The reign of Eadward the Confessor. 2d ed., rev. 1870

A. D.

CONTENTS.

FROM THE ELECTION OF EADWARD TO THE BANISHMENT

The struggle between Normans and Englishmen

Import of Eadward's Election; resolve of the Eng-
lish people to have none but an English King
Other possible candidates; Swegen Estrithson; Ead-
ward the son of Eadmund
Eadward the one available representative of the old
stock

June, 1042 Popular Election of Eadward

§ 1. The Election and Coronation of Eadward. 1042-1043.

Delay of the Coronation; its probable causes

Eadward probably absent from England and un-

willing to accept the Crown

Embassy to Eadward; negotiations between him

and Godwine

April 3, 1043 Eadward crowned at Winchester

Eadward accepts the Crown and returns to England;

possibility of a Coronation at Canterbury .

Christmas? Witenagemót of Gillingham; opposition to Ead-

1042-1043

ward's Election in the interest of Swegen Estrithson

Eadward the only possible choice; nature of his

claims

Exhortation of Archbishop Eadsige; position of Ead-

ward; his relations to Godwine and the other

Presence of foreign Ambassadors at the Coronation;

Eadward's foreign connexions; his relations with

Magnus of Denmark and with the French Princes

Gifts of the English nobles; Godwine gives a ship

to the King

§ 2. Condition of England during the early years of Eadward.

Character of Eadward; his position as a Saint

Eadward's memory acceptable to Englishmen and

Normans alike

Eadward's personal character; purely monastic nature

of his virtues; points of likeness to his father

His love of hunting; contrast with the humanity of

Anselm

Personal appearance and habits of Eadward

His love of favourites; his fondness for foreigners;

promotion of Normans to high office

The Norman Conquest begins under Eadward

Relations between Eadward and Godwine; Norman

calumnies against Godwine and his sons

Character of Godwine; his relations to ecclesiastical

bodies; his over care for his own household

His good and strict government of his Earldom

Godwine never reached the same power as Harold

Greatness of Godwine and his house

The other Earldoms; Mercia under Leofric; North-
humberland under Siward.

Nature of the Earldoms as affected by the Danish
conquest; special position of Northumberland

The King's Writs; light thrown by them on the

condition of Folkland

General powers of the Witan not lessened

1040 Affairs of Scotland; reign and death of Duncan

1040-1058 Reign of Macbeth; his distribution of money at

Rome

April-
Nov. 1043

CONTENTS.

1039-1063 Affairs of Wales; reign of Gruffydd of North Wales

His victory over Eadwine at Rhyd-y-groes

His wars in South Wales and victory at Aberteifi

Eadward's relations with foreign powers; his con-

His relations with the North; claims of Magnus of
Norway on the Crown of England

The reign of Eadward comparatively peaceful

§ 3. From the Coronation of Eadward to the Remission of

the War-tax.

1043-1051.

1043-1051 Character of the first nine years of Eadward
Relations between Eadward and his mother; prob-
able offence given by Emma
November Witenagemót of Gloucester; Eadward and the Earls
16, 1043
despoil Emma of her treasure

1043-1046 Probable connexion of Emma with the partizans of

Swegen; banishments of Osbeorn, Osgod Clapa,

Gunhild, and others

Stigand appointed Bishop of the East-Angles and

deposed

Importance of ecclesiastical appointments; mode of

appointing Bishops; increased connexion with

Rome; prevalence of simony

1044-1050 Siward Abbot of Abingdon appointed Coadjutor to

Archbishop Eadsige; he retires to Abingdon and

dies

Death of Ælfweard, Bishop of London

Restoration of Stigand; Robert of Jumièges Bishop

1044-1047 Condition of Northern Europe; war between Swegen

and Magnus; conduct of Godescalc

1044-1045 Magnus claims the English Crown; answer of Ead-
ward; preparations against Magnus

1030-1044 Early life and exploits of Harold Hardrada; his
escape from Stikkelstad; he enters the Byzantine
service

Jan. 23,

1045

1038-1040 He commands the Warangians in Sicily

1047

1048

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Death of Brihtwold, Bishop of the Wilsætas; Her-

mann of Lotharingia succeeds; policy of the pro-

motion of German prelates

March 23, Death of Bishop Lyfing; his career and character

1046

1046-1072 Leofric succeeds him in Cornwall and Devonshire
1050 He removes the see to Exeter, and subjects his
Canons to the rule of Chrodegang

1046-1062 Ealdred succeeds Lyfing at Worcester; his character

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn reconciled with the King; his

joint expedition with Swegen against Gruffydd ap

Rhydderch

Swegen's abduction of Eadgifu; he throws up his
Earldom and retires to Denmark; suppression of
Leominster Abbey

Banishment of Osgod Clapa

Affairs of Scandinavia; Harold joins Magnus and
receives a share of the Kingdom of Norway
Swegen asks help from England; his request is sup-
ported in the Witenagemót by Godwine, but re-
jected on the motion of Leofric

Magnus defeats Swegen; occupies Denmark and dies

suddenly

1048-1061 Harold succeeds in Norway; Swegen in Denmark ;

their long warfare.

Norwegian and Danish embassies to England; help

again refused to Swegen; peace concluded with

Harold

1046-1047 Physical phænomena

Aug. 29, Elfwine, Bishop of Winchester, dies; Stigand suc-

Ravages of Lothen and Yrling; the King and the

Earls pursue the pirates, but they escape to

Flanders

1048-1054 Pontificate of Leo the Ninth

1047

1049

Relations with Flanders; their analogy with the

relations with Normandy in 991 and 1000

Alliance with the Emperor Henry; his nomination

of German Popes .

Godfrey of Lotharingia and Baldwin of Flanders
rebel against the Emperor.

Leo excommunicates Godfrey; Godfrey submits, but
Baldwin continues his ravages

Denmark and England join the Emperor against

Baldwin; the English fleet watches the Channel;

submission of Baldwin

Baldwin's submission lets loose the English exiles;
Osgod Clapa at sea; Swegen the son of Godwine
seeks reconciliation with Eadward

Harold and Beorn oppose his restoration; his out-

lawry is renewed

Beorn entrapped and slain by Swegen

Swegen declared Nithing by the army; nature of the

military Gemót

Swegen escapes to Flanders and is received by Bald-

win; universal indignation against him in Eng-

land

Midlent, Swegen restored to his Earldom by the intervention

1050

of Bishop Ealdred.

1049

Various military operations; movements of Osgod

Clapa

July

Ships from Ireland in the Bristol Channel joined by

Gruffydd of South Wales.

July 29 Campaign of Bishop Ealdred; his defeat by Gruffydd
1049-1050 Increasing connexion of England with the Continent;
English attendance at synods; synods at Rheims
and Mainz.
Deaths of Bishops and Abbots; Siward dies and
Eadsige resumes the primacy; Eadnoth of Dor.
chester dies and is succeeded by Ulf the Norman .

Midlent, Witenagemót of London; reduction of the fleet;

1050

Swegen inlawed

The King's vow of pilgrimage to Rome; Bishops
Ealdred and Hermann sent to obtain a dispen-
sation

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