English by the Celts of Britain, 530- 532; instance of its use on the Con- tinent, 530; not opposed to Norman before Robert of Gloucester, 531; its use in Latin writers, 532; probable causes of its use, 534; modern misap- plication of the word, 539.
Saxon Shore, meaning of the words, i. II.
Saxonia, name applied to Lothian, i. 530; to all England, 533-534; pro- bably an older name than England, 533, 605.
Saxonice, use of the word, i. 304, 532- 534.
Saxons, their early ravages in Britain,
i. II, 12; accurate use of the name, 13; name applied to the English and the Celts, ib.; their share in the con- quest of Britain, 21, 22; Kingdoms founded by them, 23, 24; their settle- ments in Gaul, 176, 177; legends of their origin, 558.
Saxons, Old, their form of government, i. 579; their share in the Lombard migration, 580, 581.
Saxonum Rex, import of the title, i. 58, 71, 535.
Saxony, ravaged by Danes and Swedes, i. 289; different meanings of the word, 598.
Sceorstan, identified with Sherstone in Wiltshire, i. 679.
Sceo, a small vessel, i. 648. Schmid, Dr. Reinhold, his collection of English Laws, i. 68, 582; his views on Anlaf, 629.
Scirgemót, its constitution, i. 99, 591; taxes assessed in, 339; presided over by the Bishop and Ea'dorman, 432; instances of in Worcestershire, ii. 563. Scotland, influence of the Civil Law in,
i. 17; vassalage of, 58; ravaged by Æthelstan, 60; friendly position of, after the battle of Brunanburh, 67; its final union with England, ib.; parlia ment of, deposes James the Second, 105; English superiority over, dates from Eadward the Elder, 117; rela- tions of, towards England, 120; intro- duction of the name, 122; geography of, in the tenth century, ib.; distinction between Scotland, Strathclyde, and Lothian, 122-125; claims of Edward the First over, 127; growth of the Kingdom, 128; its Kings become Anglicized, 128, 129; analogy of its history with that of Switzerland, ib.; becomes independent in the fourteenth
century, 130, 134; its relation to England purely international, 130; question of the attendance of its Kings in the English Witenagemót, 131, 132, 593; affairs of, under Cnut, 444 ; submits to Cnut, 446,740; its submis- sion under Harthacnut, 513; dispute as to its commendation to Eadward the Elder, 565, 570, 588; question of the cession of Lothian to, 573, 579; its prosperity during the reign of Macbeth, ii. 54.
Scots, their origin, i. 14; their influence on the conversion of England, 28; submit to Northumberland under Oswiu, 37, 117, 547; to Charles the Great, 38, 117, 560; independent of Ecgberht, 42; commendation of, to Eadward the Elder, 57, 118; its causes, 57, 120; its effects, 57-59; their homage renewed to Æthelstan, 59; to Eadred, 62; position of the Scots in the tenth century, 122; ex- tension of their name, 128; later posi- tion of the true Scots, ib.; origin of the people, 129; the individual Scot not the man of the English King, 130; not subject to Eadwine, 547. Sea, inroad of, in 1014, i. 369. Secundarius, title of Ælfred, i. 665. Seeking a Lord, meaning of the phrase, i. 587, 588.
Senlac, site of, compared with Pen-
selwood, i. 383; battle of, compared with Sherstone and Assandun, 383, 388.
Senlis, Hugh Capet elected King at, i. 238.
Service, military, earlier form of, i. 92. Service, personal, Greek and Roman
feeling with regard to, i. 87; develope- ment of, under the later Empire, ib. ; remains of, in modern England, ib. Seven Boroughs. See Five Boroughs. Seven Sleepers, story of the vision of, ii. 507, 524.
Severn, William of Malmesbury's pane. gyric on the Vale of, ii. 142. Sexburh, Queen of the West-Saxons, solitary instance of a female reign, i. 580. Shaftesbury Abbey, grant of Æthelred to, i. 310; Cnut buried at, 374. Sheppey, Danes first winter in, i. 45 ; Cnut retreats to, 386; ravages of God- wine's fleet in, ii. 321.
Sherborne, monks substituted for canons at, i. 294.
Sheriff, origin of the office, i. 98. Sherstone, drawn battle at, between
Eadınund and Cnut, i. 383-384; details of the battle, 679, 680. Shield-wall, use of, in Teutonic tactics, i. 271.
Ship-money, probable origin of, i. 109, 338; points of likeness and unlikeness between the levy under Æthelred and the levy under Charles the First, 338, 339.
Shires, formed by aggregation of Marks,
i. 97; coalesce into Kingdoms, ib.; later government of, 98; distinction between their nomenclature in Mercia and Wessex, 561, 562. Shrewsbury, Elfhelm murdered at, i. 325; Ethelred sojourns at, 328, 330; the Witan meet at, and vote a Dane- geld, 330.
Shropshire, origin of the name, i. 562; part of Eadwine's Earldom, ii. 561.
Sicily, origin of the Kingdom, i. 119; beneficent reign of the Norman Kings in, 152, 462; conquered by Henry the Sixth, 463; warfare of Harold Hardrada in, ii. 76.
Sigeberht of Wessex, deposed by the Witan, i. 105, 591, 594; his later history, 596.
Sigeferth, son of Earngrim, murdered at Oxford by Eadric, i. 371; question of his rank and estates, 372. Sigeric, Bishop of Wiltshire, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 276; drives out secular priests, ib. ; counsels payment to the Danes, ib. Sigismund, King of the Romans, abjures all supremacy over England, i. 554. Sigrid, mother of Cnut and Olaf of Sweden, i. 410.
Sihtric, King of the Northumbrians,
marries a sister of Æthelstan, i. 60. Sihtric, Danish King, settles in Nor- mandy, 209. Simeon of Durham, value of his authority
for Northumbrian history, i. 326, 575; his account of the cession of Lothian, 575; of the deposition of Ealhred, 593 594; of the succession of the Northumbrian Earls, 645; of the Housecarls, 737; of the battle of Carham, 738.
Simon of Montfort, Old-English con- stitution practically restored by, i. 102; compared with Godwine, 517,
ii. 352. Sitten, its position compared with that of Durham, i. 292. Siward, Earl of the Northumbrians,
sent against Worcester, i. 515; a
favourite hero of romance, 521, 768; his rank, ib.; marries Ethelflæd, daughter of Earl Ealdred, ib.; mur- ders Eadwulf, and obtains all North- humberland, 522; his rule over North- humberland, ii. 49; his gifts to the Church, 50; helps Eadward against Godwine, 139; his expedition and victory over Macbeth, 363; legends of his exploits and death, 364, 374; his death, 373; his foundation and burial at Galmanho, 374; accused of detain- ing Church lands, 551; holds Hunt- ingdonshire as Earl, 559.
Siward, Abbot of Abingdon, appointed coadjutor to Archbishop Eadsige, ii. 67; his resignation of his office and death, 68, 112.
Slavery, prevalent in England, i. 81, 333; laws against the slave-trade, 333, 432; denounced by Archbishop Wulf- stan, 368.
Slave-trade denounced, i. 432. Snorro's story of the sons of Æthel- red, i. 401; his account of the reign of Cnut, 439; of the marriage of Æthelred, 673; of the death of Ead- mund Ironside, 697; of the death of Ulf, 728; of the relations between Harold and Tostig, ii. 655. Soissons, battle of, i. 174; Richard tries to disperse Lothar's assembly at, 232. Soldiers, non-professional, fluctuation of spirit in, i. 317, 318.
Solomon, King of the Hungarians, not the protector of the sons of Eadmund, i. 410. Somersetshire, partly British at the end of the sixth century, i. 14; Ælfred seeks shelter in, 46; traces of Celtic nomenclature in, 383; included in the Earldom of Swegen, ii. 36, 564; in that of Odda, 564; in that of God- wine and Harold, 565.
Southampton, Olaf and Swegen winter at, i. 287; Cnut chosen King at, 379; alleged landing of Eadward the Con- fessor at, 485.
Southwark, Godwine's house at, ii. 153, 323, 324, 603.
Spain, invaded by the Northmen, i. 233, 460; by Roger of Toesny, 460. Spearhafoc, Abbot of Abingdon, ap- pointed to the see of London by King Eadward, ii. 118; his skill in the goldsmith's art, ib.; is refused con- secration by Archbishop Robert, 120; occupies the Bishoprick without con- secration, 121; deposed in favour of the Norman William, 159.
Sprota, mother of Richard the Fearless, i. 179; her doubtful position, 205, 613; her second marriage, 252. Staffordshire, single writ addressed to Eadwine in, ii. 561.
Stamford, one of the Five Boroughs, i. 48; recovered by Eadward the Elder, 61.
Standard, the King's personal ensign, i. 385.
Stapleton, Mr., on the children of Her- leva, ii. 614.
States-General, origin of, in France, i. 251.
Statute of Appeals, its assertion of the
Imperial position of England, i. 554. Stephen, King of the English, his title to the Crown, i. 106, 592.
Stephen, Saint, King of the Hungarians, protects the sons of Eadmund, i. 410; his marriage, ii. 650.
Stewart, James and Charles Edward, analogy of their position to that of the Æthelings under Cnut, i. 490. Steyning, lordship of, its history, ii. 533; church at, 534.
Stigand, his first appearance as Priest of Assandun, i. 424; his signatures to charters, ib.; chaplain to Harold the First, 425; his alleged appoint- ment to the Bishoprick of Selsey, deposition, and reinstatement, 501; acts as the counsellor of Emma, ib.; deposed from the Bishoprick of the East-Angles, ii. 64; makes peace with Eadward and Godwine, and again receives his Bishoprick, 71, 627; succeeds Elfwine as Bishop of Win- chester, 93; appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, 339; holds the see of Winchester in plurality, 340; his doubtful ecclesiastical position, 341, 342, 433, 532-535; receives the pal- lium from Pope Benedict, 432; blesses Æthelsige as Abbot, 451. Stiklestad, battle of, and death of Saint Olaf. i. 450.
Stilicho, Scots and Saxons repulsed by, i. II.
Stir, Mayor of the Palace under Hartha- cnut, i. 508.
St. John, Mr., on Wulfnoth, i. 650; his misinterpretation of Lappenberg, 662; on the Housecarls, 736; on the re- servation of the Imperial supremacy to Harold, 755; on events after the death of Harthacnut, 770; on Swegen and Eadgifu, ii. 593. Stone, use of, in England, before the Norman Conquest, i. 423.
Stow-in-Lindesey, remains of Eadnoth's church at, ii. 48; bounty of Leofric to, 48, 561.
Strassburg, oath of, i. 606. Strathclyde, Welsh Kingdom of, i. 14; its alliance with Penda, 35; inde- pendent of Ecgberht, 42; commenda- tion of, to Eadward the Elder, 57, 59, 566; conquered by Eadmund and granted to Malcolm of Scotland, 61, 62; becomes an appanage of the Scottish Crown, 62; nature of its commendation, 118; short duration of the Kingdom, 120; its position in 921, 122, 123; its relation to Eng- land different from that of Scotland, 125-127; subject to Eadwine, 547. Stubbs, Professor, his edition of Roger of Howden quoted, i. 680, ii. 649; on Tofig the Proud, i. 769; on the con- secration of Æthelstan, ii. 657; on Waltham Abbey, 672, 673. Subregulus, title applied to Harold, i. 424. ii. 664; to Ethelred of Mercia, i. 564, ii. 664; to the Welsh princes, i. 592, 664.
Sumorsætas, use of the Tribe - name among, ii. 564.
Sunday, observance of, ordered under Cnut, i. 432.
Sussex, Kingdom of, i. 23; the last part of England converted to Christianity, 29.
Sweden, slight intercourse of England with, i. 44; Swedish ravages in Saxony, 289.
Swegen, son of Harold Blaatand, his invasions of England, i. 266; forms of his name, ib. ; his baptism and apostasy, 267; his wars with his father, 267, 268; his alleged reception in Scotland, 267; his early ravages in England, 267, 268; his invasion in concert with Olaf, 285; driven back from London, 286; ravages southern England, 287; bought off by Ethelred, ib.; ravages Man, 289; invades England after the massacre of Saint Brice, 315; attacks and takes Exeter, ib.; harries Wilt- shire, 316; burns Salisbury, 318-319; surprises and burns Norwich, 320, and Thetford, 321; fights a drawn battle with Ulfeytel, 321-322; returns to Denmark, 323; his last invasion, 354, 355; splendour of his fleet, 355; re- ceives the submission of the North at Gainsborough, 356; his systematic ravages in Mercia, 356-357; driven off from London, 357-358; ravages
Wessex, 358; acknowledged King at Bath, 358, 663; character and im- portance of his conquest, 360-362; his character, 362; called Tyrant by English writers, 362, 664; dies at Gainsborough, 363; question as to his religion, 363, 665; legend of his death, 363-364, 666; buried at Ros- kild, 364, 657; question of his coro- nation, 664; compared with Julian, 666.
Swegen, son of Ulf and Estrith, acts
as Harthacnut's lieutenant in Den- mark, i. 523; his ill success against Magnus of Norway, ib.; a candidate for the English throne, ii. 5; alleged compromise between him and Ead- ward, 10, 519, 520; his partizans banished, 63; struggle between him and Magnus for the Crown of Den- mark, 72; takes refuge in Sweden, ib.; renews the war in partnership with Harold Hardrada, 74; driven out of Jutland and the Isles by Mag- nus and Harold, 90; asks help from England, which is refused, 91, 93; succeeds to Denmark on the death of Magnus, 92.
Swegen, eldest son of Godwine, invested with an anomalous Earldom, ii. 36; his character, 44; his expedition against Gruffydd ap Rhydderch, 87; seduces Eadgifu Abbess of Leominster, 88, 592-593; seeks in vain to marry her, ib.; throws up his Earldom and goes to Denmark, ib.; his son Hakon, 89; probably took service with Swegen Estrithson, 90; returns to England, 99; his brothers Harold and Beorn oppose his reconciliation with the King, ib.; his outlawry renewed, 100; entraps and slays Beorn, 101; de- clared Nithing by the armed Gemót, 103; deserted by most of his ships and escapes to Flanders, 104; character of his act, 105; he is received with favour by Baldwin, 106; his out- lawry reversed through the mediation of Bishop Ealdred, 106, 107, 113; his Earldom restored, 106; joins his father at Beverstone, 138; his outlawry re- newed, 146; takes refuge with his father in Flanders, 149; his pilgri- mage to Jerusalem, 336, 630; his death in Lykia, 337; extent of his Earldom, 561.
Swegen, alleged son of Cnut and Ælf- gifu of Northampton, i. 409; his reign in Norway, 476; driven out by Magnus, 477.
Swegen Aggesson, character of his his tory, i. 258; on the Housecarls, 733- 736; on the extent of Cnut's king- dom, 744; on the marriage of Gun- hild, 745:
Switzerland, Democratic Cantons of, the Teutonic constitution retained in, i. 81,82,84,85; predominance of certain families in, 82; analogy of its history with that of Scotland, 128, 129. Sword, English weapon at Maldon, i 271; at Sherstone, 384.
Tacitus, evidence of his Germania, i. 73, 79, 80, 83, 85, 99, 579-
Tancred of Hauteville, exploits of his
sons in Apulia and Sicily, i. 462. Tapestry, of Ely, i. 274; of Bayeux, ib. Tavistock, monastery of, burned by the Danes, i. 291; Prelates produced by, ii. 81, 86.
Taxation, nature of, in early times, i. 109.
Terra Northmannorum, older name of Normandy, i. 169.
Terra Regis, Folkland changes into, i. 94.
Teudisca lingua, use of the phrase, i. 606. Teutonice, used in the sense of English, i. 535.
Thanet, ravaged by Eadgar, i. 64. Thegn, Thane, origin of the name, i. 85; analogy with the Greek θεράπων, 86; the Thegns supplant the old Eorls, 88, 588; their analogy with the Roman nobiles, ib.; effects of their growth on the Ceorls, 88, 90; grants to the King's Thegns, 93; importance of their tie to the King, 115. Theobald the First, purchases the County of Chartres of Hasting, i. 232. Theobald the Second, Count of Chartres, &c., i. 214; his enmity to Richard the Fearless, 232; his marriage with Liudgardis, ib.; occupies and restores Evreux, 232, 233; stories of his plots, 232; his defeat by Richard, ib.; his spoliations at Rheims and excommu- nication, ib.; his connexion with the death of William Longsword, 619. Theodosius, Scots and Saxons repulsed by, i. II.
Oepárov, equivalent to Thegn, i. 86. Thetford, plundered and burned by Swegen, i. 321.
Thierry, Augustin, his misuse of the
word Saxon, i. 534; his account of the promotion of Earl Godwine, 713;
of events after the death of Hartha- cnut, 770; of the pilgrimage of Swegen, ii. 631.
Thietmar of Merseberg, his account of Charles the Simple, i. 174; of the English, 348; of the position of Cnut, 415; of the taking of Canterbury, 658, 662; of Swegen's burial, 667; of the war of Cnut and Eadmund, 682, 685.
Thingmen. See Housecarls. Thored, Earl, commands the fleet in
992, i. 277; his Danish descent, ib. Thored, Earl of the Middle-Angles, appears as Staller under Cnut, i. 428; sent against Worcester, 515; writs addressed to him, 515, ii. 558; ex- tent of his Earldom, ii. 558. Thorfinn, Earl of the Orkneys, Macbeth's alliance with, ii. 363; his power broken, 365.
Thorpe, Mr., on the will of Æthelflæd,
i. 623; on the course of Ethelred's fleet, 634; on the position of Sher- stone, 679.
Thrond, Harthacnut's executioner, i. 508.
Thucydides, English history illustrated by, i. 359, ii. 40, 127.
Thurbrand, his murder promised. by Uhtred, i. 327; murders Uhtred, 376.
Thurcytel, son of Navena, murdered by Thurbrand, i. 376.
Thurcytel Marehead, his cowardice at Ringmere, i. 344.
Thurgils Sprakaleg, father of Ulf and Gytha, i. 420, 723.
Thurkill, invades England, i. 342, 651; defeats Ulfcytel at Ringmere, 344; extent of his ravages, 345-347; his conversion to Christianity, 350, 655; tries to save the life of Elfheah, 352; takes service under Ethelred, 353, 652; his character, 354; his defection provokes Swegen's last invasion, ib.; defends London against Swegen, 357; William of Malmesbury's misrepre- sentations of him, 357, 653; shelters Æthelred in his fleet, 359; time of his joining Cnut, 374,652, 655; fights for Cnut at Assandun, 388; made Earl of the East-Angles, 405; question of his earlier settlement there, 654- 655; marries Eadgyth the widow of Ulfcytel or of Eadric, 412, 425, 655; joins Cnut in founding the church of Assandun, 423-424; banished from England, 425; interest of his history, 425, 426; acts as Cnut's Viceroy
in Denmark, 426-427; forms of his name, 651; his signatures, 652-653; no reason to suspect that he invited Swegen to England, 653-655. Thurkill, Danish Thegn, story of, in the Ramsey History, i. 428.
Thurkill Hasi, question as to his iden- tity, i. 655.
Thurmod, leader of the heathen Nor- mans, i. 209; killed in battle by Lewis, 211.
Thurstan, surnamed Goz, his treason, ii. 203; garrisons Falaise Castle against William, ib.; banished, 204; his de- scendants Earls of Chester, 205. Thurstan, Housecarl of Harthacnut, killed at Worcester, 514. Thurstan, Housecarl of Eadward, grant made to, i. 737.
Tillières, founded by Richard the Good, i. 445, 447; dispute about, ii. 201; Gilbert Crispin besieged by the French in, ib.; surrendered and burnt, 202; restored by the French King, in de- fiance of his engagements, 203. Titles, territorial and national, Greek and Latin use of, i. 584; in Gaul, 585; in England, 585, 586. Tofig the Proud, marries Gytha, the daughter of Osgod Clapa, i. 523; death of Harthacnut at his marriage feast, 523, 525; founds the minster and town of Waltham, 524; distin- guished from others of the name, 769; English name of his son, 770; his death, ib.
Tolig, Sheriff of Suffolk under Gyrth, i. 588.
Ton, English termination, i. 563. Topsham, later port of Exeter, i. 309;
alleged seizure of Church lands at, by Harold, 548, 549.
Tostig, Earl of Huntingdon, legend of, i. 768, 769, ii. 559.
Tostig, third son of Earl Godwine, con- founded with the legendary Tostig, i. 769, ii. 35; commands a ship against Danish pirates, ii. 101; marries Judith, sister of Baldwin of Flanders, 149; ap- pointed Earl of the Northumbrians on the death of Siward, 375; Eadward's personal affection for him, 376, 382; doubtful policy of his appointment, 378; his character, 378, 380; legends of him and Harold, 378, 652-656; de- scription of him by the Biographer of Eadward, 379; his efforts to restore order in Northumberland, 80; explan- ation of his later crimes, 381; his per- sonal virtues, 382; becomes the sworn
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