tion of the remainder of his fleet, ib.; his death, 373-
Oslac, Earl of Deira, his favour with Eadgar and banishment under Ead- ward, i. 264.
Oslac, companion of Rolf, his French
and Christian policy, i. 182; acts as regent for Richard the Fearless, 212. Osmund, delivers Richard the Fearless, i. 212.
Oswald, Saint, restores the power of Northumberland, i. 36; extent of his dominions, 547-
Oswiu of Northumberland, extent of his dominions, i. 36, 37, 547.
Oswulf, son of Eadwulf, appointed to the Earldom of Bernicia, i. 522, ii. 483.
Otto the Great, marries Eadgy th daughter of Eadward the Elder, i. 60; his resto- ration of the Empire, 142; his acces- sion to the Eastern Kingdom, 201; bis war with Lewis for Lotharingia, 202; the French Princes do homage to him, 203, 204; his reconciliation with Lewis, 205; their later relations, 205, 208; interferes on behalf of Lewis, 219; joins Lewis in the war with Hugh and Richard, 224; their failure before Paris and Rouen, 225; his death, 235; in what sense saluted Imperator, 553; speaks French and Slavonic, 6c6; his intimate alliance with Eadgar, ii. 582.
Otto the Second, Emperor, succeeds his father, i. 235; his changed relations towards Lothar, 236; invades France, ib; his dealings with Hugh Capet, 237; his death, ib.; establishes the Mark of Sleswick, 451; speaks Latin, 606.
Otto the Third, Emperor, anarchy of his minority, i. 237; his short and won- derful reign, 305.
Otto, son of Hugh the Great, receives the Duchy of Burgundy, i. 231. Otto of Freisingen, his use of geogra phical names, i. 602, 603.
Ouche, Abbey of. See Saint Evroul. Outlawry, compared with aqua et ignis interdictio, i. 499.
Outlawry of Danish Kings under Æthel- red, force of the act, i. 365, 366. Owen of Wales in alliance with England against Meredydd, i. 282, 283. Oxford, burned by Thurkill, i. 343; gives hostages to Swegen, 357; its early history, 370; its importance in the eleventh century, ib.; burning of the minster at, 371; renewal of Ead-
gar's Law at, 417; the Kingdom divided at, between Harold and Har- thacnut, 482; Harold crowned at, 484; dies at, 504; the Northumbrians march to, ii. 494; Cnut's Law re- newed at, 495, 689; its connexion with Elfgar, 565; Gemót at, 689. Oxfordshire, ravaged by Thurkill, i. 345; forms part of the Earldom of Swegen, ii. 36, 561; joined to that of Gyrth, 566, 567.
Pagus, use of the word, i. 579, ii. 406. Palgrave, Sir Francis, his history of the English Commonwealth, i. 68; his views of the English Empire, ib.; of the Thegnhood, 79; of the Witan, 102; character of his history of Nor- mandy, 148, 154; his defence of the later Karlings, 160; his use of the names "Saxon" and " English," 537, 541; his theory of the Bretwaldas, 542, 545; his account of the relations of Charles the Great with Britain, 559, 560; his account of Earl Ralph, 562, 563; his derivation of the word King, 583; his views on the Witena- gemót, 590; on the Kingdom of Burgundy, 599; his misinterpreta- tion of Widukind, 607; his views of the vassalage of Normandy, 610, 611; on the death of William Longsword, 619; on the relations of Ethelred with Normandy, 632; on Wulfric Spot, 656; on the family of Leofwine of Mercia, 717; on Tostig, Earl of Huntingdon, 768, 769; his surmise as to the death of the Etheling Ead- ward, ii. 412; on the Earldom of Herefordshire, 562.
Pallig, Danish Earl, takes service under
Ethelred, i. 306; his treason, 307; killed in the massacre of Saint Brice, 314.
Papal legates in England, ii. 458. Paris, origin of its importance, i. 153, 155; its importance as a bulwark against the Northmen, 156; origin of its dynasty, ib.; its sieges by the Northmen, 156, 157; the centre of the French nation and language, 157; besieged in vain by Lewis and Otto, 225; threatened by Otto the Second, 236; becomes the capital, 238; but not the crowning place, 240; irregular coronations at, ib.; comparison with London, 278.
Parliament, powers of, compared with
those of the ancient Witan, i. 104, 109, 112; privilege of, its probable origin, 112; use of the word in Nor- mandy, 255.
Patrician, use of the word, i. 169, 564; applied to Ethelred of Mercia, 563, 564; to Charles the Great, 585. Patronymics, names of places derived from, i. 562, 563.
Paul Warnefrid, his account of the Lombards, i. 580.
Pearson, Mr., on Harold and Gisa, ii. 680.
Peasants, Norman, their revolt, i. 255; their regular political organization, 255, 256; the revolt crushed, 257; its probable results, ib. Pegge's account of Danegeld, ii. 599. Peiraieus, inscription at, said to com- memorate Harold Hardrada, ii. 579. Pembrokeshire, its Flemish occupation and local nomenclature, i. 563. Pen, Cenwealh's victory over the Welsh at, i. 382-383.
Penda, King of Mercia, his wars with Northumberland and Wessex, i. 35, 36. Penhow, the men of Somersetshire and Devonshire defeated by the Danes at,
Penselwood, Eadmund's victory at, i. 382-383; description of the site and its antiquities, ib.
Peterborough Chronicle, its character, i. 399; on the assessment of 1008, 647; on the date of the battle of the Helga, 742; on the candidature of Harold and Harthacnut, 753; on the burial of Harold the First, 764; on the appointment of Bishops, ii. 577; on Godwine, 600, 601; on the Ætheling Eadward, 647. Philip of Comines, his remarks on the imprisonment of Charles the Simple,
Picquigny, William Longsword mur- dered at, i. 204.
Picts, their origin, i. 14; relations with Northumberland, 37, 547; indepen- dent of Ecgberht, 42. Pilgrimage, ill effects of, ii. 456. Pippin, King of the Franks, his elec- tion, i. 596.
Pirates, the Normans so called, i. 163, 169, 253.
Poitiers, Hugh the Great defeated by William of Aquitaine at, i. 230; gifts of Emma to the church of St. Hilary at, 438.
Poland, its commendation to the Empire,
Pole, Cardinal, his theory of Kingship, i. 584.
Ponthieu, position of the County, i. 193. Popa, Danish wife of Rolf, i. 179, 612; mother of William Longsword, 179. Popes, German, of Imperial nomination, ii. 96.
Porlock, Harold's victory at, ii. 316. Port, question as to his mythical cha- racter, i. 10.
Portus Itius, Wissant, i. 486.
Pot, Philip, his theory of Kingship, i. 584.
Prædux, title of English Kings, i. 552. Primicerius, title of English Kings, i.
Prince, modern use of the word, i. 573. Principalities, minor, numerous in Eng- land, i. 26.
Prokopios, his notices of early English history, i. 22, 30, 556-558; illustrates English tactics, 270; his use of the word Ayyıλol, 530, 558; his account of Brittia and Brettania, 556-557; of the legend of Radiger, 558. Property qualification not needed for the Witenagemót, i. 590. Prosper, his notice of the Saxons in Britain, i. 530, 557.
Prussia, her action in the campaign of 1866, i. 295.
Queen, title of, abolished in Wessex and retained in Mercia, i. 565; meaning of the word, 583.
Radiger, King of the Varni, legend of, i. 553.
Radnor, reckoned part of Herefordshire, ii. 684.
Rægnald, Regenwald, Reginald, submits to Eadward the Elder, i. 566; various persons of the name, 569. Ralph of Mantes, son of Drogo and Godgifu, accompanies his uncle Ead- ward to England, i. 519; holds the Earldom of Worcestershire, ii. 109, 563; comes to Eadward at Gloucester, 139; holds the Mercian portion of Swegen's Earldom, 158, 562; his posi- tion as regards the Crown, 367, 415; his defeat by Gruffydd and Elfgar near Hereford, 387; his death, 415; question of his position in Hereford- shire, 562, 563.
Ralph of Wacey, son of Archbishop Robert of Rouen, his murder of Count
Gilbert, ii. 193; chosen as guardian of Duke William of Normandy, 198. Ralph of Tesson, leaves the rebels at Val-ès-dunes and joins William, ii.
Ralph the Black, on the marriage of
Earl Godwine, i. 724. Ramsbury, seat of the Wiltshire Bishop- rick, i. 319; poverty of the see, ii. 401.
Ramsey, Abbey of, Cnut's buildings at, i. 438.
Ramsey, History of, quoted, i. 412; stories of Danes in Cnut's time, 428 of British robbers, 429; character of Cnut in, 438.
Randolf, Viscount of Bayeux, joins the rebellion against William, ii. 243; flies from the battle of Val-ès-dunes, 259.
Rane, foster-father of Saint Olaf, i. 401. Ranig, Earl of the Magesætas, i. 401,
428, 557; sent against Worcester, 515; extent of his Earldom, 561. Raven, the Danish ensign, i. 383. Reading, burned by the Danes, i. 329. Reginald, Count of Burgundy, marries
Adeliza, daughter of Richard the Good, i. 460; helped by his father- in-law, ib.
Rex Saxonum, i. 772.
Rheims, importance of the Archbishop- rick in the tenth century, i. 194; its lands seized by Herbert of Verman- dois, 201; disputes about the see, 204, 226, 227; gifts of Lewis to, 204; taken by Lewis and Otto, 225; spoiled by Theobald, 233; its permanent position as crowning-place, 239-240; Synod of, held by Leo the Ninth, ii. III. Rhuddlan, Harold's march to, ii. 466; Gruffydd's palace at, ib.
Rhyd-y-Groes, Gruffydd's victory at, i.
Rhys, brother of Gruffydd King of the South-Welsh, his plundering expedi- tions into England, ii. 347; decree of the Witan for his execution, ib.; beheaded, and his head brought to Eadward, 348.
Ricardes Rice, Normandy so called, i. 601.
Richard the Fearless, Duke of the Nor- mans, his doubtful birth, i. 205; suc- ceeds to the Duchy, 206; his long reign, ib.; legends of his childhood, ib.; his reign attaches Normandy to Ducal France, 208; his apostasy in childhood, 209; recovered by King Lewis, 211; invested with the Duchy,
212; legend of his captivity at Laôn, ib; his power restored by Harold Blaatand, 217; commends himself to Hugh the Great, 220; length of his reign, 229; comparative peace of his later years, 230; acts as guardian to Hugh Capet, 231; marries his sister Emma and does homage to him, ib.; question of his homage to Lothar, ib.; his relations to Theobald of Chartres, 232; attempts to disperse Lothar's assembly at Soissons, ib.; defeats Theobald, 233; preaches to the Danes, b.; his mediation in Flanders, 238; his share in the elec- tion of Hugh Capet, 243; his natural children, 252; his marriage with Gun- nor, 252, 613, ii. 179; his grants to the Church, i. 253; his foundation of Fécamp, ib.; his dispute with Ethelred, 253, 284; his death, 253; his relations to France, 609, 611. Richard the Good, Duke of the Nor-
mans, his accession, i. 254; his aristo- cratic feelings, ib.; threatened by Ethelred, 300; gives no help to Eng- land, 339; his Scandinavian alliances, 340; receives Ethelred and his family, 360; his friendly relations with King Robert of France, 453; and with Britanny, 454; his war with Odo of Chartres, 455; allies himself with two heathen Sea-Kings, 456: peace made by the mediation of King Robert, 457; his Burgundian war, 460; un- broken peace between him and Cnut, 463; his death, ib.
Richard the Third, son of Richard the Good, perhaps associated with his father in the Duchy, i. 463; succeeds his father, ib.; his dispute with his brother Robert, ib.; his death, 464. Richard the First, King of England, character of his reign, i. 6; his hom- age to the Empire, 120; renounces the special homage of the Scots, 570; his titles, 586.
Richard the Second, King of England, deposed by Parliament, i. 105; his character compared with that of Ethelred, 298.
Richard, Duke of York, nature of his claims on the Crown, i. 595- Richard, third son of King Robert, re- bels against his brother Henry, i. 466. Richard, son of Scrob, builds a castle in Herefordshire, ii. 136; his son Osbern,
its value, 198; his feeling towards England, 202, 219; towards the Em- pire, 236; his use of geographical names, 598, 599; on the election of Lewis, 615; on the death of William Longsword, 616; his evidence as to language, 666.
Rig's-mal Saga, its legend of the three- fold division of men, i. 81. Ringmere, Ulfcytel defeated at, by Thur- kill, i. 344.
Riulf, rebels against William Longsword, i. 188.
Robert, Duke of the Normans, son of Richard the Good, succeeds his brother Richard the Third, i. 464; popularly known as the "Devil" and the "Magnificent," ib.; suppresses re- volts at home, ib.; reduces Britanny to submission, 465; restores Baldwin of Flanders, ib.; restores King Henry, 466; protects the English Ethel- ings, ib.; relations between him and Cnut, 467; marries Estrith, sister of Cnut, 467, 468; supposed wars be- tween him and Cnut, 468; his in- tervention on behalf of the Æthelings, 468, 469; his character, 469, 474; his unsuccessful attempt to invade England, 469; probable results of such an invasion, 470; his death at Nikaia in Bithynia, 473; his con- nexion with Herleva, ii. 177; raises her kinsfolk to honours, ib.; birth of his son William, 178; announces his intention of pilgrimage, 185; proposes William as his successor, 186. Robert, son of William the Conqueror, his Crusade, i. 153.
Robert the Strong, origin and history of his family, i. 154, 157; the March of Paris granted to him, 156. Robert, Duke of the French, defeats Rolf at Chartres, i. 165; the Norman settlement made at his cost, 166; godfather to Rolf, ib.; elected King, 173; killed at Soissons, 174. Robert, King of the French, his domestic troubles, i. 453; his alliance with Richard the Good, 454; makes peace between Richard and Odo of Chartres, 457.
Robert, Archbishop of Rouen, said to have baptized Saint Olaf, i. 457; legitimated son of Richard the Fear- less, ii. 178, 179; his secular position as Count of Evreux, ib.; his marriage, ib.; his death, 207; a forefather of Simon of Montfort, ib.; rebels against Duke Robert, 464.
Robert, son of Herlwin and Herleva, William's grant of Mortain to, ii. 289. Robert, son of Wymarc, Staller under Eadward, ii. 346; Eadward's grant of a prebend to, 550.
Robert, Prior of Saint Ouen's and Abbot of Jumièges, his favour with Eadward the Confessor, ii. 69; ap- pointed Bishop of London, ib.; his baneful influence, 70; revives calum- nies against Godwine, 70, 128; his connexion with the Norman invasion, 71; appointed to the see of Canter- bury, 118; returns from Rome with his pallium, 120; refuses to consecrate Spearhafoc, ib.; indignation at his appointment to Canterbury, 128; his cabals against Godwine, 128, 136; his flight on the return of Godwine, 329, 628.
Robert the Bigod, charges William the Warling with treason, ii. 288.
Robert of Grantmesnil, killed in battle, ii. 197.
Robert Wiscard, his victories over both Empires, i. 153.
Robert of Gloucester, his use of the word Saxon, i. 531.
Robertson, Mr. E. W., his views on the commendation of Scotland, i. 567; on the cession of Lothian discussed, 573- 579; his note on the Danelage, 644; on Simeon's version of the siege of Durham, 738; on the war with Macbeth, ii. 641.
Rochester, besieged by Ethelred, i. 265; lands of the Bishoprick seized and restored, 265, 294; besieged by the Danes, 294; its present diocese, 342.
Roger of Beaumont, sent against Roger
of Toesny, ii. 197; forefather of the first house of the Earls of Leicester, ib.
Roger of Montgomery, his banishment, ii. 194; his five sons, ib.; his wife Mabel, daughter of William Talvas, ib.; his position among the Norman con- querors of England, 194, 550; his titles, 195; his bounty to monks, ib. Roger of Toesny, his exploits in Spain, i. 460; his descent, 461; his marriage,
ib.; rebels against William, ii. 197; killed in battle, ib.
Roger of Wendover, his account of the cession of Lothian, i. 575; character of his history, 576; his account of the massacre of Saint Brice, 637; of the marriage of Emma, 663; of the conference of Cnut and Eadmund,
691; of the death of Eadmund Iron- side, 695; of Elfgifu of North- hampton, 714, 715; of the death of Eadric, 721; of the exploits of God- wine, 723; of the trial and acquittal of Godwine, 766; of the supposed enmity between Harold and Tostig, ii. 653.
Rolf, his settlement in Neustria, i. 105; its analogy with that of Guthrum in East-Anglia, ib.; its effects, ib.; forms of his name, 163; his earlier exploits, 164; he occupies Rouen, 165; his de- feat at Chartres, ib.; cession made to him at Clair-on-Epte, ib.; his faith- fulness to Charles the Simple, 167, 174; legend of his homage, 167; his vassalage, 167, 609; character of his government, 169; his wars with France, 174; his acquisition of Ba- yeux, 175; his abdication and death, ib.; legends of his death, 178; his marriages, 179, 612; birth of his son William Longsword, 179; renewal of his Law, 217; in what sense said to speak English, 608.
Ρωμαίων βασιλεύς, Romanorum Impe- rator, title of the Eastern Emperors, i. 585.
Roman de Rou. See Wace. Romana lingua, use of the phrase, i. 606.
Romance languages, their origin, i. 16;
their influence on English, 17; state of, in the tenth century, 606-609. Romanos, Emperor, his defeat at Manzi- kert, i. 151.
Rome, increased connexion of English ecclesiastics with, ii. 67; Synod of, 115; ill effects of pilgrimages to, 456. Roskild, Annals of, their account of the war of Cnut and Eadmund, i. 688. Rouen, kernel of the Norman Duchy, i. 162, 168; its conquest by Rolf, 165; loss of, by the Duchy of France, 166; French spoken at, under William Long- sword, 180, 191, 607; occupied by Lewis, 211, 214; vainly besieged by Lewis and Otto, 225; its commercial connexion with London, 280. Rudolf, described as a kinsman of King Eadward, appointed to the Abbey of Abingdon, ii. 119.
Rudolf, last King of Burgundy, i. 460. Rudolf, Duke of Burgundy, defeats Rolf
at Chartres, i. 165; elected King of the French, 174; defeats the North- men at Limoges, 178, 180; sole King after the death of Charles the Simple, 181.
Rudolf, father of Richer the historian, recovers Laôn for Lewis, i. 228. Rudolf Glaber, his way of speaking of the Norman Dukes, i. 453; of the Eastern Empire, 462; his account of the election of Lewis, 597, 616; of the death of William Longsword, 619; of the submission of Scotland to Cnut, 741; of Duke Robert's pil- grimage, 748; of Fulk of Anjou, ii. 618; of Odo of Chartres, 619, 620. Rudolf Tosta, regent of Normandy for Richard the Fearless, i. 212.
Rudolf of Ivry, his birth, i. 252; crushes the peasant revolt, 257.
Russia, alleged refuge of the sons of Eadmund, i. 410.
Rutland, its history, i. 562.
Sagas, Scandinavian, their relation to English history, i. 258.
Saint Clement Danes, church of, i. 763. Saint Evroul, or Ouche, Abbey of, ii. 213,
226; the home of Orderic Vital, ib.; story of Ebrulf or Evroul, its founder, 226; escapes the Danish ravages, 227; pillaged by Hugh the Great, ib.; the monastery forsaken, 228; church re- stored by Restold, b.; lands and church of Saint Evroul granted to Bec, 230; restoration of Saint Evroul, 231; its Priors, ib.
Saint Michael's Mount, its position and foundation, 1. 182; grants to it, 253, 515,534.
Saint Riquier, Abbey of, ii. 532. Salisbury, removal of the Bishoprick from the Old to the New, i. 290; description and history of, 318, 319; sacked by Swegen, 318.
Sandwich, seizure of Church property at, i. 501.
Satrap, equivalent to Ealdorman among
the Old-Saxons, i. 579.
Saxo Grammaticus, character of his history, i. 258; his account of the last days of Swegen, 665; of the murder of Eadmund, 697; of the death of Ulf, 728; of the Housecarls, 733; of Cnut's kingdoms, 743; of the marriage of Gunhild, 745; of the marriage of Robert and Estrith, 748; of Cnut's death, 750; of Cnut's Under-kingdoms, 751; of the sanctity of Eadward, ii. 522; of the character of Harold, 541.
Saxon, not used as a national name in England before the Norman Conquest, i. 529, 530; always applied to the
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