Ens, gives its name to the duchy of Styria, or, as it is called in German, Steyermark. Though this province, with Croatia, Carniola, Carinthia, and Wendishmarch, were formerly districts of the ancient Pannonia, yet Croatia excepted, they lost that denomination, by falling to the house of Austria. Styria, is a large province, containing, according to Lichtenstern, 8,580 British square miles; being bounded by Upper and Lower Austria, on the N.; by Hungary and Croatia, on the E.; by Carinthia and Carniola, or the Illyrian government on the S.; and by Carinthia and Upper Austria, on the W. It is divided into Upper and Lower; the former, lying to the S. of the latter, is about 110 British miles in length, from W. to E.; and from 25 to 45 miles in breadth, from N. to S. Lower Styria, is about 80 British miles in length, from N. to S., and 48 from E. to W. Upper Styria is very mountainous, containing many mountains of stupendous elevation called the Styrian Alps, being a continuation of the Julian Alps; but the whole is well-cultivated; insomuch, that in many places, the hills are cultivated to their summits. The people who dwell in these Alpine regions, during winter, when large quantities of snow fall, are for several months imprisoned in their houses; and, even in summer, seldom come down from their habitations. By being accustomed to the cold of these snowy regions, they are strong, hardy and temperate, and in this respect present a great contrast to the inhabitants of Lower Styria, who are in general of weak organization and dissolute habits. The mountains support large numbers of cattle, wild fowl, game, and chamois or Alpine goats; and the brooks and lakes, many of which are situated between elevated cliffs, abound in fish.

Upper Styria is chiefly famous for its mineral productions, such as silver, lead, and copper, but particularly iron. The iron mines of Eisenarz and Vorderberg, are the most celebrated. Eisenarz36 is situated on the banks of a small stream that falls into the Ens, in the district of Ensthal. One great advantage, for working the Styrian mines, and smelting the iron, is the superabundance of wood, with which the sides of the mountains are clothed, in the neighbourhood of these mines. The steel of Styria has been long of high celebrity, being greatly extolled by the ancient historians, and particularly by the elder Pliny; it was used by

There is an inscription in the parish church here, dedicated to St. Oswald, a British saint, implying that the mines were discovered in A. D. 712; and have continued ever since to be wrought, without any sensible decay.

the Romans in manufacturing their swords, and is exported in great quantities to England. Silver was formerly dug in abundance; but the silver mines of Zeyring, have been under water since 1658. There are large salt works at Auffee. The chief rivers that water Upper Styria, are the Mur and the Ens. Its principal chains of mountains are, the Bachar, in the south; mount Grassan on the east of Judenburg; and mount Grimming on the west, which is the loftiest in all Styria, The duchy is divided into five circles. The town of Gratz, in the circle of the same name, is said to contain 34,000 inhabitants. It is a place of lively commerce, and has two great commercial fairs. The town of Marburg, in the circle of Nieuburg contains 4000 inhabitants. Judenburg on the Mur, in the circle of the same name, is the capital of Upper Styria, and contains a population of about 1500 souls; it stands in a fertile circular plain, surrounded by mountains, which are constantly covered with snow. Leoben on the Mur, in the circle of Bruck, is famous for the treaty concluded in 1797, between Bonaparte and the emperor Francis.

Lower Styria is less mountainous, more level and fertile, than Upper Styria; and excellent wine is produced in the eastern parts of this division. Hot baths and medicinal springs also abound. At Pettau on the Drave, are considerable lead mines, producing, on an average, 5000 tons yearly. The whole of Styria contains 120 towns, a vast number of villages, and 900,000 inhabitants, according to Höck; 860,000, according to Stein; 805,847, according to de Serres; and 798,000, according to Lichtenstern: so much are German statistics at variance with each other. Twothirds of the population of Styria are Germans; the other third are Wendes of Slavonian origin, who speak a particular dialect. The great majority of the inhabitants are Catholics, but there are about 2,500 Lutherans.

III. THE KINGDOM OF ILLYRIA.

When the Romans had become masters of the Danube, the Save, and the Drave, they united all the lands which lay in the south of Noricum and Pannonia into the large province of Illyricum, and called the aborigines whom they found here Illyrians. This name was afterwards lost when the western Roman empire was divided; but in modern times it was used again, in the language of the Austrian administration, to designate the Hungarian provinces on the south side of the Drave. When Napoleon obtained, in the peace of Presburg, the circle of Villach, Friouli, Istria, and Croatia on the south of the Save, he joined to them Dalmatia, the Littoral, and some parts of Tyrol; and formed these into a new province of his vast empire, to which he gave the ancient name of Illyria. In 1813-14, when Austria resumed possession of Illyria, Dalmatia, the military frontiers, and the Tyrolese districts, were disjoined from it; but, on the other hand, the circle of Klagenfurt, and several districts of Venetia, were added to it, and the whole made a kingdom indissolubly joined to the Austrian monarchy, and divided into the two governments of Laibach and Trieste. It must be observed, however, that it is only those provinces of this new kingdom which had formerly belonged to the German empire: viz. Carinthia, Carniola, Austrian Friouli, and Trieste, which belong to the German confederacy.

Boundaries.] The kingdom of Illyria is bounded on the N. by Upper Austria, Styria and civil Croatia; on the E. by military Croatia; on the