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INDEX.

English by the Celts of Britain, 530-
532; instance of its use on the Con-
tinent, 530; not opposed to Norman
before Robert of Gloucester, 531; its
use in Latin writers, 532; probable
causes of its use, 534; modern misap-
plication of the word, 539.

Saxon Shore, meaning of the words,
i. II.

Saxonia, name applied to Lothian, i.
530; to all England, 533-534; pro-
bably an older name than England,
533, 605.

Saxonice, use of the word, i. 304, 532-
534.

Saxons, their early ravages in Britain,

i. II, 12; accurate use of the name,
13; name applied to the English and
the Celts, ib.; their share in the con-
quest of Britain, 21, 22; Kingdoms
founded by them, 23, 24; their settle-
ments in Gaul, 176, 177; legends of
their origin, 558.

Saxons, Old, their form of government,
i. 579; their share in the Lombard
migration, 580, 581.

Saxonum Rex, import of the title, i. 58,
71, 535.

Saxony, ravaged by Danes and Swedes,
i. 289; different meanings of the
word, 598.

Sceorstan, identified with Sherstone in
Wiltshire, i. 679.

Sceo, a small vessel, i. 648.
Schmid, Dr. Reinhold, his collection of
English Laws, i. 68, 582; his views
on Anlaf, 629.

Scirgemót, its constitution, i. 99, 591;
taxes assessed in, 339; presided over
by the Bishop and Ea'dorman, 432;
instances of in Worcestershire, ii.
563.
Scotland, influence of the Civil Law in,

i. 17; vassalage of, 58; ravaged by
Æthelstan, 60; friendly position of,
after the battle of Brunanburh, 67; its
final union with England, ib.; parlia
ment of, deposes James the Second,
105; English superiority over, dates
from Eadward the Elder, 117; rela-
tions of, towards England, 120; intro-
duction of the name, 122; geography
of, in the tenth century, ib.; distinction
between Scotland, Strathclyde, and
Lothian, 122-125; claims of Edward
the First over, 127; growth of the
Kingdom, 128; its Kings become
Anglicized, 128, 129; analogy of its
history with that of Switzerland, ib.;
becomes independent in the fourteenth

VOL. II.

737

century, 130, 134; its relation to
England purely international, 130;
question of the attendance of its Kings
in the English Witenagemót, 131,
132, 593; affairs of, under Cnut, 444 ;
submits to Cnut, 446,740; its submis-
sion under Harthacnut, 513; dispute
as to its commendation to Eadward
the Elder, 565, 570, 588; question
of the cession of Lothian to, 573,
579; its prosperity during the reign
of Macbeth, ii. 54.

Scots, their origin, i. 14; their influence
on the conversion of England, 28;
submit to Northumberland under
Oswiu, 37, 117, 547; to Charles the
Great, 38, 117, 560; independent of
Ecgberht, 42; commendation of, to
Eadward the Elder, 57, 118; its
causes, 57, 120; its effects, 57-59;
their homage renewed to Æthelstan,
59; to Eadred, 62; position of the
Scots in the tenth century, 122; ex-
tension of their name, 128; later posi-
tion of the true Scots, ib.; origin of
the people, 129; the individual Scot
not the man of the English King, 130;
not subject to Eadwine, 547.
Sea, inroad of, in 1014, i. 369.
Secundarius, title of Ælfred, i. 665.
Seeking a Lord, meaning of the phrase,
i. 587, 588.

Senlac, site of, compared with Pen-

selwood, i. 383; battle of, compared
with Sherstone and Assandun, 383,
388.

Senlis, Hugh Capet elected King at, i.
238.

Service, military, earlier form of, i. 92.
Service, personal, Greek and Roman

feeling with regard to, i. 87; develope-
ment of, under the later Empire, ib. ;
remains of, in modern England, ib.
Seven Boroughs. See Five Boroughs.
Seven Sleepers, story of the vision of,
ii. 507, 524.

Severn, William of Malmesbury's pane.
gyric on the Vale of, ii. 142.
Sexburh, Queen of the West-Saxons,
solitary instance of a female reign, i.
580.
Shaftesbury Abbey, grant of Æthelred
to, i. 310; Cnut buried at, 374.
Sheppey, Danes first winter in, i. 45 ;
Cnut retreats to, 386; ravages of God-
wine's fleet in, ii. 321.

3 B

Sherborne, monks substituted for canons
at, i. 294.

Sheriff, origin of the office, i. 98.
Sherstone, drawn battle at, between

Eadınund and Cnut, i. 383-384; details
of the battle, 679, 680.
Shield-wall, use of, in Teutonic tactics, i.
271.

Ship-money, probable origin of, i. 109,
338; points of likeness and unlikeness
between the levy under Æthelred and
the levy under Charles the First, 338,
339.

Shires, formed by aggregation of Marks,

i. 97; coalesce into Kingdoms, ib.;
later government of, 98; distinction
between their nomenclature in Mercia
and Wessex, 561, 562.
Shrewsbury, Elfhelm murdered at, i.
325; Ethelred sojourns at, 328, 330;
the Witan meet at, and vote a Dane-
geld, 330.

Shropshire, origin of the name, i.
562; part of Eadwine's Earldom, ii.
561.

Sicily, origin of the Kingdom, i. 119;
beneficent reign of the Norman Kings
in, 152, 462; conquered by Henry
the Sixth, 463; warfare of Harold
Hardrada in, ii. 76.

Sigeberht of Wessex, deposed by the
Witan, i. 105, 591, 594; his later
history, 596.

Sigeferth, son of Earngrim, murdered at
Oxford by Eadric, i. 371; question of
his rank and estates, 372.
Sigeric, Bishop of Wiltshire, becomes
Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 276;
drives out secular priests, ib. ; counsels
payment to the Danes, ib.
Sigismund, King of the Romans, abjures
all supremacy over England, i. 554.
Sigrid, mother of Cnut and Olaf of
Sweden, i. 410.

Sihtric, King of the Northumbrians,

marries a sister of Æthelstan, i. 60.
Sihtric, Danish King, settles in Nor-
mandy, 209.
Simeon of Durham, value of his authority

for Northumbrian history, i. 326, 575;
his account of the cession of Lothian,
575; of the deposition of Ealhred,
593 594; of the succession of the
Northumbrian Earls, 645; of the
Housecarls, 737; of the battle of
Carham, 738.

Simon of Montfort, Old-English con-
stitution practically restored by, i.
102; compared with Godwine, 517,

ii. 352.
Sitten, its position compared with that
of Durham, i. 292.
Siward, Earl of the Northumbrians,

sent against Worcester, i. 515; a

favourite hero of romance, 521, 768;
his rank, ib.; marries Ethelflæd,
daughter of Earl Ealdred, ib.; mur-
ders Eadwulf, and obtains all North-
humberland, 522; his rule over North-
humberland, ii. 49; his gifts to the
Church, 50; helps Eadward against
Godwine, 139; his expedition and
victory over Macbeth, 363; legends of
his exploits and death, 364, 374; his
death, 373; his foundation and burial
at Galmanho, 374; accused of detain-
ing Church lands, 551; holds Hunt-
ingdonshire as Earl, 559.

Siward, Abbot of Abingdon, appointed
coadjutor to Archbishop Eadsige, ii.
67; his resignation of his office and
death, 68, 112.

Slavery, prevalent in England, i. 81,
333; laws against the slave-trade, 333,
432; denounced by Archbishop Wulf-
stan, 368.

Slave-trade denounced, i. 432.
Snorro's story of the sons of Æthel-
red, i. 401; his account of the reign
of Cnut, 439; of the marriage of
Æthelred, 673; of the death of Ead-
mund Ironside, 697; of the death of
Ulf, 728; of the relations between
Harold and Tostig, ii. 655.
Soissons, battle of, i. 174; Richard tries
to disperse Lothar's assembly at, 232.
Soldiers, non-professional, fluctuation of
spirit in, i. 317, 318.

Solomon, King of the Hungarians, not
the protector of the sons of Eadmund,
i. 410.
Somersetshire, partly British at the
end of the sixth century, i. 14; Ælfred
seeks shelter in, 46; traces of Celtic
nomenclature in, 383; included in
the Earldom of Swegen, ii. 36, 564;
in that of Odda, 564; in that of God-
wine and Harold, 565.

Southampton, Olaf and Swegen winter
at, i. 287; Cnut chosen King at, 379;
alleged landing of Eadward the Con-
fessor at, 485.

Southwark, Godwine's house at, ii. 153,
323, 324, 603.

Spain, invaded by the Northmen, i. 233,
460; by Roger of Toesny, 460.
Spearhafoc, Abbot of Abingdon, ap-
pointed to the see of London by King
Eadward, ii. 118; his skill in the
goldsmith's art, ib.; is refused con-
secration by Archbishop Robert, 120;
occupies the Bishoprick without con-
secration, 121; deposed in favour of
the Norman William, 159.

INDEX.

Sprota, mother of Richard the Fearless,
i. 179; her doubtful position, 205,
613; her second marriage, 252.
Staffordshire, single writ addressed to
Eadwine in, ii. 561.

Stamford, one of the Five Boroughs,
i. 48; recovered by Eadward the
Elder, 61.

Standard, the King's personal ensign,
i. 385.

Stapleton, Mr., on the children of Her-
leva, ii. 614.

States-General, origin of, in France, i.
251.

Statute of Appeals, its assertion of the

Imperial position of England, i. 554.
Stephen, King of the English, his title
to the Crown, i. 106, 592.

Stephen, Saint, King of the Hungarians,
protects the sons of Eadmund, i. 410;
his marriage, ii. 650.

Stewart, James and Charles Edward,
analogy of their position to that of
the Æthelings under Cnut, i. 490.
Steyning, lordship of, its history, ii.
533; church at, 534.

Stigand, his first appearance as Priest
of Assandun, i. 424; his signatures
to charters, ib.; chaplain to Harold
the First, 425; his alleged appoint-
ment to the Bishoprick of Selsey,
deposition, and reinstatement, 501;
acts as the counsellor of Emma, ib.;
deposed from the Bishoprick of the
East-Angles, ii. 64; makes peace
with Eadward and Godwine, and
again receives his Bishoprick, 71, 627;
succeeds Elfwine as Bishop of Win-
chester, 93; appointed Archbishop of
Canterbury, 339; holds the see of
Winchester in plurality, 340; his
doubtful ecclesiastical position, 341,
342, 433, 532-535; receives the pal-
lium from Pope Benedict, 432; blesses
Æthelsige as Abbot, 451.
Stiklestad, battle of, and death of Saint
Olaf. i. 450.

Stilicho, Scots and Saxons repulsed by,
i. II.

Stir, Mayor of the Palace under Hartha-
cnut, i. 508.

St. John, Mr., on Wulfnoth, i. 650; his
misinterpretation of Lappenberg, 662;
on the Housecarls, 736; on the re-
servation of the Imperial supremacy
to Harold, 755; on events after the
death of Harthacnut, 770; on Swegen
and Eadgifu, ii. 593.
Stone, use of, in England, before the
Norman Conquest, i. 423.

739

Stow-in-Lindesey, remains of Eadnoth's
church at, ii. 48; bounty of Leofric
to, 48, 561.

Strassburg, oath of, i. 606.
Strathclyde, Welsh Kingdom of, i. 14;
its alliance with Penda, 35; inde-
pendent of Ecgberht, 42; commenda-
tion of, to Eadward the Elder, 57,
59, 566; conquered by Eadmund
and granted to Malcolm of Scotland,
61, 62; becomes an appanage of the
Scottish Crown, 62; nature of its
commendation, 118; short duration
of the Kingdom, 120; its position in
921, 122, 123; its relation to Eng-
land different from that of Scotland,
125-127; subject to Eadwine, 547.
Stubbs, Professor, his edition of Roger
of Howden quoted, i. 680, ii. 649;
on Tofig the Proud, i. 769; on the con-
secration of Æthelstan, ii. 657; on
Waltham Abbey, 672, 673.
Subregulus, title applied to Harold, i.
424. ii. 664; to Ethelred of Mercia,
i. 564, ii. 664; to the Welsh princes,
i. 592, 664.

Sumorsætas, use of the Tribe - name
among, ii. 564.

Sunday, observance of, ordered under
Cnut, i. 432.

Sussex, Kingdom of, i. 23; the last part
of England converted to Christianity,
29.

Sweden, slight intercourse of England
with, i. 44; Swedish ravages in
Saxony, 289.

Swegen, son of Harold Blaatand, his
invasions of England, i. 266; forms
of his name, ib. ; his baptism and
apostasy, 267; his wars with his
father, 267, 268; his alleged reception
in Scotland, 267; his early ravages
in England, 267, 268; his invasion
in concert with Olaf, 285; driven
back from London, 286; ravages
southern England, 287; bought off
by Ethelred, ib.; ravages Man,
289; invades England after the
massacre of Saint Brice, 315; attacks
and takes Exeter, ib.; harries Wilt-
shire, 316; burns Salisbury, 318-319;
surprises and burns Norwich, 320, and
Thetford, 321; fights a drawn battle
with Ulfeytel, 321-322; returns to
Denmark, 323; his last invasion, 354,
355; splendour of his fleet, 355; re-
ceives the submission of the North at
Gainsborough, 356; his systematic
ravages in Mercia, 356-357; driven
off from London, 357-358; ravages

Wessex, 358; acknowledged King at
Bath, 358, 663; character and im-
portance of his conquest, 360-362;
his character, 362; called Tyrant by
English writers, 362, 664; dies at
Gainsborough, 363; question as to
his religion, 363, 665; legend of his
death, 363-364, 666; buried at Ros-
kild, 364, 657; question of his coro-
nation, 664; compared with Julian,
666.

Swegen, son of Ulf and Estrith, acts

as Harthacnut's lieutenant in Den-
mark, i. 523; his ill success against
Magnus of Norway, ib.; a candidate
for the English throne, ii. 5; alleged
compromise between him and Ead-
ward, 10, 519, 520; his partizans
banished, 63; struggle between him
and Magnus for the Crown of Den-
mark, 72; takes refuge in Sweden,
ib.; renews the war in partnership
with Harold Hardrada, 74; driven
out of Jutland and the Isles by Mag-
nus and Harold, 90; asks help from
England, which is refused, 91, 93;
succeeds to Denmark on the death
of Magnus, 92.

Swegen, eldest son of Godwine, invested
with an anomalous Earldom, ii. 36; his
character, 44; his expedition against
Gruffydd ap Rhydderch, 87; seduces
Eadgifu Abbess of Leominster, 88,
592-593; seeks in vain to marry her,
ib.; throws up his Earldom and goes
to Denmark, ib.; his son Hakon, 89;
probably took service with Swegen
Estrithson, 90; returns to England,
99; his brothers Harold and Beorn
oppose his reconciliation with the
King, ib.; his outlawry renewed, 100;
entraps and slays Beorn, 101; de-
clared Nithing by the armed Gemót,
103; deserted by most of his ships and
escapes to Flanders, 104; character
of his act, 105; he is received with
favour by Baldwin, 106; his out-
lawry reversed through the mediation
of Bishop Ealdred, 106, 107, 113; his
Earldom restored, 106; joins his father
at Beverstone, 138; his outlawry re-
newed, 146; takes refuge with his
father in Flanders, 149; his pilgri-
mage to Jerusalem, 336, 630; his
death in Lykia, 337; extent of his
Earldom, 561.

Swegen, alleged son of Cnut and Ælf-
gifu of Northampton, i. 409; his
reign in Norway, 476; driven out
by Magnus, 477.

Swegen Aggesson, character of his his
tory, i. 258; on the Housecarls, 733-
736; on the extent of Cnut's king-
dom, 744; on the marriage of Gun-
hild, 745:

Switzerland, Democratic Cantons of, the
Teutonic constitution retained in, i.
81,82,84,85; predominance of certain
families in, 82; analogy of its history
with that of Scotland, 128, 129.
Sword, English weapon at Maldon, i
271; at Sherstone, 384.

T.

Tacitus, evidence of his Germania, i. 73,
79, 80, 83, 85, 99, 579-

Tancred of Hauteville, exploits of his

sons in Apulia and Sicily, i. 462.
Tapestry, of Ely, i. 274; of Bayeux, ib.
Tavistock, monastery of, burned by the
Danes, i. 291; Prelates produced by,
ii. 81, 86.

Taxation, nature of, in early times, i.
109.

Terra Northmannorum, older name of
Normandy, i. 169.

Terra Regis, Folkland changes into,
i. 94.

Teudisca lingua, use of the phrase, i. 606.
Teutonice, used in the sense of English,
i. 535.

Thanet, ravaged by Eadgar, i. 64.
Thegn, Thane, origin of the name, i. 85;
analogy with the Greek θεράπων, 86;
the Thegns supplant the old Eorls, 88,
588; their analogy with the Roman
nobiles, ib.; effects of their growth on
the Ceorls, 88, 90; grants to the
King's Thegns, 93; importance of
their tie to the King, 115.
Theobald the First, purchases the County
of Chartres of Hasting, i. 232.
Theobald the Second, Count of Chartres,
&c., i. 214; his enmity to Richard the
Fearless, 232; his marriage with
Liudgardis, ib.; occupies and restores
Evreux, 232, 233; stories of his plots,
232; his defeat by Richard, ib.; his
spoliations at Rheims and excommu-
nication, ib.; his connexion with the
death of William Longsword, 619.
Theodosius, Scots and Saxons repulsed
by, i. II.

Oepárov, equivalent to Thegn, i. 86.
Thetford, plundered and burned by
Swegen, i. 321.

Thierry, Augustin, his misuse of the

word Saxon, i. 534; his account of
the promotion of Earl Godwine, 713;

INDEX.

of events after the death of Hartha-
cnut, 770; of the pilgrimage of
Swegen, ii. 631.

Thietmar of Merseberg, his account of
Charles the Simple, i. 174; of the
English, 348; of the position of Cnut,
415; of the taking of Canterbury,
658, 662; of Swegen's burial, 667;
of the war of Cnut and Eadmund,
682, 685.

Thingmen. See Housecarls.
Thored, Earl, commands the fleet in

992, i. 277; his Danish descent, ib.
Thored, Earl of the Middle-Angles,
appears as Staller under Cnut, i. 428;
sent against Worcester, 515; writs
addressed to him, 515, ii. 558; ex-
tent of his Earldom, ii. 558.
Thorfinn, Earl of the Orkneys, Macbeth's
alliance with, ii. 363; his power
broken, 365.

Thorpe, Mr., on the will of Æthelflæd,

i. 623; on the course of Ethelred's
fleet, 634; on the position of Sher-
stone, 679.

Thrond, Harthacnut's executioner, i.
508.

Thucydides, English history illustrated
by, i. 359, ii. 40, 127.

Thurbrand, his murder promised. by
Uhtred, i. 327; murders Uhtred,
376.

Thurcytel, son of Navena, murdered by
Thurbrand, i. 376.

Thurcytel Marehead, his cowardice at
Ringmere, i. 344.

Thurgils Sprakaleg, father of Ulf and
Gytha, i. 420, 723.

Thurkill, invades England, i. 342, 651;
defeats Ulfcytel at Ringmere, 344;
extent of his ravages, 345-347; his
conversion to Christianity, 350, 655;
tries to save the life of Elfheah, 352;
takes service under Ethelred, 353,
652; his character, 354; his defection
provokes Swegen's last invasion, ib.;
defends London against Swegen, 357;
William of Malmesbury's misrepre-
sentations of him, 357, 653; shelters
Æthelred in his fleet, 359; time of
his joining Cnut, 374,652, 655; fights
for Cnut at Assandun, 388; made Earl
of the East-Angles, 405; question
of his earlier settlement there, 654-
655; marries Eadgyth the widow of
Ulfcytel or of Eadric, 412, 425, 655;
joins Cnut in founding the church of
Assandun, 423-424; banished from
England, 425; interest of his history,
425, 426; acts as Cnut's Viceroy

741

in Denmark, 426-427; forms of his
name, 651; his signatures, 652-653;
no reason to suspect that he invited
Swegen to England, 653-655.
Thurkill, Danish Thegn, story of, in the
Ramsey History, i. 428.

Thurkill Hasi, question as to his iden-
tity, i. 655.

Thurmod, leader of the heathen Nor-
mans, i. 209; killed in battle by
Lewis, 211.

Thurstan, surnamed Goz, his treason, ii.
203; garrisons Falaise Castle against
William, ib.; banished, 204; his de-
scendants Earls of Chester, 205.
Thurstan, Housecarl of Harthacnut,
killed at Worcester, 514.
Thurstan, Housecarl of Eadward, grant
made to, i. 737.

Tillières, founded by Richard the Good,
i. 445, 447; dispute about, ii. 201;
Gilbert Crispin besieged by the French
in, ib.; surrendered and burnt, 202;
restored by the French King, in de-
fiance of his engagements, 203.
Titles, territorial and national, Greek
and Latin use of, i. 584; in Gaul,
585; in England, 585, 586.
Tofig the Proud, marries Gytha, the
daughter of Osgod Clapa, i. 523;
death of Harthacnut at his marriage
feast, 523, 525; founds the minster
and town of Waltham, 524; distin-
guished from others of the name,
769; English name of his son, 770;
his death, ib.

Tolig, Sheriff of Suffolk under Gyrth,
i. 588.

Ton, English termination, i. 563.
Topsham, later port of Exeter, i. 309;

alleged seizure of Church lands at,
by Harold, 548, 549.

Tostig, Earl of Huntingdon, legend of,
i. 768, 769, ii. 559.

Tostig, third son of Earl Godwine, con-
founded with the legendary Tostig, i.
769, ii. 35; commands a ship against
Danish pirates, ii. 101; marries Judith,
sister of Baldwin of Flanders, 149; ap-
pointed Earl of the Northumbrians on
the death of Siward, 375; Eadward's
personal affection for him, 376, 382;
doubtful policy of his appointment,
378; his character, 378, 380; legends
of him and Harold, 378, 652-656; de-
scription of him by the Biographer of
Eadward, 379; his efforts to restore
order in Northumberland, 80; explan-
ation of his later crimes, 381; his per-
sonal virtues, 382; becomes the sworn

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