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INDEX.

dom, 126-127; becomes the historical
Scotland, 127, 128.
Lucy, alleged daughter of Earl Ælfgar,
ii. 660.

Lulach, his reign over the Scots, ii. 365.
Lupus. See Wulfstan.

Lyderic of Flanders, legend of, i. 251.
Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury,

crowns Eadmund Ironside, i. 379,
674; crowns Cnut, 402, 674, 677; his
death, 423.

Lyfing, Bishop of Devonshire, a sup-
porter of Godwine, i. 494, 517; sus-
pected of a share in the murder of
the Etheling Alfred, ib.; receives
the see of Worcester in plurality,
50; is accused with Godwine of the
death of Alfred, 509; loses his Bishop-
rick of Worcester, ib.; recovers it by
purchase, ib.; accompanies Godwine
in his embassy to Eadward, ii. 7; his
death, 81; his career and character,
81, 82; his plurality of benefices, 82.

M.

Mabel, daughter of William Talvas, wife

of Roger of Montgomery, ii. 184.
Macaulay, Lord, on the deposition of
James the Second, i. 595.
Macbeth, Scottish Under-king, does
homage to Cnut, i. 447; his share
in the murder of Duncan, ii. 54;
his reign a period of prosperity for
Scotland, ib.; distributes money at
Rome, ib.; his supposed personal pil-
grimage there, 116, 117; favourably
receives Osbern and Hugh, 345; his
position in Scotland, 362; Siward's
expedition against him, 363, 364;
his alliance with Thorfinn, 363; his
defeat by Siward, ib.; his wars with
Malcolm, 365; is finally defeated and
slain, ib.; mythical account followed
by William of Malmesbury and
Shakespere, 644.

Maccus, defends the bridge at Maldon,
i. 270.

Magesætas, their territory, i. 561; pre-

sent at Assandun, 681.

Magnentius, his reign in Britain, i. 138.
Magnificus, meaning of the epithet, i.
259.

Magnus, son of Saint Olaf, dispossesses
Swegen, son of Cnut, in Norway, i.
477; his reign in Norway, ib.; his war
with Harthacnut, 498, 523; receives
the submission of Denmark on the
death of Harthacnut, by virtue of
a treaty, ii. 18; his claims on the
English Crown, 57, 73; his struggle

727

with Swegen for the Crown of Den-
mark, 72; attacked by Swegen and
Harold Hardrada, 78; is joined by
Harold Hardrada, who receives a
share of the Kingdom of Norway, 90;.
drives Swegen out of Jütland and
the Danish isles, ib.; defeats Swegen
and occupies Denmark, 92; his sud-
den death, ib.
Maiandros, crossing of, compared with
the battle of Maldon, i. 271.

Maine, alleged superiority of Normandy
over, i. 175.

Mainz, Synod of, convoked by Leo the
Ninth, ii. 111; presence of English
Prelates at, ib.

Malahulc, uncle of Rolf, his descendants,
i. 461.

Malcolm the First, King of Scots, re-

ceives Strathclyde or Cumberland
from Eadmund, f. 62; nature of the
grant, 571, 573.

Malcolm the Second, King of Scots,
does homage to Eadgar as Under-
king of Cumberland, i. 65, 124, 125;
refuses to pay Danegeld, 299; suc-
ceeds to the Crown of Scotland, 326;
besieges Durbain, and is defeated by
Uhtred, ib.; enters England, and de-
feats the Northumbrians at Carham,
444 does homage to Cnut, 446; his
death, 447.

Malcolm the Third, King of Scots, his
submission to William, i. 466; ac-
count of his relations to England,
568; his wars with Macbeth, who is
defeated and slain, ii. 365, 644; his
final establishment as King of the
Scots, 365; his sworn brotherhood
with Tostig, 383, 457, 646; invades
Northumberland during the absence
of Tostig, 457.

Maldon, battle of, i. 268, 273; site de-
scribed, 269; Song of, 268-272.
Malger, Archbishop of Rouen, son of
Richard the Good by Papia, ii. 179,

208.

Malmesbury, Ealdgyth, widow of Sige-
ferth, imprisoned at, i. 371; attempts
of Bishop Hermann the Lotharingian
Prelate to annex the Abbey to the
see of Wiltshire, ii. 401-403; resist-
ance of the monks to the union, 403;
the grant to Hermann revoked, 404;
action of the Witan and of Harold
in the matter, 404, 406.

Man, opposed to Lord, i. 90, 91.
Man, Isle of, its relations to England, i.
67; ravaged by Swegen, 289; by
Æthelred, 298.

[blocks in formation]

Mark, meaning of the word, i. 83, 96;
marks merged in shires, 96; system
of, less perfect in England, 97.
Marlborough, victory of the Danes at,
i. 327; Council of, ii. 577.
Marriage, Danish, i. 179, 327; Norman
and Frankish laxity in regard to,
180; rarity of, between English Kings
and foreigners, 303; instances of, be-
tween different classes, 329; marriage
with a step-mother, the custom of some
Teutonic nations, 558, 612-614.
Martin, Abbot of Jumièges, dissuades
William Longsword from the monastic
life, i. 190.

Martin, Saint, church of, near Canter-
bury, see of a suffragan Bishoprick,

i. 501.

Marzfeld, the Frankish assembly, i. 73.
Matilda, history of the name, ii. 290.
Matilda, daughter of Richard the Fear-

less, marries Odo of Chartres, i. 454.
Matilda of Flanders, sought in marriage
by William, ii. 290; her descent from
Alfred, 301, 369.

Matthew Paris, his account of the
election of John, i. 597.
Maximus, Emperor or Tyrant, i. 132,
345; his connexion with the legend
of Arthur, 138.

Mediterranei. See Middle-Angles.
Melrose Chronicle, on the battle of Car-
ham, i. 737.

Mercia, origin and growth of, i. 26, 580;
its greatness under Penda, 36; under
Æthelberht, Offa, and Cenwulf, 37,
38; its subjection to Ecgberht, 40;
invaded by the Danes, 45; divided
between Alfred and Guthrum, 46;
origin of the shires in, 47; local no-
menclature of, 48; its position under
Ælfred, 53, 76, 564; fully recovered
by Eadward and Æthelflæd, 56; in-
corporated with the West - Saxon
Kingdom, 57; again separated under
Eadgar, 62, 63; ravaged by Swegen,
357; ill success of Eadmund in keeping

an army together in, 375; its north-
western shires ravaged by Eadmund
and Uhtred, 376; its eastern shires
ravaged by Cnut and Eadric, ib.;
great plundering expedition of Cnut
in, 385, 386; divided between Cnut
and Eadmund, 394; Leofwine suc-
ceeds Eadric in the Earldom, 415;
action of its local Witan, 506; rela-
tions of Charles the Great with, 559,
560; its shires probably mapped out
afresh by Eadward the Elder, 362;
position of Ethelred and Æthelflæd,
563-565; its local Gemóts, 564; under
the government of Leofric, chief Earl
of, ii. 48, 558; succeeded by Elfgar,
416; various uses of the name, 557;
dismemberment of the Earldom, 557,
558; supremacy retained by Leofric,
558; its eastern shires revert to
Leofric, 561; shiftings of its western
shires, ib.

Meredydd, Prince of Wales, buys off
the Danes, i. 282; extent of his
dominions, ib.; his wars with Eng-
land, and league with the Northmen,
282, 283.

Merwings, not connected with modern
France, i. 154; contrast with the
Karlings, 160, 199.

Michael Catalectus, Emperor, ii. 581.
Middel Rice, Kingdom of Burgundy so
called, i. 601.

Middle-Angles, or Mediterranei, Earl-
dom of, i. 515; held by Thored, ii.
558; its probable extent, ib.
Middlesex, part of the Earldom of Har-
old, ii. 567; of Leofwine, ib.
Military tenure, Roman origin of, i. 91 ;
one element in feudalism, ib.
Minors, their position under the old
English monarchy, i. 107, 262.
Minster, monasterium, moutier, meaning
of the words, i. 424.

Monarchus, title of English Kings, its
meaning, i. 552; its use by Dante, ib.
Monasteries, foundation of, in Nor-
mandy, ii. 210; character of the
monastic reformations in various ages,

211.

Monasterium. See Minster.

Montgomery, death of Alan of Britanny
before, ii. 192; transference of its
name to a Welsh shire, 194.
Montreuil, war of, i. 200.
Morkere, son of Earngrim, murdered at
Oxford by Eadric, i. 371.

Morkere, younger son of Ælfgar of
Mercia, elected Earl of the Northum-
brians by the rebel Gemót, ii. 481;

INDEX.

marches southward and reaches North-
hampton, 485; joined by his brother
Eadwine, ib.; confirmed in his Earl-
dom, 494.

Mortain, County of, held by William
the Warling, ii. 287; bestowed on
William's half-brother Robert, 289.
Moutier. See Minster.
Mouzon, council at, i. 226.
Murdrum, legal process so called, i. 736.
Muriel, daughter of Herleva, ii. 616.
Myrce, use of the name, i. 586.

N.

Names of countries borrowed from the
people, i. 586, 598.

Navy, its efficiency under Eadgar, ordi-
nances for its revival under Æthelred,
i. 334, 335; the fleet raised by the con-
tributions of districts, 336-338; its
extent under Cnut, 507; reduction
in, ii. 113; paid off, 121.
Neal of Saint Saviour, drives back the
English from the Côtentin, i. 300;
his exploits in the Breton war, 465.
Neal the Second, chief leader in the re-
bellion against William, ii. 242, 243;
his exploits at Val-ès-dunes, 259.
Needlework, English skill in, i. 437.
Neot, Saint, his legend, i. 49.
Nest, daughter of Gruffydd and Eald-
gyth, ii. 659.

Neustria, its union with Aquitaine, i.
154; its final separation from Aus-
trasia, 155.

Nicolas the Second, Pope, receives
Tostig at Rome, ii. 453; consecrates
Walter and Gisa, 454; deprives
Faldred, ib.; yields to the threats of
Tostig, 455.

Nicolas, Abbot of Saint Ouen, illegiti-

mate son of Richard the Third, ii. 180.
Nikaia, Robert of Normandy dies and
is buried at, i. 473.

Nithard, his use of geographical names,

i. 603; his witness as to language in
the tenth century, 606.

Nobility, different forms of, i. 88; growth
of the doctrine concerning, 251; origin
of, in Normandy, ib.
Nomenclature, local, its permanence in
England, i. 8; in Gaul, 16; its Celtic
and Teutonic elements in England,
18, 383; how affected by Danish
settlements, 48; personal, its peculiar
character in England, 303; English,
Danish, and Flemish compared, 562,
563; state of, throughout Europe in
the tenth century, 598.

729.

Norman, use of the word as applied to
language, i. 607.

Normans, how blended with the Eng-
lish, i. 1, 9, 148; commendation of,
in Italy, to Leo the Ninth, 119;
practical effect of their kindred with
the English, 148; their national
character, 149, 153; they adopt the
French tongue and name, 149, 161,
244; effects of their settlement on
general history, 150; their exploits
in the East, 150, 151; in Sicily, ib.;
their influence on art, ib.; change in
their tactics, 151; the race every-
where blended with the conquered
nations, 152; special effects of their
settlement in Gaul, 153, 243; French
feelings towards, 163; titles of their
princes, 169; nature of their settle-
ment, 170; massacre of, in Britanny,
182; abet the Danes against England,
283, 284; begin to settle in England
under Emma, 301; foreign expedi-
tions and conquests, 458; conquest of
Apulia and Sicily, 461; struggle be-
tween Normans and Englishmen be-
gins with the accession of Eadward
the Confessor, ii. 4; promotion of, to
high office, 29; their calumnies against
Godwine and his sons, 31; their in-
fluence under Eadward, 124, 158, 293;
compared with that of the Danes, 125;
connexion of their great houses with
English history, 181; abuse of ecclesi-
astical appointments by their Dukes,
206; position of the Prelates, ib.;
their subjection to ducal authority,
207; their position in England in the
later days of Eadward the Confessor,
357-360.

Normandy, its vassalage to France, i.
167, 210, 609-611; original extent
of, 168; no early records of its history,
170; condition of the peasantry of,
171; Danish names in, ib.; its po-
litical constitution, 172; Christian and
heathen parties, 180, 188-191, 209;.
progress of the French language in,
180, 607; its supremacy over Britanny,
185; geographical distribution of par-
ties in, 189; attached to Ducal France
under Richard the Fearless, 208; fresh
Danish settlements in, 209; the Chris-
tian party seek French help, ib.;
absolute independence of the Duchy
asserted, 220; its commendation to
Hugh the Great, 220, 221; its alliance
with Ducal France, 222; ravaged by
Lewis and Otto, 225; spoken of as a
Kingdom, 234; determines the fall of

-

the Karlings, 243; its position estab-
lished by the Capetian revolution,
244; its relation with the Capetian
Kings, 245; character of its early
jurisprudence, 257; its increasing con.
nexion with England, 284; the Danes
received in its ports, 298, 339; Æthel-
red's war with, 300, 301; its results,
302; its friendly relations with France
and Britanny, 453, 454; titles of its
princes, 453, 454; keeps up its con-
nexion with Scandinavia, 458; its
slow acquisition of any territorial
name, 605; effects of William's reign
on, ii. 166, 167, 191; anarchy in, during
William's minority, 189; building of
castles, ib.; frequency of assassinations,
190; ill relations between Normandy
and France from the accession of
William, 199; causes of the ill feeling,
201; dispute about Tillières, ib.; in-
vasion of Normandy by King Henry,
203; ecclesiastical movement in Nor-
mandy foundation of monasteries,
210; connexion of the religious move-
ment in Normandy with the Conquest
of England, 232; Guy of Burgundy's
scheme for a division of the Duchy,
241; William's power firmly estab
lished in, 266; supremacy of the
French element confirmed, 267; pros-
perous condition of, under William,290.
Northampton, treaty of, i. 121, 130, 144;
burned by Thurkill, 347; negotiations
with the Northumbrians at, ii. 485-
489.
Northamptonshire, ravaged by the
Northumbrians, ii. 486; its varied re-
lations to the great Earldoms, 559;
detached from Northumberland in
favour of Waltheof, 559, 560.
Northman, Norman, meaning of the
name in English topography, i. 605.
Northman, son of Leofwine, executed, i.
411, 719; his alleged connexion with
Eadric, 411; his titles, 719.
Northmannia, Nortmannia, Normannia,
various uses of the name, i. 605.
Northumberland, origin of, i. 25; its
greatness in the sixth century, 35;
its struggles with Mercia, 36; its
greatness in the seventh century, and
decline, 37; its alleged submission to
Charles the Great, 38, 559; submits
to Ecgberht, 40; conquered by the
Danes, 45; divided by them, 46; oc-
cupied by the Danes, ib.; its local no-
menclature, 48; submits to Elfred, 52;
its commendation to Eadward the
Elder, 57,123,587; incorporated with

the Kingdom by Ethelstan, 59; re-
volts against Eadmund, 61; reduced
to an Earldom, 61, 76; favoured by
Eadgar, 65; deposition of Kings in,
104, 105, 593; local independence re-
tained by, 116; invaded by Malcolm,
326; united under Uhtred, 327;
savage manners of its inhabitants,
327, ii. 49, 380, 520; submits to Swe-
gen, i. 356; division of the Earldom
under Cnut, 377; its affairs under Cnut,
444; united under Siward, 522; ex-
tent of, under Oswiu and Oswald, 547;
relations of Charles the Great with,
559; formation of the Kingdom, 580;
succession of the Earls in, 644-646;
its condition under Siward, ii. 49;
its position, 51; provincial jealousy of
the Northumbrians, 141; they sup-
port Eadward against Godwine, ib. ;
Tostig, son of Godwine, appointed
Earl of, 375; disturbed state of the
country, 380; Tostig's efforts to restore
order, ib.; invaded by Malcolm King
of Scots during Tostig's absence at
Rome, 457; oppression of Tostig, 477;
revolt of the Northumbrians against
Tostig, ib.; constitutional position of
Northumberland, 479; rebel Gemót
held by the Northumbrians at York,
481; Tostig deposed and Morkere
elected Earl, ib.; the Northumbrians
massacre the followers of Tostig and
plunder his treasury, 484; ravage
Northamptonshire, 46; negotiations
with them, 487, 689, 690; the acts of
their Gemót at York confirmed, 495.
Norway, comparatively slight inter-
course of England with, i. 44; settle-
ments in, from Scotland and Ireland,
ib.; revolutions of, 448; reign of
Saint Olaf over, 449, 450; Cnut
chosen King of, 450; Cnut's son
Swegen succeeds as King, 477; is
expelled thence, ib.; reign of Magnus,
son of Saint Olaf, ib.; Harthacnut's
war with Magnus, 523.

Norwegian incursions,distinguished from
Danish, i. 268.

Nottingham, seized by the Danes, i. 45 ;
one of the Five Boroughs, 48; re-
covered by Eadward the Elder, 61;
its connexion with Tostig, ii. 560.
Noy, the reviver of Ship-money, i. 339.

0.

Occidentales, equivalent to French, i.
603, 604.

Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury, favours

INDEX.

the monks, i. 63; his embassy to
Hugh the Great, 198.

Odda, various forms of the name, ii.
565.

Odda, a kinsman of King Eadward,

set over the western shires of God-
wine's Earldom, ii. 158, 564-565;
his death and character, 406, 407;
afterwards Earl of the Hwiccas, 407,
566; becomes a monk, 407; his al-
leged French origin, 565; his family
and signatures, ib.

Oddington, origin of the name, ii. 565.
Odo, King of the West Franks, his
homage to Arnulf, i. 120; his defence
of Paris, 157, 161; his election as
King, 157.

Odo, son of Herleva by Herlwin of
Conteville, see of Bayeux bestowed
on, ii. 208; his character in England,
ib.; and in Normandy, 209; his
work in Bayeux cathedral, ib.
Odo the Second of Chartres, marries
Matilda of Normandy, i. 454; his
war with Richard the Good, 455, 457;
war of Count Fulk of Anjou with, ii.
271; defeated by Fulk in the battle
of Pontlevois, 272; his last days, 274;
his war with King Henry of France,
ib.; his attempt on the Kingdom of
Burgundy, ib.; his defeat and death
at Bar, 275; distinguished from his
grandfather, 619; various accounts of
his wars, 619-621; how looked on in
Germany, 620.

Odo, fourth son of King Robert, i. 466.
Odo, Comes or Consul, question of his
identity, 565.

Offa, first King of the East-Angles, i. 25.
Offa, King of the Mercians, his victories,

i. 38; his dealings with Charles the
Great, 38, 560; titles given to, 561.
Olaf Tryggvesson, King of the North-
men, Sagas of his early life, i. 267,
287; ravages Cheshire, 268; present
at the battle of Maldon, ib.; invades
England in concert with Swegen,
285; driven back from London, 286;
ravages Southern England, 286, 287;
makes peace with Ethelred, 288;
his confirmation and adoption, ib.;
his fidelity to his engagement, ib.; his
forcible introduction of Christianity
into Norway, ib; his death, ib.; other
accounts of his conversion, ib.
Olaf, Saint, son of Harold, his alleged

share in the wars of Ethelred and
Cnut, i. 368, 373; his baptism, 373;
his alleged help to the sons of Eadmund
Ironside, 401; his reign in Norway,

731

449; brings Bishops and other church-
men from England, ib.; his persecu-
tion of the heathens, ib.; summoned
to hold the Crown of Norway as vassal
of Cnut, 450; rejects the summons,
and is attacked by Cnut, ib.; allies
himself with the Swedish King Omund,
ib.; defeats Cnut at the Helga, ib.;
expelled by Cnut, who is chosen King
of all Norway, ib.; killed at Stik-
klestad, and looked upon as a martyr,
ib.; his alleged presence in Nor-
mandy, 456.

Olaf, Saint, Saga of, quoted, i. 448, 686.
Olaf or James, King of the Swedes, half-

brother of Cnut, protects the children
of Eadmund Ironside, i. 410.
Old-English, technical use of the word,
i. 541.

Olney, conference of, between Cnut and
Eadmund, i. 393; different accounts

of, 688-693; position of the place, 690.
Omund, his presence at the battle of
the Helga, i. 743.

Orderic, his affected use of national names,
i. 535-536; his account of the death
of Swegen, 666; character of his His-
tory, ii. 162; his profession at Ouche,
213; his account of Harold, 539; of
the marriage of Eadward the Æthel-
ing, 651.

Orientales, equivalent to German, i.
603, 604.

Orleans, Robert son of Hugh Capet
crowned at, i. 240.

Ormulum, quoted, ii. 498.

Osbeorn, son of Ulf, his banishment, ii.
10, 63, 521.

Osbeorn, son of Siward, his death, ii.
643, 644.

Osbern, on the election of Eadward the
Martyr, i. 626; on the taking of
Canterbury, 658; on the baptism of
Cnut, 676.

Osbern, guardian of William, ii. 192;
murdered at Vaudreuil by William
of Montgomery, 195; his son William
Fitz-Osbern, 196.

Osbern, son of Richard, son of Scrob,
ii. 345; surrenders his castle, and
throws himself on the mercy of Earl
Leofric, ib.; favourably received by
Macbeth, ib.; his later possession of
land and office in Herefordshire, ib.
Osgod Clapa, banished, ii. 63, 89; pro-
bably entered the service of Swegen
Estrithson, 90; his movements, 99,
108; appears on the coast of Flanders,
108; takes his wife from Bruges, and
sails back to Denmark, ib.; destruc-

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