dom, 126-127; becomes the historical Scotland, 127, 128. Lucy, alleged daughter of Earl Ælfgar, ii. 660.
Lulach, his reign over the Scots, ii. 365. Lupus. See Wulfstan.
Lyderic of Flanders, legend of, i. 251. Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury,
crowns Eadmund Ironside, i. 379, 674; crowns Cnut, 402, 674, 677; his death, 423.
Lyfing, Bishop of Devonshire, a sup- porter of Godwine, i. 494, 517; sus- pected of a share in the murder of the Etheling Alfred, ib.; receives the see of Worcester in plurality, 50; is accused with Godwine of the death of Alfred, 509; loses his Bishop- rick of Worcester, ib.; recovers it by purchase, ib.; accompanies Godwine in his embassy to Eadward, ii. 7; his death, 81; his career and character, 81, 82; his plurality of benefices, 82.
Mabel, daughter of William Talvas, wife
of Roger of Montgomery, ii. 184. Macaulay, Lord, on the deposition of James the Second, i. 595. Macbeth, Scottish Under-king, does homage to Cnut, i. 447; his share in the murder of Duncan, ii. 54; his reign a period of prosperity for Scotland, ib.; distributes money at Rome, ib.; his supposed personal pil- grimage there, 116, 117; favourably receives Osbern and Hugh, 345; his position in Scotland, 362; Siward's expedition against him, 363, 364; his alliance with Thorfinn, 363; his defeat by Siward, ib.; his wars with Malcolm, 365; is finally defeated and slain, ib.; mythical account followed by William of Malmesbury and Shakespere, 644.
Maccus, defends the bridge at Maldon, i. 270.
Magesætas, their territory, i. 561; pre-
sent at Assandun, 681.
Magnentius, his reign in Britain, i. 138. Magnificus, meaning of the epithet, i. 259.
Magnus, son of Saint Olaf, dispossesses Swegen, son of Cnut, in Norway, i. 477; his reign in Norway, ib.; his war with Harthacnut, 498, 523; receives the submission of Denmark on the death of Harthacnut, by virtue of a treaty, ii. 18; his claims on the English Crown, 57, 73; his struggle
with Swegen for the Crown of Den- mark, 72; attacked by Swegen and Harold Hardrada, 78; is joined by Harold Hardrada, who receives a share of the Kingdom of Norway, 90;. drives Swegen out of Jütland and the Danish isles, ib.; defeats Swegen and occupies Denmark, 92; his sud- den death, ib. Maiandros, crossing of, compared with the battle of Maldon, i. 271.
Maine, alleged superiority of Normandy over, i. 175.
Mainz, Synod of, convoked by Leo the Ninth, ii. 111; presence of English Prelates at, ib.
Malahulc, uncle of Rolf, his descendants, i. 461.
Malcolm the First, King of Scots, re-
ceives Strathclyde or Cumberland from Eadmund, f. 62; nature of the grant, 571, 573.
Malcolm the Second, King of Scots, does homage to Eadgar as Under- king of Cumberland, i. 65, 124, 125; refuses to pay Danegeld, 299; suc- ceeds to the Crown of Scotland, 326; besieges Durbain, and is defeated by Uhtred, ib.; enters England, and de- feats the Northumbrians at Carham, 444 does homage to Cnut, 446; his death, 447.
Malcolm the Third, King of Scots, his submission to William, i. 466; ac- count of his relations to England, 568; his wars with Macbeth, who is defeated and slain, ii. 365, 644; his final establishment as King of the Scots, 365; his sworn brotherhood with Tostig, 383, 457, 646; invades Northumberland during the absence of Tostig, 457.
Maldon, battle of, i. 268, 273; site de- scribed, 269; Song of, 268-272. Malger, Archbishop of Rouen, son of Richard the Good by Papia, ii. 179,
Malmesbury, Ealdgyth, widow of Sige- ferth, imprisoned at, i. 371; attempts of Bishop Hermann the Lotharingian Prelate to annex the Abbey to the see of Wiltshire, ii. 401-403; resist- ance of the monks to the union, 403; the grant to Hermann revoked, 404; action of the Witan and of Harold in the matter, 404, 406.
Man, opposed to Lord, i. 90, 91. Man, Isle of, its relations to England, i. 67; ravaged by Swegen, 289; by Æthelred, 298.
Mark, meaning of the word, i. 83, 96; marks merged in shires, 96; system of, less perfect in England, 97. Marlborough, victory of the Danes at, i. 327; Council of, ii. 577. Marriage, Danish, i. 179, 327; Norman and Frankish laxity in regard to, 180; rarity of, between English Kings and foreigners, 303; instances of, be- tween different classes, 329; marriage with a step-mother, the custom of some Teutonic nations, 558, 612-614. Martin, Abbot of Jumièges, dissuades William Longsword from the monastic life, i. 190.
Martin, Saint, church of, near Canter- bury, see of a suffragan Bishoprick,
Marzfeld, the Frankish assembly, i. 73. Matilda, history of the name, ii. 290. Matilda, daughter of Richard the Fear-
less, marries Odo of Chartres, i. 454. Matilda of Flanders, sought in marriage by William, ii. 290; her descent from Alfred, 301, 369.
Matthew Paris, his account of the election of John, i. 597. Maximus, Emperor or Tyrant, i. 132, 345; his connexion with the legend of Arthur, 138.
Mediterranei. See Middle-Angles. Melrose Chronicle, on the battle of Car- ham, i. 737.
Mercia, origin and growth of, i. 26, 580; its greatness under Penda, 36; under Æthelberht, Offa, and Cenwulf, 37, 38; its subjection to Ecgberht, 40; invaded by the Danes, 45; divided between Alfred and Guthrum, 46; origin of the shires in, 47; local no- menclature of, 48; its position under Ælfred, 53, 76, 564; fully recovered by Eadward and Æthelflæd, 56; in- corporated with the West - Saxon Kingdom, 57; again separated under Eadgar, 62, 63; ravaged by Swegen, 357; ill success of Eadmund in keeping
an army together in, 375; its north- western shires ravaged by Eadmund and Uhtred, 376; its eastern shires ravaged by Cnut and Eadric, ib.; great plundering expedition of Cnut in, 385, 386; divided between Cnut and Eadmund, 394; Leofwine suc- ceeds Eadric in the Earldom, 415; action of its local Witan, 506; rela- tions of Charles the Great with, 559, 560; its shires probably mapped out afresh by Eadward the Elder, 362; position of Ethelred and Æthelflæd, 563-565; its local Gemóts, 564; under the government of Leofric, chief Earl of, ii. 48, 558; succeeded by Elfgar, 416; various uses of the name, 557; dismemberment of the Earldom, 557, 558; supremacy retained by Leofric, 558; its eastern shires revert to Leofric, 561; shiftings of its western shires, ib.
Meredydd, Prince of Wales, buys off the Danes, i. 282; extent of his dominions, ib.; his wars with Eng- land, and league with the Northmen, 282, 283.
Merwings, not connected with modern France, i. 154; contrast with the Karlings, 160, 199.
Michael Catalectus, Emperor, ii. 581. Middel Rice, Kingdom of Burgundy so called, i. 601.
Middle-Angles, or Mediterranei, Earl- dom of, i. 515; held by Thored, ii. 558; its probable extent, ib. Middlesex, part of the Earldom of Har- old, ii. 567; of Leofwine, ib. Military tenure, Roman origin of, i. 91 ; one element in feudalism, ib. Minors, their position under the old English monarchy, i. 107, 262. Minster, monasterium, moutier, meaning of the words, i. 424.
Monarchus, title of English Kings, its meaning, i. 552; its use by Dante, ib. Monasteries, foundation of, in Nor- mandy, ii. 210; character of the monastic reformations in various ages,
Monasterium. See Minster.
Montgomery, death of Alan of Britanny before, ii. 192; transference of its name to a Welsh shire, 194. Montreuil, war of, i. 200. Morkere, son of Earngrim, murdered at Oxford by Eadric, i. 371.
Morkere, younger son of Ælfgar of Mercia, elected Earl of the Northum- brians by the rebel Gemót, ii. 481;
marches southward and reaches North- hampton, 485; joined by his brother Eadwine, ib.; confirmed in his Earl- dom, 494.
Mortain, County of, held by William the Warling, ii. 287; bestowed on William's half-brother Robert, 289. Moutier. See Minster. Mouzon, council at, i. 226. Murdrum, legal process so called, i. 736. Muriel, daughter of Herleva, ii. 616. Myrce, use of the name, i. 586.
Names of countries borrowed from the people, i. 586, 598.
Navy, its efficiency under Eadgar, ordi- nances for its revival under Æthelred, i. 334, 335; the fleet raised by the con- tributions of districts, 336-338; its extent under Cnut, 507; reduction in, ii. 113; paid off, 121. Neal of Saint Saviour, drives back the English from the Côtentin, i. 300; his exploits in the Breton war, 465. Neal the Second, chief leader in the re- bellion against William, ii. 242, 243; his exploits at Val-ès-dunes, 259. Needlework, English skill in, i. 437. Neot, Saint, his legend, i. 49. Nest, daughter of Gruffydd and Eald- gyth, ii. 659.
Neustria, its union with Aquitaine, i. 154; its final separation from Aus- trasia, 155.
Nicolas the Second, Pope, receives Tostig at Rome, ii. 453; consecrates Walter and Gisa, 454; deprives Faldred, ib.; yields to the threats of Tostig, 455.
Nicolas, Abbot of Saint Ouen, illegiti-
mate son of Richard the Third, ii. 180. Nikaia, Robert of Normandy dies and is buried at, i. 473.
Nithard, his use of geographical names,
i. 603; his witness as to language in the tenth century, 606.
Nobility, different forms of, i. 88; growth of the doctrine concerning, 251; origin of, in Normandy, ib. Nomenclature, local, its permanence in England, i. 8; in Gaul, 16; its Celtic and Teutonic elements in England, 18, 383; how affected by Danish settlements, 48; personal, its peculiar character in England, 303; English, Danish, and Flemish compared, 562, 563; state of, throughout Europe in the tenth century, 598.
Norman, use of the word as applied to language, i. 607.
Normans, how blended with the Eng- lish, i. 1, 9, 148; commendation of, in Italy, to Leo the Ninth, 119; practical effect of their kindred with the English, 148; their national character, 149, 153; they adopt the French tongue and name, 149, 161, 244; effects of their settlement on general history, 150; their exploits in the East, 150, 151; in Sicily, ib.; their influence on art, ib.; change in their tactics, 151; the race every- where blended with the conquered nations, 152; special effects of their settlement in Gaul, 153, 243; French feelings towards, 163; titles of their princes, 169; nature of their settle- ment, 170; massacre of, in Britanny, 182; abet the Danes against England, 283, 284; begin to settle in England under Emma, 301; foreign expedi- tions and conquests, 458; conquest of Apulia and Sicily, 461; struggle be- tween Normans and Englishmen be- gins with the accession of Eadward the Confessor, ii. 4; promotion of, to high office, 29; their calumnies against Godwine and his sons, 31; their in- fluence under Eadward, 124, 158, 293; compared with that of the Danes, 125; connexion of their great houses with English history, 181; abuse of ecclesi- astical appointments by their Dukes, 206; position of the Prelates, ib.; their subjection to ducal authority, 207; their position in England in the later days of Eadward the Confessor, 357-360.
Normandy, its vassalage to France, i. 167, 210, 609-611; original extent of, 168; no early records of its history, 170; condition of the peasantry of, 171; Danish names in, ib.; its po- litical constitution, 172; Christian and heathen parties, 180, 188-191, 209;. progress of the French language in, 180, 607; its supremacy over Britanny, 185; geographical distribution of par- ties in, 189; attached to Ducal France under Richard the Fearless, 208; fresh Danish settlements in, 209; the Chris- tian party seek French help, ib.; absolute independence of the Duchy asserted, 220; its commendation to Hugh the Great, 220, 221; its alliance with Ducal France, 222; ravaged by Lewis and Otto, 225; spoken of as a Kingdom, 234; determines the fall of
the Karlings, 243; its position estab- lished by the Capetian revolution, 244; its relation with the Capetian Kings, 245; character of its early jurisprudence, 257; its increasing con. nexion with England, 284; the Danes received in its ports, 298, 339; Æthel- red's war with, 300, 301; its results, 302; its friendly relations with France and Britanny, 453, 454; titles of its princes, 453, 454; keeps up its con- nexion with Scandinavia, 458; its slow acquisition of any territorial name, 605; effects of William's reign on, ii. 166, 167, 191; anarchy in, during William's minority, 189; building of castles, ib.; frequency of assassinations, 190; ill relations between Normandy and France from the accession of William, 199; causes of the ill feeling, 201; dispute about Tillières, ib.; in- vasion of Normandy by King Henry, 203; ecclesiastical movement in Nor- mandy foundation of monasteries, 210; connexion of the religious move- ment in Normandy with the Conquest of England, 232; Guy of Burgundy's scheme for a division of the Duchy, 241; William's power firmly estab lished in, 266; supremacy of the French element confirmed, 267; pros- perous condition of, under William,290. Northampton, treaty of, i. 121, 130, 144; burned by Thurkill, 347; negotiations with the Northumbrians at, ii. 485- 489. Northamptonshire, ravaged by the Northumbrians, ii. 486; its varied re- lations to the great Earldoms, 559; detached from Northumberland in favour of Waltheof, 559, 560. Northman, Norman, meaning of the name in English topography, i. 605. Northman, son of Leofwine, executed, i. 411, 719; his alleged connexion with Eadric, 411; his titles, 719. Northmannia, Nortmannia, Normannia, various uses of the name, i. 605. Northumberland, origin of, i. 25; its greatness in the sixth century, 35; its struggles with Mercia, 36; its greatness in the seventh century, and decline, 37; its alleged submission to Charles the Great, 38, 559; submits to Ecgberht, 40; conquered by the Danes, 45; divided by them, 46; oc- cupied by the Danes, ib.; its local no- menclature, 48; submits to Elfred, 52; its commendation to Eadward the Elder, 57,123,587; incorporated with
the Kingdom by Ethelstan, 59; re- volts against Eadmund, 61; reduced to an Earldom, 61, 76; favoured by Eadgar, 65; deposition of Kings in, 104, 105, 593; local independence re- tained by, 116; invaded by Malcolm, 326; united under Uhtred, 327; savage manners of its inhabitants, 327, ii. 49, 380, 520; submits to Swe- gen, i. 356; division of the Earldom under Cnut, 377; its affairs under Cnut, 444; united under Siward, 522; ex- tent of, under Oswiu and Oswald, 547; relations of Charles the Great with, 559; formation of the Kingdom, 580; succession of the Earls in, 644-646; its condition under Siward, ii. 49; its position, 51; provincial jealousy of the Northumbrians, 141; they sup- port Eadward against Godwine, ib. ; Tostig, son of Godwine, appointed Earl of, 375; disturbed state of the country, 380; Tostig's efforts to restore order, ib.; invaded by Malcolm King of Scots during Tostig's absence at Rome, 457; oppression of Tostig, 477; revolt of the Northumbrians against Tostig, ib.; constitutional position of Northumberland, 479; rebel Gemót held by the Northumbrians at York, 481; Tostig deposed and Morkere elected Earl, ib.; the Northumbrians massacre the followers of Tostig and plunder his treasury, 484; ravage Northamptonshire, 46; negotiations with them, 487, 689, 690; the acts of their Gemót at York confirmed, 495. Norway, comparatively slight inter- course of England with, i. 44; settle- ments in, from Scotland and Ireland, ib.; revolutions of, 448; reign of Saint Olaf over, 449, 450; Cnut chosen King of, 450; Cnut's son Swegen succeeds as King, 477; is expelled thence, ib.; reign of Magnus, son of Saint Olaf, ib.; Harthacnut's war with Magnus, 523.
Norwegian incursions,distinguished from Danish, i. 268.
Nottingham, seized by the Danes, i. 45 ; one of the Five Boroughs, 48; re- covered by Eadward the Elder, 61; its connexion with Tostig, ii. 560. Noy, the reviver of Ship-money, i. 339.
Occidentales, equivalent to French, i. 603, 604.
Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury, favours
the monks, i. 63; his embassy to Hugh the Great, 198.
Odda, various forms of the name, ii. 565.
Odda, a kinsman of King Eadward,
set over the western shires of God- wine's Earldom, ii. 158, 564-565; his death and character, 406, 407; afterwards Earl of the Hwiccas, 407, 566; becomes a monk, 407; his al- leged French origin, 565; his family and signatures, ib.
Oddington, origin of the name, ii. 565. Odo, King of the West Franks, his homage to Arnulf, i. 120; his defence of Paris, 157, 161; his election as King, 157.
Odo, son of Herleva by Herlwin of Conteville, see of Bayeux bestowed on, ii. 208; his character in England, ib.; and in Normandy, 209; his work in Bayeux cathedral, ib. Odo the Second of Chartres, marries Matilda of Normandy, i. 454; his war with Richard the Good, 455, 457; war of Count Fulk of Anjou with, ii. 271; defeated by Fulk in the battle of Pontlevois, 272; his last days, 274; his war with King Henry of France, ib.; his attempt on the Kingdom of Burgundy, ib.; his defeat and death at Bar, 275; distinguished from his grandfather, 619; various accounts of his wars, 619-621; how looked on in Germany, 620.
Odo, fourth son of King Robert, i. 466. Odo, Comes or Consul, question of his identity, 565.
Offa, first King of the East-Angles, i. 25. Offa, King of the Mercians, his victories,
i. 38; his dealings with Charles the Great, 38, 560; titles given to, 561. Olaf Tryggvesson, King of the North- men, Sagas of his early life, i. 267, 287; ravages Cheshire, 268; present at the battle of Maldon, ib.; invades England in concert with Swegen, 285; driven back from London, 286; ravages Southern England, 286, 287; makes peace with Ethelred, 288; his confirmation and adoption, ib.; his fidelity to his engagement, ib.; his forcible introduction of Christianity into Norway, ib; his death, ib.; other accounts of his conversion, ib. Olaf, Saint, son of Harold, his alleged
share in the wars of Ethelred and Cnut, i. 368, 373; his baptism, 373; his alleged help to the sons of Eadmund Ironside, 401; his reign in Norway,
449; brings Bishops and other church- men from England, ib.; his persecu- tion of the heathens, ib.; summoned to hold the Crown of Norway as vassal of Cnut, 450; rejects the summons, and is attacked by Cnut, ib.; allies himself with the Swedish King Omund, ib.; defeats Cnut at the Helga, ib.; expelled by Cnut, who is chosen King of all Norway, ib.; killed at Stik- klestad, and looked upon as a martyr, ib.; his alleged presence in Nor- mandy, 456.
Olaf, Saint, Saga of, quoted, i. 448, 686. Olaf or James, King of the Swedes, half-
brother of Cnut, protects the children of Eadmund Ironside, i. 410. Old-English, technical use of the word, i. 541.
Olney, conference of, between Cnut and Eadmund, i. 393; different accounts
of, 688-693; position of the place, 690. Omund, his presence at the battle of the Helga, i. 743.
Orderic, his affected use of national names, i. 535-536; his account of the death of Swegen, 666; character of his His- tory, ii. 162; his profession at Ouche, 213; his account of Harold, 539; of the marriage of Eadward the Æthel- ing, 651.
Orientales, equivalent to German, i. 603, 604.
Orleans, Robert son of Hugh Capet crowned at, i. 240.
Ormulum, quoted, ii. 498.
Osbeorn, son of Ulf, his banishment, ii. 10, 63, 521.
Osbeorn, son of Siward, his death, ii. 643, 644.
Osbern, on the election of Eadward the Martyr, i. 626; on the taking of Canterbury, 658; on the baptism of Cnut, 676.
Osbern, guardian of William, ii. 192; murdered at Vaudreuil by William of Montgomery, 195; his son William Fitz-Osbern, 196.
Osbern, son of Richard, son of Scrob, ii. 345; surrenders his castle, and throws himself on the mercy of Earl Leofric, ib.; favourably received by Macbeth, ib.; his later possession of land and office in Herefordshire, ib. Osgod Clapa, banished, ii. 63, 89; pro- bably entered the service of Swegen Estrithson, 90; his movements, 99, 108; appears on the coast of Flanders, 108; takes his wife from Bruges, and sails back to Denmark, ib.; destruc-
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