brother of Malcolm King of Scots, 383, 646; his journey of pilgrimage to Rome, 452; robbed on the way home, 455; intercedes with Pope Nicolas in behalf of Archbishop Ealdred, ib.; invasion of Northumberland by Mal- colm King of Scots during his absence, 457; accompanies Harold in the in- vasion of Wales, 468; his oppression in Northumberland, 477; revolt of the Northumbrians against him, fb.; his frequent absence from his province, 480; deposed and outlawed by the rebel Gemót at York, 481; general massacre of his followers and plunder of his treasury, 484; accusations against him in the Gemót summoned by Eadward, 488; charges Harold with stirring up the revolt, ib.; is banished and takes refuge in Flanders, 496; his connexion as Earl with Huntingdonshire, Northamptonshire, and perhaps Nottinghamshire, 559, 560.
Tours Chronicle, on the death of W'il- liam Longsword, i. 620; on the pil- grimage of Cnut, 730; on the birth of William, ii. 615.
Toustain, chamberlain to Duke Robert, conveys the Duke's relics to the Abbey of Cerisy, i. 475.
Toustain the White, his possessions beyond the Usk, ii. 684. Towcester, fortified by Eadward the Elder, i. 308.
Tower of London, its probable origin,
Towns, give their names to shires, i. 561, 562.
Towns, Roman, their condition under the English Conquest, i. 15; English municipal institutions not derived from them, 17.
Transmarinus, force of the word, i. 556, 604.
Transrhenanus, Transrhenensis Rex, use of the title, i. 604. Treason, law of, i. 491.
Trebizond, titles of its Emperors, i. 585.
Tremerin, a Welsh Bishop, administers
the diocese of Hereford for Æthelstan, ii. 390; his death, 392. Trier, Synod of, Hugh the Great ex- communicated by, i. 227.
Trinoda Necessitas, nature of, i. 92. Triumphator, title applied to William, ii. 609.
Trondhjem, Cnut chosen King of Nor- way at, i. 450.
Truce of God, ii. 232-239; compared with the Crusades, 234; first preached in Aquitaine, 235; its enthusiastic reception, 236; later relaxation, 237; reception of the Truce in Burgundy and Lotharingia, ib.; opposition of Bishop Gerard of Cambray, ib.; re- ceived at the Councils of Caen and Lillebonne, 239.
Turner, Sharon, on the origin of Earl Godwine, i. 708, 709; on Waltham Abbey, ii. 670.
Tydeus, Homer's story of, compared with Anscytel, i. 620.
Tyrant, meaning of the word, i. 137, 362; position of the so-called Tyrants, 137, 139; compared with the Frank- ish kings, 159.
Ufegeat, son of Elfhelm, blinded by Æthelred, i. 325.
Uhtred, son of Waltheof, delivers Dur- ham from the Scots, i. 326; his three marriages, 326, 328; becomes Earl of all Northumberland, 327; promises and fails to kill Thurbrand, ib.; sub- mits to Swegen, 356; joins Eadmund, 375-376; returns to York and sub- mits to Cnut, 376; murdered by Thurbrand, ib.
Ulf, son of Rognvald, at the Helga, i.
Ulf, son of Thurgils, legend of his parentage, i. 420; marries Cnut's sister Estrith, ib.; serves in Cnut's English wars, and said to have in- troduced Godwine to Cnut, ib.; ex- ecuted or murdered by Cnut, 427, 727; attempts to supplant Cnut in favour of Harthacnut, 476; story of his presence at the Helga, 743; date of his death, 749.
Ulf, a Northumbrian Thegn, murdered by order of Tostig, ii. 477. Ulf the Norman, appointed Bishop of Dorchester, ii. 112, 116; present at the Synod of Vercelli, b; his un- fitness for his post, ib.; nearly de- posed by Pope Leo, ib.; confirmed in his Bishoprick, ib.; his flight, 329, 628.
Ulfcytel of East-Anglia, assembles the local Gemót, i. 103, 321; his exploits, 319, 681; his drawn battle with Swegen, 321, 322; defeated at Ring- mere by Thurkill, 344; his death at Assandun, 390, 412; marries a daughter of Ethelred, ib.
Ulster Annals, the, on Macbeth, ii. 647. Under-cyning, title of Welsh princes, i. 592, ii. 664.
Unready, meaning of the epithet, i. 259, 348.
Unwan, Archbishop of Bremen, said to have baptized Cnut and Olaf, i. 373. Urban the Second, Pope, his salutation of Anselm, i. 556.
Uriconium (Wroxeter), destroyed by the West-Saxons, i. 33, 307.
Urk, Housecarl of Eadward, grant made to, i. 737.
Valenciennes, besieged by Emperor,
King, and Duke, i. 454. Val-ès-dunes, battle of, between William and the rebellious Normans, ii. 249, 617; a battle between Romanized and Teutonic Normandy, 250; de- scription of the field of battle, 251; the battle a mere combat of cavalry, 255; completeness of the victory, 260.
Valognes, attempts to seize Duke Wil- liam at, ii. 245, 265.
Vassalage, practical character of, i. 168. Vaudreuil, ii. 195.
Venta Icenorum, represented by Caistor, i. 320.
Vercelli, Synod of, held by Leo the Ninth, ii. 116; appearance of Lan- franc at, ib.
Verdun, settlement of, i. 155; Council at, in 947, 226.
Vermandois, County of, i. 194; its dis- memberment, 207.
Villainage, history of, in England and elsewhere, i. 90, 96; its character in Normandy, 257.
Villanus. See Ceorl.
Vita Eadwardi, character of the work, i. 398; description of Godwine, 405. Vortigern, character of his story, i. 63.
Herleva, 616; of the origin of Earl Godwine, 707.
Wales, its final incorporation with Eng- land, i. 66, 130; submission to Ecg- berht and Eadward the Elder, 117, 118; comparison of its history with that of Scotland, 130; attendance of its princes in the English Witena- gemót, 131, 592; its relations to Æthelred, 282; ravaged by the North- men, ib.; slavery common along its border, 333; invaded by Eadric, 349; Cnut's relations with, 443; attend- ance of its princes in the Witena- gemót, 592; invaded by Harold, ii. 392, 393, 466; dismemberment of, 683-686.
Wales, North, meaning of the word, i. 41, 293.
Wallingford, burned by the Danes, i. 329.
Walter, a Lotharingian, appointed Bishop of Hereford, ii. 446; his later career, 448; is consecrated at Rome, 451.
Walter of Cantelupe, Bishop of Wor- cester, compared with Lyfing, i. 5'7. Waltham, church and town of, founded by Tofig, i. 524; Harold's foundation of the College at, ii. 41, 438-445, 670-674; the King's charter to, 464; compared with the foundation of Westminster, 499.
Waltham writers on Harold, ii. 537, 538.
Waltheof, Earl of Bernicia, his coward- ice, i. 326; deprived of his Earldom, 327; his signature to a charter, 645. Waltheof, son of Earl Siward, ii. 373; holds the Earldom of Northampton-
shire and Huntingdonshire, 494, 559; date of his appointment, 560; his connexion with Bedfordshire, ib. Wantage, code of laws drawn up at, in 997, i. 293.
Wapentake, an exclusively Northern division, i. 293.
Warangian body-guard at Constanti- nople, ii. 75.
Warwickshire, ravaged by Cnut and Eadric, i. 375.
Washington, compared with Ælfred, i. 50.
Watchet, ravaged by the Danes, i. 268. Watling Street, boundary between
Ælfred and Guthrum, i. 46; crossed by Swegen, 356.
Wealas, wide use of the name, i. 628 ; applied to the troops of the Wealhcyn, 684; includes Cornwall, ii. 564.
Wedmore, Peace of, i. 46; compared with that of Clair-on-Epte, 165. Wells, see of Somersetshire removed from, to Bath, i. 351; Gisa introduces the rule of Chrodegang at, ii. 449, 450. Welsh, their position at the end of the sixth century, i. 15; their extirpation in a large part of Britain, 18; Eng- lish words derived from Welsh, ib.; made no effort to convert the English, 28; their position in Wessex, 33, 34; all their princes submit to Eadward the Elder, 57; to Æthelstan, 59; re- duced to tribute, 60; alleged presence of, in Huntingdonshire under Cnut, 429; invasions of England, 502, ii. 56, 361, 390, 465; sack and burn Here- ford, ii. 390; submit to Harold, 471. Welshmen, presence of, in the English army, ii. 596.
Wends, Cnut's alleged war with, i. 419. Wessex, its origin and growth, i. 24; its extent to the end of the sixth century, b.; its advance towards the west, 33; Celtic elements in its western shires, 34; its loss of terri- tory in the north, 36; its subjec- tion to Mercia and recovery of its independence, 37; beginning of its permanent supremacy, 38-39; its final establishment, 40, 41; invaded by the Danes, 45-46; origin of the shires in, 47; its consolidation and growth under Ælfred and his successors, 53, 54, 71; change from Ealdormen to Kings in, 75, 580; Under-kings in, 97; Gemót of, becomes the Gemót of the Empire, 102; ravaged by the Danes in 997, 294; its Witan depose Æthel- red and elect Swegen, 358; submits to Cnut, 374; recovered by Eadmund, 381, 690; division of its forces at the battle of Sherstone, 383; specially fa- voured by Cnut, 404; its government retained in his own hands, ib.; Godwine appointed Earl of the West-Saxons, 422; nature and import of the office, 422, 711-713; story of Cnut's offer- ing the succession of Wessex to the Ethelings, 471; West-Saxons sup- port the claims of Harthacnut, 477, 479; Harthacnut reigns in Wessex, 483; Emma and Godwine invested with a regency over, 484; disappoint- ment of the West-Saxons under Harthacnut, 497; Harthacnut de- posed in, 498; change from Kings to Ealdormen in, 580; its western parts form a new government under Odda, ii. 158; succession of Earls in, 556.
Westbury in Gloucestershire, wardmen slain at, ii. 361. Westminster, first mention of, as the
place of burial of Harold the First, i. 504, ii. 501; embassy to Rome about its foundation, ii. 453; reverse proceed- ings at Westminster and at Waltham, 499; foundation of the monastery, 500; its state in Eadward's time, 501; permanence of the minster and palace, 502; Eadward's church de stroyed and rebuilt in his own honour, 503; existing remains of his buildings, ib.; the first great example of Norman architecture in England, 504; com- pletion of the church, 505; its conse- cration, 510.
Westmoreland, ravaged by Eadgar, i. 64. Wherwell monastery, grant of Ethelred to, i. 311; Eadgyth, wife of Eadward the Confessor, sent to, ii. 153. Widukind, his account of Otto's cam- paign in France and Normandy, i. 223-225; his legend of the origin of the Saxons, 558; his use of geo- graphical names, 600, 602; his wit- ness as to language, 606, 607. Wight, Jutish Kingdom of, i. 23; ravaged and occupied by the Danes, 291; called their frith-stool, 328; ravaged by pirates, ii. 95. Wihtræd, King of Kent, his laws, i.
Wikes, Thomas, on the genealogy of William, ii. 616.
William Count of Arques, son of Richard the Good and Papia, ii. 180.
William the Good, King of Sicily, i. 152.
William the Third, Duke of Aquitaine,
does homage to Lewis, i. 204, 230; his marriage with Rolf's daughter, ib.; defeats Hugh the Great, ib.; his connexion with Cnut, 451.
William the Fifth, Duke of Aquitaine, his friendship with Cnut, i. 452; his marriage, ii. 274, 622.
William the Sixth, Duke of Aquitaine, his imprisonment by Geoffrey Martel, ii. 273, 261; his ransom by his wife Eustachia, 273, 622; his death, 274. William Longsword, Duke of the Nor- mans, succeeds Rolf, i. 175; does ho- mage to Charles the Simple, 175, 609; his birth and education, 178, 180; he attaches himself to Charles the Simple, 181, 195; crushes the Breton revolt, 182; annexes the Avranchin and Co- tentin, ib.; overcomes the Danish
party in Normandy, 188, 189; his government French and Christian, 189; his relations to the Danes in Normandy, 190-191; his character, 192; he does homage to Rudolf, 196; helps Herlwin of Montreuil against Arnulf, 200; excommunicated, 201; his special homage to Lewis, 203; again revolts, ib.; renews his homage, 204; murdered by Arnulf, 204, 616. William the Conqueror, his conquest of England compared with that of Swe- gen, i. 360, 362; his birth in the time of Cnut, 400; spoken of as Cæsar, 556; his titles, 586; his visit to England, ii. 160, 293, 300; his character and greatness, 161; lasting results of his career, 162; good side of his character, ib.; English and Norman portraits of him, 163; justice done to him by the English Chroniclers, ib.; his strength of will, 164; military genius, 164, 165; and statesmanship, 165; his un- scrupulousness as to means, ib.; his personal virtues and religious zeal, ib.; general excellence of his ecclesi- astical appointments, 166; effects of his reign on Normandy, France, and England, ib.; his early struggles, 167; excellence of his rule in Normandy, ib.; his general forbearance and occa- sional cruelty, ib.; his reign in Eng- land, 168; difficulties of his under- taking, ib.; skill displayed in his claim on the English Crown, 169; in his acquisition of it, and in his sub- sequent government, ib.; severity of his police, 170; the worst features of his character brought out in England, ib.; his false position gradually led him into oppression, 170, 171; general change for the worse in his charac- ter, 171; formation of the New Forest and the death of Waltheof, 172; crimes and misfortunes of his last years, ib.; his surnames, the Great, the Conqueror, the Bastard, 172, 610; his special illegitimacy, 173; story of his birth, 174-176, 610-617; English legend of his birth, 176; story of his mother Herleva, 176, 177; unpopu- larity of his succession to the Duchy, 180; cursed by William Talvas, 184; proposed by Duke Robert as his suc- cessor, 186; his succession accepted, 187; succeeds his father in the Duchy, ib.; utter anarchy of his childhood, 188-191; his guardians, 191, 192; attempt on his life by William of Montgomery at Vaudreuil, 195; his
friendship with William Fitz-Osbern, 196; chooses Ralph of Wacey as his guardian, 198; takes Falaise Castle when garrisoned against him by Thurstan, 203, 204; developement of his character, 205; wide-spread con- spiracy against him, 239; Grimbald's attempt to seize him at Valognes, 245; is warned of danger by his fool, and escapes, 246; his reception by Hubert of Rye, ib.; reaches Falaise, 247; seeks help of King Henry, ib.; battle of Val-ès-dunes, and its im- portance in his life, 249, 250; his ex- ploits and good fortune in the battle, 258; his clemency to the vanquished, 263; his power firmly established in Normandy, 266; helps King Henry against Geoffrey of Anjou, 276; his personal exploits, ib.; disloyalty of Alençon to his rule, 279; he marches to Domfront, 280; his messages to Geoffrey an early example of knight- errantry, 282; he suddenly marches to Alençon, and besieges the town, 283; insults offered to him at Alençon, 284; he takes the town and mutilates his prisoners, 285; Domfront surren- ders to him, 286; banishes William the Warling-estimate of his conduct, 289; seeks Matilda of Flanders in marriage, 290; his objects all pursued in the like spirit, 291; estimate of him in English eyes, 292; Eadward's alleged promise of the Crown of England to him, 293, 296–300; later circumstances unfavourable to William's succession in England, 300; nature of his claims, 301; his visit an important stage in English history, 302; effect of Eadward's promise to him, 421.
William, Norman chaplain of Eadward, made Bishop of London on the de- position of Spearhafoc, ii. 159; re- tains his Bishoprick on the return of Godwine, 343; probable position of him and of other Normans, 356; writs addressed to him, 568.
William of Jumièges, on Danish mar- riages, i. 613; on the massacre of St. Brice, 635; on the origin of Earl Godwine, 707; his description of the message sent by Robert to Cnut, 750; on the alleged chastity of Eadward the Confessor, ii. 529; his character of Harold, 536; on castle building in Normandy, 605; on the birth of William, 611.
William of Malmesbury, importance of
his history for the reign of Æthelstan, i. 60; his confusions as to the Parisian Dukes, 183; character of his history, 258; his portrait of Ethelred, 297; his contempt for English names, 347; his character of the Londoners, 357; his enmity to Thurkill, 357, 653, 654; his account of Ethelred's flight, 359; his account of Godwine, 406; of the laws of Eadward, 417; his use of national names, 603; his account of the election of Eadward the Martyr, 625; of the relations of Ethelred with Normandy, 630, 631; of the massacre of Saint Brice, 635; of Ulfcytel of East-Anglia, 639; of the rise of Eadric, 641; of Tburkill, 653, 654; of Swegen's occupation of England, 664; of Eadric's conduct at Sherstone, 679; of the division of the kingdom between Cnut and Eadmund, 689, 691; of the death of Eadmund Iron- side, 695, 698; of the outlaw Eadric, 700; of Emma's marriage with Cnut, 715, 716; of the fate of Eadric, 720, 722; of the exploits of God- wine in Cnut's Northern wars, 723, 743; of the pilgrimage of Cnut, 729; of the marriage of Gunhild, 745; of the candidature of Harold and Harthacnut, 753; of the death of the Etheling Elfred, 761; of the burial of Harold the First, 765; his character of Eadgyth, ii. 45; his pane- gyric on the vale of the Severn, 142; his account of Earl Ralph, 562; of the marriage of Herleva, 616; of the death of Earl Godwine, 637; of Eadward the Ætheling, 648, 651; of the supposed enmity between Harold and Tostig, 655; of the revolt of Northumberland, 687, 690, 691. William of Montgomery, his attempt on William at Vaudreuil, ii. 195. William the Third, Godwine compared with, ii. 312.
William of Poitiers, on Duke William's influence in Eadward's election, ii. 518; on the submission of Baldwin, 595-
William the Silent, compared with Elfred, i. 150.
William Talvas, rebels against Duke Robert, i. 464; his crimes, ii. 183, 233; his son Arnulf rebels against him, 184; his death in exile, ib.; story of his cursing young William, 184, 185.
William the Warling, charged with trea- son by Robert the Bigod, ii. 228;
banished by Duke William, and goes to Apulia, 289.
Willis, Professor, his Architectural History of Glastonbury, i. 436. Wilton, burned by Swegen, i. 318; gives its name to the shire, 562; church of, rebuilt by the Lady Ead- gyth, ii. 509; consecration of, ib. Wiltshire, Bishoprick of, at Ramsbury, i. 319; origin of the name, 562. Winchcombe, monastery of, ruled by Bishop Ealdred, ii. 361; who resigns it to Godric, a son of the King's chaplain, ib.
Winchester, dower city of Old Ladies, i. 304; insults offered to its citizens by the Danes, 329, 330; gives hostages to Swegen, 357; Cnut's gifts to, 437; Cnut buried at, 474; residence of Emma at, 478, ii. 62; share of its citizens in legislation and royal elec- tions, i. 592; Eadward the Confessor crowned at, ii. 14,519; Emma buried at, 303. Winchester Chronicle, i. 399, ii. 370. Wingfield, battle of, fixes the supremacy of Christianity in England, i. 35. Wipo, his account of Cnut's pilgrimage, i. 730; of the coronation of Conrad, 744; of the marriage of Gunhild, ib. Wissant, the Eltheling Ælfred sets sail at, i. 486, 488.
Witan, Witenagemót, theories as to, i
71, 72, 591; its consent needed to the alienation of Folkland, 94; its original democratic constitution, 100, 103, 590; gradually sinks into an Assembly of the King's Thegns, ib.; meaning of the word Witan, 102; the Gemót of Wessex the Gemót of the Empire, ib.; powers retained by the local Witan of the other Kingdoms, 102, 103, 564; no trace of representation or election among its members, 103; attendance of or- dinary freemen at, 103, 104, 592; its powers surpass those of a modern Parliament, 104; power of deposing the King, 104, 105, 593–596; of elect- ing the King, 106, 108, 596; their direct action in every branch of government, 100, 110; comparison of, with medieval Parliaments, 110, 111; joint action of King and Witan, 111, 114, 115, 31, 335, 336; attendance of Welsh, Scottish, and Cumbrian princes, 131; instances of Bishops chosen by, 289; their legislation under Ethelred, 292, 293, 310, 332, 336, 366; meeting of, in London in 998,
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