brother of Malcolm King of Scots,
383, 646; his journey of pilgrimage to
Rome, 452; robbed on the way home,
455; intercedes with Pope Nicolas in
behalf of Archbishop Ealdred, ib.;
invasion of Northumberland by Mal-
colm King of Scots during his absence,
457; accompanies Harold in the in-
vasion of Wales, 468; his oppression
in Northumberland, 477; revolt of
the Northumbrians against him, fb.;
his frequent absence from his province,
480; deposed and outlawed by the
rebel Gemót at York, 481; general
massacre of his followers and plunder
of his treasury, 484; accusations
against him in the Gemót summoned
by Eadward, 488; charges Harold
with stirring up the revolt, ib.; is
banished and takes refuge in Flanders,
496; his connexion as Earl with
Huntingdonshire, Northamptonshire,
and perhaps Nottinghamshire, 559,
560.

Tours Chronicle, on the death of W'il-
liam Longsword, i. 620; on the pil-
grimage of Cnut, 730; on the birth
of William, ii. 615.

Toustain, chamberlain to Duke Robert,
conveys the Duke's relics to the
Abbey of Cerisy, i. 475.

Toustain the White, his possessions
beyond the Usk, ii. 684.
Towcester, fortified by Eadward the
Elder, i. 308.

Tower of London, its probable origin,

i. 279.

Towns, give their names to shires, i.
561, 562.

Towns, Roman, their condition under
the English Conquest, i. 15; English
municipal institutions not derived
from them, 17.

Transmarinus, force of the word, i. 556,
604.

Transrhenanus, Transrhenensis Rex, use
of the title, i. 604.
Treason, law of, i. 491.

Trebizond, titles of its Emperors, i.
585.

Tremerin, a Welsh Bishop, administers

the diocese of Hereford for Æthelstan,
ii. 390; his death, 392.
Trier, Synod of, Hugh the Great ex-
communicated by, i. 227.

Trinoda Necessitas, nature of, i. 92.
Triumphator, title applied to William,
ii. 609.

Trondhjem, Cnut chosen King of Nor-
way at, i. 450.

Truce of God, ii. 232-239; compared
with the Crusades, 234; first preached
in Aquitaine, 235; its enthusiastic
reception, 236; later relaxation, 237;
reception of the Truce in Burgundy
and Lotharingia, ib.; opposition of
Bishop Gerard of Cambray, ib.; re-
ceived at the Councils of Caen and
Lillebonne, 239.

Turner, Sharon, on the origin of Earl
Godwine, i. 708, 709; on Waltham
Abbey, ii. 670.

Tydeus, Homer's story of, compared
with Anscytel, i. 620.

Tyrant, meaning of the word, i. 137,
362; position of the so-called Tyrants,
137, 139; compared with the Frank-
ish kings, 159.

U.

Ufegeat, son of Elfhelm, blinded by
Æthelred, i. 325.

Uhtred, son of Waltheof, delivers Dur-
ham from the Scots, i. 326; his three
marriages, 326, 328; becomes Earl of
all Northumberland, 327; promises
and fails to kill Thurbrand, ib.; sub-
mits to Swegen, 356; joins Eadmund,
375-376; returns to York and sub-
mits to Cnut, 376; murdered by
Thurbrand, ib.

Ulf, son of Rognvald, at the Helga, i.

742, 743-

Ulf, son of Thurgils, legend of his
parentage, i. 420; marries Cnut's
sister Estrith, ib.; serves in Cnut's
English wars, and said to have in-
troduced Godwine to Cnut, ib.; ex-
ecuted or murdered by Cnut, 427,
727; attempts to supplant Cnut in
favour of Harthacnut, 476; story
of his presence at the Helga, 743;
date of his death, 749.

Ulf, a Northumbrian Thegn, murdered
by order of Tostig, ii. 477.
Ulf the Norman, appointed Bishop of
Dorchester, ii. 112, 116; present at
the Synod of Vercelli, b; his un-
fitness for his post, ib.; nearly de-
posed by Pope Leo, ib.; confirmed
in his Bishoprick, ib.; his flight,
329, 628.

Ulfcytel of East-Anglia, assembles the
local Gemót, i. 103, 321; his exploits,
319, 681; his drawn battle with
Swegen, 321, 322; defeated at Ring-
mere by Thurkill, 344; his death
at Assandun, 390, 412; marries a
daughter of Ethelred, ib.

Ulster Annals, the, on Macbeth, ii.
647.
Under-cyning, title of Welsh princes, i.
592, ii. 664.

Unready, meaning of the epithet, i.
259, 348.

Unwan, Archbishop of Bremen, said to
have baptized Cnut and Olaf, i. 373.
Urban the Second, Pope, his salutation
of Anselm, i. 556.

Uriconium (Wroxeter), destroyed by the
West-Saxons, i. 33, 307.

Urk, Housecarl of Eadward, grant made
to, i. 737.

V.

Valenciennes, besieged by Emperor,

King, and Duke, i. 454.
Val-ès-dunes, battle of, between William
and the rebellious Normans, ii. 249,
617; a battle between Romanized
and Teutonic Normandy, 250; de-
scription of the field of battle, 251;
the battle a mere combat of cavalry,
255; completeness of the victory,
260.

Valognes, attempts to seize Duke Wil-
liam at, ii. 245, 265.

Vassalage, practical character of, i. 168.
Vaudreuil, ii. 195.

Venta Icenorum, represented by Caistor,
i. 320.

Vercelli, Synod of, held by Leo the
Ninth, ii. 116; appearance of Lan-
franc at, ib.

Verdun, settlement of, i. 155; Council
at, in 947, 226.

Vermandois, County of, i. 194; its dis-
memberment, 207.

Villainage, history of, in England and
elsewhere, i. 90, 96; its character in
Normandy, 257.

Villanus. See Ceorl.

Vita Eadwardi, character of the work,
i. 398; description of Godwine, 405.
Vortigern, character of his story, i. 63.

743

Herleva, 616; of the origin of Earl
Godwine, 707.

Wales, its final incorporation with Eng-
land, i. 66, 130; submission to Ecg-
berht and Eadward the Elder, 117,
118; comparison of its history with
that of Scotland, 130; attendance of
its princes in the English Witena-
gemót, 131, 592; its relations to
Æthelred, 282; ravaged by the North-
men, ib.; slavery common along its
border, 333; invaded by Eadric, 349;
Cnut's relations with, 443; attend-
ance of its princes in the Witena-
gemót, 592; invaded by Harold, ii.
392, 393, 466; dismemberment of,
683-686.

Wales, North, meaning of the word, i.
41, 293.

Wallingford, burned by the Danes, i.
329.

Walter, a Lotharingian, appointed
Bishop of Hereford, ii. 446; his later
career, 448; is consecrated at Rome,
451.

Walter of Cantelupe, Bishop of Wor-
cester, compared with Lyfing, i. 5'7.
Waltham, church and town of, founded
by Tofig, i. 524; Harold's foundation
of the College at, ii. 41, 438-445,
670-674; the King's charter to, 464;
compared with the foundation of
Westminster, 499.

Waltham writers on Harold, ii. 537,
538.

Waltheof, Earl of Bernicia, his coward-
ice, i. 326; deprived of his Earldom,
327; his signature to a charter, 645.
Waltheof, son of Earl Siward, ii. 373;
holds the Earldom of Northampton-

shire and Huntingdonshire, 494, 559;
date of his appointment, 560; his
connexion with Bedfordshire, ib.
Wantage, code of laws drawn up at, in
997, i. 293.

Wapentake, an exclusively Northern
division, i. 293.

Warangian body-guard at Constanti-
nople, ii. 75.

Warwickshire, ravaged by Cnut and
Eadric, i. 375.

Washington, compared with Ælfred, i.
50.

Watchet, ravaged by the Danes, i. 268.
Watling Street, boundary between

Ælfred and Guthrum, i. 46; crossed
by Swegen, 356.

Wealas, wide use of the name, i. 628 ;
applied to the troops of the Wealhcyn,
684; includes Cornwall, ii. 564.

Wedmore, Peace of, i. 46; compared
with that of Clair-on-Epte, 165.
Wells, see of Somersetshire removed
from, to Bath, i. 351; Gisa introduces
the rule of Chrodegang at, ii. 449, 450.
Welsh, their position at the end of the
sixth century, i. 15; their extirpation
in a large part of Britain, 18; Eng-
lish words derived from Welsh, ib.;
made no effort to convert the English,
28; their position in Wessex, 33, 34;
all their princes submit to Eadward
the Elder, 57; to Æthelstan, 59; re-
duced to tribute, 60; alleged presence
of, in Huntingdonshire under Cnut,
429; invasions of England, 502, ii. 56,
361, 390, 465; sack and burn Here-
ford, ii. 390; submit to Harold, 471.
Welshmen, presence of, in the English
army, ii. 596.

Wends, Cnut's alleged war with, i. 419.
Wessex, its origin and growth, i. 24;
its extent to the end of the sixth
century, b.; its advance towards the
west, 33; Celtic elements in its
western shires, 34; its loss of terri-
tory in the north, 36; its subjec-
tion to Mercia and recovery of its
independence, 37; beginning of its
permanent supremacy, 38-39; its final
establishment, 40, 41; invaded by the
Danes, 45-46; origin of the shires in,
47; its consolidation and growth
under Ælfred and his successors, 53,
54, 71; change from Ealdormen to
Kings in, 75, 580; Under-kings in, 97;
Gemót of, becomes the Gemót of the
Empire, 102; ravaged by the Danes
in 997, 294; its Witan depose Æthel-
red and elect Swegen, 358; submits
to Cnut, 374; recovered by Eadmund,
381, 690; division of its forces at the
battle of Sherstone, 383; specially fa-
voured by Cnut, 404; its government
retained in his own hands, ib.; Godwine
appointed Earl of the West-Saxons,
422; nature and import of the office,
422, 711-713; story of Cnut's offer-
ing the succession of Wessex to the
Ethelings, 471; West-Saxons sup-
port the claims of Harthacnut, 477,
479; Harthacnut reigns in Wessex,
483; Emma and Godwine invested
with a regency over, 484; disappoint-
ment of the West-Saxons under
Harthacnut, 497; Harthacnut de-
posed in, 498; change from Kings to
Ealdormen in, 580; its western parts
form a new government under Odda,
ii. 158; succession of Earls in, 556.

Westbury in Gloucestershire, wardmen
slain at, ii. 361.
Westminster, first mention of, as the

place of burial of Harold the First, i.
504, ii. 501; embassy to Rome about its
foundation, ii. 453; reverse proceed-
ings at Westminster and at Waltham,
499; foundation of the monastery,
500; its state in Eadward's time,
501; permanence of the minster and
palace, 502; Eadward's church de
stroyed and rebuilt in his own honour,
503; existing remains of his buildings,
ib.; the first great example of Norman
architecture in England, 504; com-
pletion of the church, 505; its conse-
cration, 510.

Westmoreland, ravaged by Eadgar, i. 64.
Wherwell monastery, grant of Ethelred
to, i. 311; Eadgyth, wife of Eadward
the Confessor, sent to, ii. 153.
Widukind, his account of Otto's cam-
paign in France and Normandy, i.
223-225; his legend of the origin of
the Saxons, 558; his use of geo-
graphical names, 600, 602; his wit-
ness as to language, 606, 607.
Wight, Jutish Kingdom of, i. 23;
ravaged and occupied by the Danes,
291; called their frith-stool, 328;
ravaged by pirates, ii. 95.
Wihtræd, King of Kent, his laws, i.

591.

Wikes, Thomas, on the genealogy of
William, ii. 616.

William Count of Arques, son of
Richard the Good and Papia, ii.
180.

William the Good, King of Sicily, i.
152.

William the Third, Duke of Aquitaine,

does homage to Lewis, i. 204, 230;
his marriage with Rolf's daughter,
ib.; defeats Hugh the Great, ib.; his
connexion with Cnut, 451.

William the Fifth, Duke of Aquitaine,
his friendship with Cnut, i. 452; his
marriage, ii. 274, 622.

William the Sixth, Duke of Aquitaine,
his imprisonment by Geoffrey Martel,
ii. 273, 261; his ransom by his wife
Eustachia, 273, 622; his death, 274.
William Longsword, Duke of the Nor-
mans, succeeds Rolf, i. 175; does ho-
mage to Charles the Simple, 175, 609;
his birth and education, 178, 180; he
attaches himself to Charles the Simple,
181, 195; crushes the Breton revolt,
182; annexes the Avranchin and Co-
tentin, ib.; overcomes the Danish

party in Normandy, 188, 189; his
government French and Christian,
189; his relations to the Danes in
Normandy, 190-191; his character,
192; he does homage to Rudolf, 196;
helps Herlwin of Montreuil against
Arnulf, 200; excommunicated, 201;
his special homage to Lewis, 203;
again revolts, ib.; renews his homage,
204; murdered by Arnulf, 204, 616.
William the Conqueror, his conquest of
England compared with that of Swe-
gen, i. 360, 362; his birth in the time
of Cnut, 400; spoken of as Cæsar, 556;
his titles, 586; his visit to England,
ii. 160, 293, 300; his character and
greatness, 161; lasting results of his
career, 162; good side of his character,
ib.; English and Norman portraits of
him, 163; justice done to him by the
English Chroniclers, ib.; his strength
of will, 164; military genius, 164,
165; and statesmanship, 165; his un-
scrupulousness as to means, ib.; his
personal virtues and religious zeal,
ib.; general excellence of his ecclesi-
astical appointments, 166; effects of
his reign on Normandy, France, and
England, ib.; his early struggles, 167;
excellence of his rule in Normandy,
ib.; his general forbearance and occa-
sional cruelty, ib.; his reign in Eng-
land, 168; difficulties of his under-
taking, ib.; skill displayed in his claim
on the English Crown, 169; in his
acquisition of it, and in his sub-
sequent government, ib.; severity of
his police, 170; the worst features of
his character brought out in England,
ib.; his false position gradually led
him into oppression, 170, 171; general
change for the worse in his charac-
ter, 171; formation of the New Forest
and the death of Waltheof, 172;
crimes and misfortunes of his last
years, ib.; his surnames, the Great,
the Conqueror, the Bastard, 172, 610;
his special illegitimacy, 173; story of
his birth, 174-176, 610-617; English
legend of his birth, 176; story of his
mother Herleva, 176, 177; unpopu-
larity of his succession to the Duchy,
180; cursed by William Talvas, 184;
proposed by Duke Robert as his suc-
cessor, 186; his succession accepted,
187; succeeds his father in the Duchy,
ib.; utter anarchy of his childhood,
188-191; his guardians, 191, 192;
attempt on his life by William of
Montgomery at Vaudreuil, 195; his

745

friendship with William Fitz-Osbern,
196; chooses Ralph of Wacey as his
guardian, 198; takes Falaise Castle
when garrisoned against him by
Thurstan, 203, 204; developement of
his character, 205; wide-spread con-
spiracy against him, 239; Grimbald's
attempt to seize him at Valognes,
245; is warned of danger by his fool,
and escapes, 246; his reception by
Hubert of Rye, ib.; reaches Falaise,
247; seeks help of King Henry, ib.;
battle of Val-ès-dunes, and its im-
portance in his life, 249, 250; his ex-
ploits and good fortune in the battle,
258; his clemency to the vanquished,
263; his power firmly established in
Normandy, 266; helps King Henry
against Geoffrey of Anjou, 276; his
personal exploits, ib.; disloyalty of
Alençon to his rule, 279; he marches
to Domfront, 280; his messages to
Geoffrey an early example of knight-
errantry, 282; he suddenly marches
to Alençon, and besieges the town,
283; insults offered to him at Alençon,
284; he takes the town and mutilates
his prisoners, 285; Domfront surren-
ders to him, 286; banishes William
the Warling-estimate of his conduct,
289; seeks Matilda of Flanders in
marriage, 290; his objects all pursued
in the like spirit, 291; estimate of
him in English eyes, 292; Eadward's
alleged promise of the Crown of
England to him, 293, 296–300;
later circumstances unfavourable to
William's succession in England, 300;
nature of his claims, 301; his visit an
important stage in English history,
302; effect of Eadward's promise to
him, 421.

William, Norman chaplain of Eadward,
made Bishop of London on the de-
position of Spearhafoc, ii. 159; re-
tains his Bishoprick on the return of
Godwine, 343; probable position of
him and of other Normans, 356; writs
addressed to him, 568.

William of Jumièges, on Danish mar-
riages, i. 613; on the massacre of
St. Brice, 635; on the origin of Earl
Godwine, 707; his description of the
message sent by Robert to Cnut, 750;
on the alleged chastity of Eadward the
Confessor, ii. 529; his character of
Harold, 536; on castle building in
Normandy, 605; on the birth of
William, 611.

William of Malmesbury, importance of

his history for the reign of Æthelstan,
i. 60; his confusions as to the Parisian
Dukes, 183; character of his history,
258; his portrait of Ethelred, 297;
his contempt for English names, 347;
his character of the Londoners, 357;
his enmity to Thurkill, 357, 653, 654;
his account of Ethelred's flight, 359;
his account of Godwine, 406; of the
laws of Eadward, 417; his use of
national names, 603; his account of
the election of Eadward the Martyr,
625; of the relations of Ethelred with
Normandy, 630, 631; of the massacre
of Saint Brice, 635; of Ulfcytel of
East-Anglia, 639; of the rise of
Eadric, 641; of Tburkill, 653, 654;
of Swegen's occupation of England,
664; of Eadric's conduct at Sherstone,
679; of the division of the kingdom
between Cnut and Eadmund, 689,
691; of the death of Eadmund Iron-
side, 695, 698; of the outlaw Eadric,
700; of Emma's marriage with Cnut,
715, 716; of the fate of Eadric,
720, 722; of the exploits of God-
wine in Cnut's Northern wars, 723,
743; of the pilgrimage of Cnut, 729;
of the marriage of Gunhild, 745;
of the candidature of Harold and
Harthacnut, 753; of the death of
the Etheling Elfred, 761; of the
burial of Harold the First, 765; his
character of Eadgyth, ii.
45; his
pane-
gyric on the vale of the Severn, 142;
his account of Earl Ralph, 562; of
the marriage of Herleva, 616; of
the death of Earl Godwine, 637; of
Eadward the Ætheling, 648, 651; of
the supposed enmity between Harold
and Tostig, 655; of the revolt of
Northumberland, 687, 690, 691.
William of Montgomery, his attempt on
William at Vaudreuil, ii. 195.
William the Third, Godwine compared
with, ii. 312.

William of Poitiers, on Duke William's
influence in Eadward's election, ii.
518; on the submission of Baldwin,
595-

William the Silent, compared with
Elfred, i. 150.

William Talvas, rebels against Duke
Robert, i. 464; his crimes, ii. 183, 233;
his son Arnulf rebels against him,
184; his death in exile, ib.; story
of his cursing young William, 184,
185.

William the Warling, charged with trea-
son by Robert the Bigod, ii. 228;

banished by Duke William, and goes
to Apulia, 289.

Willis, Professor, his Architectural
History of Glastonbury, i. 436.
Wilton, burned by Swegen, i. 318;
gives its name to the shire, 562;
church of, rebuilt by the Lady Ead-
gyth, ii. 509; consecration of, ib.
Wiltshire, Bishoprick of, at Ramsbury,
i. 319; origin of the name, 562.
Winchcombe, monastery of, ruled by
Bishop Ealdred, ii. 361; who resigns
it to Godric, a son of the King's
chaplain, ib.

Winchester, dower city of Old Ladies,
i. 304; insults offered to its citizens by
the Danes, 329, 330; gives hostages
to Swegen, 357; Cnut's gifts to, 437;
Cnut buried at, 474; residence of
Emma at, 478, ii. 62; share of its
citizens in legislation and royal elec-
tions, i. 592; Eadward the Confessor
crowned at, ii. 14,519; Emma buried
at, 303.
Winchester Chronicle, i. 399, ii. 370.
Wingfield, battle of, fixes the supremacy
of Christianity in England, i. 35.
Wipo, his account of Cnut's pilgrimage,
i. 730; of the coronation of Conrad,
744; of the marriage of Gunhild, ib.
Wissant, the Eltheling Ælfred sets sail
at, i. 486, 488.

Witan, Witenagemót, theories as to, i

71, 72, 591; its consent needed to
the alienation of Folkland, 94; its
original democratic constitution, 100,
103, 590; gradually sinks into an
Assembly of the King's Thegns, ib.;
meaning of the word Witan, 102;
the Gemót of Wessex the Gemót
of the Empire, ib.; powers retained
by the local Witan of the other
Kingdoms, 102, 103, 564; no trace
of representation or election among
its members, 103; attendance of or-
dinary freemen at, 103, 104, 592; its
powers surpass those of a modern
Parliament, 104; power of deposing
the King, 104, 105, 593–596; of elect-
ing the King, 106, 108, 596; their
direct action in every branch of
government, 100, 110; comparison of,
with medieval Parliaments, 110, 111;
joint action of King and Witan, 111,
114, 115, 31, 335, 336; attendance
of Welsh, Scottish, and Cumbrian
princes, 131; instances of Bishops
chosen by, 289; their legislation under
Ethelred, 292, 293, 310, 332, 336,
366; meeting of, in London in 998,