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tion of the remainder of his fleet, ib.;
his death, 373-

Oslac, Earl of Deira, his favour with
Eadgar and banishment under Ead-
ward, i. 264.

Oslac, companion of Rolf, his French

and Christian policy, i. 182; acts as
regent for Richard the Fearless, 212.
Osmund, delivers Richard the Fearless,
i. 212.

Oswald, Saint, restores the power of
Northumberland, i. 36; extent of his
dominions, 547-

Oswiu of Northumberland, extent of his
dominions, i. 36, 37, 547.

Oswulf, son of Eadwulf, appointed to
the Earldom of Bernicia, i. 522, ii.
483.

Otto the Great, marries Eadgy th daughter
of Eadward the Elder, i. 60; his resto-
ration of the Empire, 142; his acces-
sion to the Eastern Kingdom, 201;
bis war with Lewis for Lotharingia,
202; the French Princes do homage
to him, 203, 204; his reconciliation
with Lewis, 205; their later relations,
205, 208; interferes on behalf of Lewis,
219; joins Lewis in the war with
Hugh and Richard, 224; their failure
before Paris and Rouen, 225; his
death, 235; in what sense saluted
Imperator, 553; speaks French and
Slavonic, 6c6; his intimate alliance
with Eadgar, ii. 582.

Otto the Second, Emperor, succeeds his
father, i. 235; his changed relations
towards Lothar, 236; invades France,
ib; his dealings with Hugh Capet,
237; his death, ib.; establishes the
Mark of Sleswick, 451; speaks Latin,
606.

Otto the Third, Emperor, anarchy of his
minority, i. 237; his short and won-
derful reign, 305.

Otto, son of Hugh the Great, receives
the Duchy of Burgundy, i. 231.
Otto of Freisingen, his use of geogra
phical names, i. 602, 603.

Ouche, Abbey of. See Saint Evroul.
Outlawry, compared with aqua et ignis
interdictio, i. 499.

Outlawry of Danish Kings under Æthel-
red, force of the act, i. 365, 366.
Owen of Wales in alliance with England
against Meredydd, i. 282, 283.
Oxford, burned by Thurkill, i. 343;
gives hostages to Swegen, 357; its
early history, 370; its importance in
the eleventh century, ib.; burning of
the minster at, 371; renewal of Ead-

gar's Law at, 417; the Kingdom
divided at, between Harold and Har-
thacnut, 482; Harold crowned at, 484;
dies at, 504; the Northumbrians
march to, ii. 494; Cnut's Law re-
newed at, 495, 689; its connexion
with Elfgar, 565; Gemót at, 689.
Oxfordshire, ravaged by Thurkill, i.
345; forms part of the Earldom of
Swegen, ii. 36, 561; joined to that of
Gyrth, 566, 567.

P.

Pagus, use of the word, i. 579, ii. 406.
Palgrave, Sir Francis, his history of the
English Commonwealth, i. 68; his
views of the English Empire, ib.; of
the Thegnhood, 79; of the Witan,
102; character of his history of Nor-
mandy, 148, 154; his defence of the
later Karlings, 160; his use of the
names "Saxon" and " English," 537,
541; his theory of the Bretwaldas,
542, 545; his account of the relations
of Charles the Great with Britain,
559, 560; his account of Earl Ralph,
562, 563; his derivation of the word
King, 583; his views on the Witena-
gemót, 590; on the Kingdom of
Burgundy, 599; his misinterpreta-
tion of Widukind, 607; his views of
the vassalage of Normandy, 610, 611;
on the death of William Longsword,
619; on the relations of Ethelred
with Normandy, 632; on Wulfric
Spot, 656; on the family of Leofwine
of Mercia, 717; on Tostig, Earl of
Huntingdon, 768, 769; his surmise
as to the death of the Etheling Ead-
ward, ii. 412; on the Earldom of
Herefordshire, 562.

Pallig, Danish Earl, takes service under

Ethelred, i. 306; his treason, 307;
killed in the massacre of Saint Brice,
314.

Papal legates in England, ii. 458.
Paris, origin of its importance, i. 153,
155; its importance as a bulwark
against the Northmen, 156; origin
of its dynasty, ib.; its sieges by the
Northmen, 156, 157; the centre of
the French nation and language, 157;
besieged in vain by Lewis and Otto,
225; threatened by Otto the Second,
236; becomes the capital, 238; but
not the crowning place, 240; irregular
coronations at, ib.; comparison with
London, 278.

Parliament, powers of, compared with

INDEX.

those of the ancient Witan, i. 104,
109, 112; privilege of, its probable
origin, 112; use of the word in Nor-
mandy, 255.

Patrician, use of the word, i. 169, 564;
applied to Ethelred of Mercia, 563,
564; to Charles the Great, 585.
Patronymics, names of places derived
from, i. 562, 563.

Paul Warnefrid, his account of the
Lombards, i. 580.

Pearson, Mr., on Harold and Gisa, ii.
680.

Peasants, Norman, their revolt, i. 255;
their regular political organization,
255, 256; the revolt crushed, 257;
its probable results, ib.
Pegge's account of Danegeld, ii. 599.
Peiraieus, inscription at, said to com-
memorate Harold Hardrada, ii. 579.
Pembrokeshire, its Flemish occupation
and local nomenclature, i. 563.
Pen, Cenwealh's victory over the Welsh
at, i. 382-383.

Penda, King of Mercia, his wars with
Northumberland and Wessex, i. 35, 36.
Penhow, the men of Somersetshire and
Devonshire defeated by the Danes at,

i. 310.

Penselwood, Eadmund's victory at, i.
382-383; description of the site and
its antiquities, ib.

Peterborough Chronicle, its character,
i. 399; on the assessment of 1008,
647; on the date of the battle of the
Helga, 742; on the candidature of
Harold and Harthacnut, 753; on
the burial of Harold the First, 764;
on the appointment of Bishops, ii.
577; on Godwine, 600, 601; on the
Ætheling Eadward, 647.
Philip of Comines, his remarks on the
imprisonment of Charles the Simple,

i. 174.

Picquigny, William Longsword mur-
dered at, i. 204.

Picts, their origin, i. 14; relations with
Northumberland, 37, 547; indepen-
dent of Ecgberht, 42.
Pilgrimage, ill effects of, ii. 456.
Pippin, King of the Franks, his elec-
tion, i. 596.

Pirates, the Normans so called, i. 163,
169, 253.

Poitiers, Hugh the Great defeated by
William of Aquitaine at, i. 230; gifts
of Emma to the church of St. Hilary
at, 438.

Poland, its commendation to the Empire,

i. 119.

733

Pole, Cardinal, his theory of Kingship,
i. 584.

Ponthieu, position of the County, i. 193.
Popa, Danish wife of Rolf, i. 179, 612;
mother of William Longsword, 179.
Popes, German, of Imperial nomination,
ii. 96.

Porlock, Harold's victory at, ii. 316.
Port, question as to his mythical cha-
racter, i. 10.

Portus Itius, Wissant, i. 486.

Pot, Philip, his theory of Kingship, i.
584.

Prædux, title of English Kings, i. 552.
Primicerius, title of English Kings, i.

552.

Prince, modern use of the word, i. 573.
Principalities, minor, numerous in Eng-
land, i. 26.

Prokopios, his notices of early English
history, i. 22, 30, 556-558; illustrates
English tactics, 270; his use of the
word Ayyıλol, 530, 558; his account
of Brittia and Brettania, 556-557;
of the legend of Radiger, 558.
Property qualification not needed for
the Witenagemót, i. 590.
Prosper, his notice of the Saxons in
Britain, i. 530, 557.

Prussia, her action in the campaign of
1866, i. 295.

Q.

Queen, title of, abolished in Wessex and
retained in Mercia, i. 565; meaning
of the word, 583.

R.

Radiger, King of the Varni, legend of,
i. 553.

Radnor, reckoned part of Herefordshire,
ii. 684.

Rægnald, Regenwald, Reginald, submits
to Eadward the Elder, i. 566; various
persons of the name, 569.
Ralph of Mantes, son of Drogo and
Godgifu, accompanies his uncle Ead-
ward to England, i. 519; holds the
Earldom of Worcestershire, ii. 109,
563; comes to Eadward at Gloucester,
139; holds the Mercian portion of
Swegen's Earldom, 158, 562; his posi-
tion as regards the Crown, 367, 415;
his defeat by Gruffydd and Elfgar
near Hereford, 387; his death, 415;
question of his position in Hereford-
shire, 562, 563.

Ralph of Wacey, son of Archbishop
Robert of Rouen, his murder of Count

Gilbert, ii. 193; chosen as guardian
of Duke William of Normandy, 198.
Ralph of Tesson, leaves the rebels at
Val-ès-dunes and joins William, ii.

253.

Ralph the Black, on the marriage of

Earl Godwine, i. 724.
Ramsbury, seat of the Wiltshire Bishop-
rick, i. 319; poverty of the see, ii.
401.

Ramsey, Abbey of, Cnut's buildings at,
i. 438.

Ramsey, History of, quoted, i. 412;
stories of Danes in Cnut's time, 428
of British robbers, 429; character of
Cnut in, 438.

Randolf, Viscount of Bayeux, joins the
rebellion against William, ii. 243;
flies from the battle of Val-ès-dunes,
259.

Rane, foster-father of Saint Olaf, i. 401.
Ranig, Earl of the Magesætas, i. 401,

428, 557; sent against Worcester,
515; extent of his Earldom, 561.
Raven, the Danish ensign, i. 383.
Reading, burned by the Danes, i. 329.
Reginald, Count of Burgundy, marries

Adeliza, daughter of Richard the
Good, i. 460; helped by his father-
in-law, ib.

Rex Saxonum, i. 772.

Rheims, importance of the Archbishop-
rick in the tenth century, i. 194; its
lands seized by Herbert of Verman-
dois, 201; disputes about the see, 204,
226, 227; gifts of Lewis to, 204; taken
by Lewis and Otto, 225; spoiled by
Theobald, 233; its permanent position
as crowning-place, 239-240; Synod
of, held by Leo the Ninth, ii. III.
Rhuddlan, Harold's march to, ii. 466;
Gruffydd's palace at, ib.

Rhyd-y-Groes, Gruffydd's victory at, i.

502.

Rhys, brother of Gruffydd King of the
South-Welsh, his plundering expedi-
tions into England, ii. 347; decree
of the Witan for his execution, ib.;
beheaded, and his head brought to
Eadward, 348.

Ricardes Rice, Normandy so called, i.
601.

Richard the Fearless, Duke of the Nor-
mans, his doubtful birth, i. 205; suc-
ceeds to the Duchy, 206; his long
reign, ib.; legends of his childhood,
ib.; his reign attaches Normandy to
Ducal France, 208; his apostasy in
childhood, 209; recovered by King
Lewis, 211; invested with the Duchy,

212; legend of his captivity at Laôn,
ib; his power restored by Harold
Blaatand, 217; commends himself to
Hugh the Great, 220; length of his
reign, 229; comparative peace of his
later years, 230; acts as guardian to
Hugh Capet, 231; marries his sister
Emma and does homage to him, ib.;
question of his homage to Lothar,
ib.; his relations to Theobald of
Chartres, 232; attempts to disperse
Lothar's assembly at Soissons, ib.;
defeats Theobald, 233; preaches to
the Danes, b.; his mediation in
Flanders, 238; his share in the elec-
tion of Hugh Capet, 243; his natural
children, 252; his marriage with Gun-
nor, 252, 613, ii. 179; his grants
to the Church, i. 253; his foundation
of Fécamp, ib.; his dispute with
Ethelred, 253, 284; his death, 253;
his relations to France, 609, 611.
Richard the Good, Duke of the Nor-

mans, his accession, i. 254; his aristo-
cratic feelings, ib.; threatened by
Ethelred, 300; gives no help to Eng-
land, 339; his Scandinavian alliances,
340; receives Ethelred and his family,
360; his friendly relations with King
Robert of France, 453; and with
Britanny, 454; his war with Odo of
Chartres, 455; allies himself with two
heathen Sea-Kings, 456: peace made
by the mediation of King Robert,
457; his Burgundian war, 460; un-
broken peace between him and Cnut,
463; his death, ib.

Richard the Third, son of Richard the
Good, perhaps associated with his
father in the Duchy, i. 463; succeeds
his father, ib.; his dispute with his
brother Robert, ib.; his death, 464.
Richard the First, King of England,
character of his reign, i. 6; his hom-
age to the Empire, 120; renounces
the special homage of the Scots, 570;
his titles, 586.

Richard the Second, King of England,
deposed by Parliament, i. 105; his
character compared with that of
Ethelred, 298.

Richard, Duke of York, nature of his
claims on the Crown, i. 595-
Richard, third son of King Robert, re-
bels against his brother Henry, i. 466.
Richard, son of Scrob, builds a castle in
Herefordshire, ii. 136; his son Osbern,

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INDEX.

its value, 198; his feeling towards
England, 202, 219; towards the Em-
pire, 236; his use of geographical
names, 598, 599; on the election of
Lewis, 615; on the death of William
Longsword, 616; his evidence as to
language, 666.

Rig's-mal Saga, its legend of the three-
fold division of men, i. 81.
Ringmere, Ulfcytel defeated at, by Thur-
kill, i. 344.

Riulf, rebels against William Longsword,
i. 188.

Robert, Duke of the Normans, son of
Richard the Good, succeeds his
brother Richard the Third, i. 464;
popularly known as the "Devil" and
the "Magnificent," ib.; suppresses re-
volts at home, ib.; reduces Britanny
to submission, 465; restores Baldwin
of Flanders, ib.; restores King Henry,
466; protects the English Ethel-
ings, ib.; relations between him and
Cnut, 467; marries Estrith, sister of
Cnut, 467, 468; supposed wars be-
tween him and Cnut, 468; his in-
tervention on behalf of the Æthelings,
468, 469; his character, 469, 474;
his unsuccessful attempt to invade
England, 469; probable results of
such an invasion, 470; his death at
Nikaia in Bithynia, 473; his con-
nexion with Herleva, ii. 177; raises
her kinsfolk to honours, ib.; birth of
his son William, 178; announces his
intention of pilgrimage, 185; proposes
William as his successor, 186.
Robert, son of William the Conqueror,
his Crusade, i. 153.

Robert the Strong, origin and history of
his family, i. 154, 157; the March of
Paris granted to him, 156.
Robert, Duke of the French, defeats
Rolf at Chartres, i. 165; the Norman
settlement made at his cost, 166;
godfather to Rolf, ib.; elected King,
173; killed at Soissons, 174.
Robert, King of the French, his domestic
troubles, i. 453; his alliance with
Richard the Good, 454; makes peace
between Richard and Odo of Chartres,
457.

Robert, Archbishop of Rouen, said to
have baptized Saint Olaf, i. 457;
legitimated son of Richard the Fear-
less, ii. 178, 179; his secular position
as Count of Evreux, ib.; his marriage,
ib.; his death, 207; a forefather of
Simon of Montfort, ib.; rebels against
Duke Robert, 464.

735

Robert, son of Herlwin and Herleva,
William's grant of Mortain to, ii. 289.
Robert, son of Wymarc, Staller under
Eadward, ii. 346; Eadward's grant
of a prebend to, 550.

Robert, Prior of Saint Ouen's and
Abbot of Jumièges, his favour with
Eadward the Confessor, ii. 69; ap-
pointed Bishop of London, ib.; his
baneful influence, 70; revives calum-
nies against Godwine, 70, 128; his
connexion with the Norman invasion,
71; appointed to the see of Canter-
bury, 118; returns from Rome with
his pallium, 120; refuses to consecrate
Spearhafoc, ib.; indignation at his
appointment to Canterbury, 128; his
cabals against Godwine, 128, 136;
his flight on the return of Godwine,
329, 628.

Robert the Bigod, charges William the
Warling with treason, ii. 288.

Robert of Grantmesnil, killed in battle,
ii. 197.

Robert Wiscard, his victories over both
Empires, i. 153.

Robert of Gloucester, his use of the
word Saxon, i. 531.

Robertson, Mr. E. W., his views on the
commendation of Scotland, i. 567; on
the cession of Lothian discussed, 573-
579; his note on the Danelage, 644;
on Simeon's version of the siege
of Durham, 738; on the war with
Macbeth, ii. 641.

Rochester, besieged by Ethelred, i.
265; lands of the Bishoprick seized
and restored, 265, 294; besieged by
the Danes, 294; its present diocese,
342.

Roger of Beaumont, sent against Roger

of Toesny, ii. 197; forefather of the
first house of the Earls of Leicester,
ib.

Roger of Montgomery, his banishment,
ii. 194; his five sons, ib.; his wife Mabel,
daughter of William Talvas, ib.; his
position among the Norman con-
querors of England, 194, 550; his
titles, 195; his bounty to monks, ib.
Roger of Toesny, his exploits in Spain,
i. 460; his descent, 461; his marriage,

ib.; rebels against William, ii. 197;
killed in battle, ib.

Roger of Wendover, his account of the
cession of Lothian, i. 575; character
of his history, 576; his account of
the massacre of Saint Brice, 637; of
the marriage of Emma, 663; of the
conference of Cnut and Eadmund,

691; of the death of Eadmund Iron-
side, 695; of Elfgifu of North-
hampton, 714, 715; of the death of
Eadric, 721; of the exploits of God-
wine, 723; of the trial and acquittal
of Godwine, 766; of the supposed
enmity between Harold and Tostig,
ii. 653.

Rolf, his settlement in Neustria, i. 105;
its analogy with that of Guthrum in
East-Anglia, ib.; its effects, ib.; forms
of his name, 163; his earlier exploits,
164; he occupies Rouen, 165; his de-
feat at Chartres, ib.; cession made to
him at Clair-on-Epte, ib.; his faith-
fulness to Charles the Simple, 167,
174; legend of his homage, 167; his
vassalage, 167, 609; character of his
government, 169; his wars with
France, 174; his acquisition of Ba-
yeux, 175; his abdication and death,
ib.; legends of his death, 178; his
marriages, 179, 612; birth of his son
William Longsword, 179; renewal of
his Law, 217; in what sense said to
speak English, 608.

Ρωμαίων βασιλεύς, Romanorum Impe-
rator, title of the Eastern Emperors,
i. 585.

Roman de Rou. See Wace.
Romana lingua, use of the phrase, i.
606.

Romance languages, their origin, i. 16;

their influence on English, 17; state
of, in the tenth century, 606-609.
Romanos, Emperor, his defeat at Manzi-
kert, i. 151.

Rome, increased connexion of English
ecclesiastics with, ii. 67; Synod of,
115; ill effects of pilgrimages to, 456.
Roskild, Annals of, their account of the
war of Cnut and Eadmund, i. 688.
Rouen, kernel of the Norman Duchy, i.
162, 168; its conquest by Rolf, 165;
loss of, by the Duchy of France, 166;
French spoken at, under William Long-
sword, 180, 191, 607; occupied by
Lewis, 211, 214; vainly besieged by
Lewis and Otto, 225; its commercial
connexion with London, 280.
Rudolf, described as a kinsman of King
Eadward, appointed to the Abbey of
Abingdon, ii. 119.

Rudolf, last King of Burgundy, i. 460.
Rudolf, Duke of Burgundy, defeats Rolf

at Chartres, i. 165; elected King of
the French, 174; defeats the North-
men at Limoges, 178, 180; sole King
after the death of Charles the Simple,
181.

Rudolf, father of Richer the historian,
recovers Laôn for Lewis, i. 228.
Rudolf Glaber, his way of speaking of
the Norman Dukes, i. 453; of the
Eastern Empire, 462; his account
of the election of Lewis, 597, 616;
of the death of William Longsword,
619; of the submission of Scotland
to Cnut, 741; of Duke Robert's pil-
grimage, 748; of Fulk of Anjou, ii.
618; of Odo of Chartres, 619, 620.
Rudolf Tosta, regent of Normandy for
Richard the Fearless, i. 212.

Rudolf of Ivry, his birth, i. 252; crushes
the peasant revolt, 257.

Russia, alleged refuge of the sons of
Eadmund, i. 410.

Rutland, its history, i. 562.

S.

Sagas, Scandinavian, their relation to
English history, i. 258.

Saint Clement Danes, church of, i. 763.
Saint Evroul, or Ouche, Abbey of, ii. 213,

226; the home of Orderic Vital, ib.;
story of Ebrulf or Evroul, its founder,
226; escapes the Danish ravages, 227;
pillaged by Hugh the Great, ib.; the
monastery forsaken, 228; church re-
stored by Restold, b.; lands and
church of Saint Evroul granted to
Bec, 230; restoration of Saint Evroul,
231; its Priors, ib.

Saint Michael's Mount, its position and
foundation, 1. 182; grants to it, 253,
515,534.

Saint Riquier, Abbey of, ii. 532.
Salisbury, removal of the Bishoprick from
the Old to the New, i. 290; description
and history of, 318, 319; sacked by
Swegen, 318.

Sandwich, seizure of Church property
at, i. 501.

Satrap, equivalent to Ealdorman among

the Old-Saxons, i. 579.

Saxo Grammaticus, character of his
history, i. 258; his account of the
last days of Swegen, 665; of the
murder of Eadmund, 697; of the
death of Ulf, 728; of the Housecarls,
733; of Cnut's kingdoms, 743; of
the marriage of Gunhild, 745; of the
marriage of Robert and Estrith, 748;
of Cnut's death, 750; of Cnut's
Under-kingdoms, 751; of the sanctity
of Eadward, ii. 522; of the character
of Harold, 541.

Saxon, not used as a national name in
England before the Norman Conquest,
i. 529, 530; always applied to the

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