the Norman Conquest, 142, 143;
later instances of them, 143, 144;
modern traces of, 145; specimens of
the titles, 548, 551; the Imperial
position asserted in later times, 554,
555; under Edward the Second, 554;
under Henry the Eighth, 554, 555;
under Elizabeth, 555.

Empire, Roman, its extent at the end
of the sixth century, i. 31; restored
by Otto the Great, 60; position of
its princes, 76; condition of, in the
tenth century, 117; commendation
of princes to, 119; commendation of
England to, 120; its relations to its
princes compared with those in Eng-
land and France, 131; its position in
the ninth and tenth century, 141, 142;
its restoration by Otto, 142; divisions
of, in the ninth century, 155; pro-
gress of the Danes favoured by its
divisions, 159; attention of the Eng-
lish Chroniclers to its affairs, 267;
its subjects specially favoured in Lon-
don, 280, 281; Cnut's relations with,
450, 451, 743-747; alliance with a
part of the policy of Godwine and
Harold, ii. 96.

Empress, Elizabeth so called, i. 555.
Englaland, England, date of the name,
i. 78, 605, 629; comparison of its
history with that of Germany, 95,
96; strictly one Kingdom in the
eleventh century, 116; commended
to the Pope by John, 120; per-
haps commended to the Empire,
ib.; its earlier and later independ-
ence of the Empire, 141-144; last-
ing Imperial position of, 145; its
foreign position in the tenth century,
182; its connexion with Normandy
less intimate than with the neigh-
bouring states, 184; its condition
under Æthelred, 260; its increasing
intercourse with Normandy, 284; its
imperfect union under Æthelred, 296,
346; divided between Cnut and Ead-
mund, 394; its state at the death of
Cnut, 477; its early intercourse with
the Continent, 556-559; various
names for, 605.

English, name used as equivalent to
East-Angles, i. 404; proper name of
the Teutonic inhabitants of Britain,
529-530, 541; opposed to French
and Normans, 531; its use by all ex-
cept the Celts, 534, 536; modern
confusions on the subject, 536-540.
English Constitution, survived the Nor-
man Conquest, i. 69; its origin, 72-

73; effect of its forms on the re-
sistance to the Danes, 295, 296.
English language, its origin and con-
nexion with other tongues, i. 14;
Celtic and Latin elements in, 16-17;
its essentially Low-Dutch character,
17, 539; Romance infusion in, b.;
nature of the Celtic element in, 18,
538; not employed in public worship,
31; growth of its literature, 32; how
affected by the Norman Conquest,
539-540; in what sense said to be
spoken by Rolf, 608.

English people, retain their language
and heathen worship in Britain, i.
16; blending of their various tribes,
21; their isolation before their con-
version, 29-30; they form the first
National Church in the West, 31-32;
Thietmar's account of their origin,
348; their position with regard to
the Danes, 425-429; sketch of their
origin and history, 537, 538.
Englishry, meaning of the word, i. 736.
Enham, laws of, i. 353, 336.

Eorl, Earl, Danish equivalent of Eal-
dorman, i. 76, 277, 405, 582, 646;
original English meaning, 80; op
posed to Ceorl, 81, 82; supplanted
by the Thegns, 88; analogy with the
Roman Patricians, ib.; use of the title
under Cnut, 405, 432, 582; no Eng.
lish feminine of, ii. 661.
Erchempert, his account of the division
of the Empire, i. 600.

Eric, appointed Earl of the Northum-
brians by Cnut, i. 377, 444, ii. 556;
banished, i. 446.

Esegar, son of Æthelstan, and grandson

of Tofig, loses his inheritance, i. 524.
Essex, Kingdom of, i. 23; becomes an
appanage of Wessex, 40; recovered
by Eadward the Elder, 56; ravaged
by Thurkill in 1009, 343; lack of
building stone in, 423; part of the
Earldom of Harold, ii. 567; of Leof-
wine, ib.

Estrith, sister of Cnut, married to Ulf,
i. 420; and afterwards to Robert of
Normandy, 467, 748, 749; her dowry,
749.

'Eraipos, Greek, compared with the Eng-
lish Gesið, i. 86.

Edel, or Odal, origin and meaning of,
i. 83, 84.

Eu, stormed by the French, i. 174; tale
of Rolf's death at, ib.

Euripides, quoted as illustrating the
character of Cnut, i. 430.

Eustace, Count of Boulogne, marries

Godgifu, daughter of Ethelred, ii.
129; father of Godfrey, ib.; visits
King Eadward at Gloucester, ib.;
outrages committed at Dover on
his return, 130; resistance of the
burghers, 131; Eustace accuses the
men of Dover to the King, ib.
Evesham, history of the Abbey, i. 506.
Evesham History on Abbots Man-
nig and Ethelwig, ii. 669.
Exeter, its origin and early history, i.
307; its division between English
and Welsh, 308; becomes wholly
English under Æthelstan, ib.; its
fortifications, ib.; its municipal, com-
mercial, and military importance,
309; attacked by the Danes in 1001,
ib.; valour and successful resistance
of the citizens, 309, 310; given to
Emma as her morning-gift, 315; be-
trayed to Swegen by Hugh the
Frenchman, ib.; the city stormed
and the wall broken down, ib.; the
see of Devonshire removed to, from
Crediton, by Bishop Leofric, ii. 83.
Eyder, frontier of, recovered by Cnut, i.
451.

F.

Falaise, becomes Norman, i. 176; the
birthplace of William the Conqueror,
i. 400, ii. 174; besieged by Richard
the Third, i. 463; its position, ii. 174;
historical associations of its castle,
ib.; origin of its name, 175; its tan-
neries, ib.; its castle garrisoned by
Thurstan against Duke William, 203;
besieged and taken by the Duke and
Ralph of Wacey, 204; escape of
William to, 247.

Feader, Housecarl of Harthacnut, killed
at Worcester, i. 514.
Fécamp, founded for secular canons by
Richard the Fearless, i. 253; monks
brought in by Richard the Good, ib.;
his gifts to, confirmed by King Robert,
453; account of Eadward's grant of
the lordship of Steyning to, 533.
Feudalism, elements of, in England, i.
90; its origin, 90, 91; its slow
growth in England, 91, 92; growth
of, in Normandy, 252.
Five Boroughs, origin of their confede-
ration, i. 48; recovered by Eadmund,
61; submit to Swegen, 356; their
Thegns murdered at Oxford, 371;
occupied by Eadmund Ironside, 372.
Flanders, extent and language of the
country in the tenth century, i. 193;

713

legend of the origin of its princes,
251; English spoils sold in its havens,
ii. 95; Earl Swegen takes refuge in,
104; common refuge of English
exiles, 149.

Flemings, their occupation of Pem-
brokeshire, i. 563.

Flodoard, character of his history, i.
147; his feelings towards England,
185, 202, 219; his use of geographical
names, 599, 601, 602; his evidence
as to language, 606; his account of
the vassalage of Normandy, 609; of
the birth of Richard, son of Sprota,
613; of the election of Lewis, 614.
Florence of Worcester, character of his
history, i. 258, 325; his use of titles,
405; confounds the Kings of Hun-
gary, 410; his account of the depo-
sition of Sigeberht, 594; of the elec-
tion of Eadward the Martyr, 625; of
Æthelred's invasion of Cumberland,
633; of the massacre of Saint Brice,
635; of Eadric, 641; of the assess-
ment of 1008, 647; his rendering of
the word Child, 649; of Thurkill, 651,
652, 655; of the kingship of Swegen,
663; of the election of Eadmund, 674;
of the election of Cnut, 677; of the
battle of Sherstone, 678, 679; of the
election of Cnut, 679; of the con-
ference between Cnut and Eadmund,
689, 692; of Ælfgifu of Northamp-
ton, 714; of the death of Eadric,
720; of the pilgrimage of Cnut, 729;
of the death of the Ætheling Alfred,
757; of the trial and acquittal of
Godwine, 766; of the Welsh Cam-
paign of 1049, ii. 595; of Godwine,
600, 601; of the death of Earl
Swegen, 631; of the ecclesiastical
position of Stigand, 632; of the
death of Godwine, 636; of the war
with Macbeth, 643-645; of the
quasi-royal position of Harold, 664.
Folkland, origin and meaning of, i. 83;
analogies with the Roman ager pub-
licus, ib.; change of, into Bookland,
93; into Terra Regis, 94; becomes
Folkland again, 95; specimens of the
grants of, 589; begins to be regarded
as Terra Regis, ii. 53.

Fordun, John, on Cnut's relations with
Cumberland, i. 445, 739, 740; on the
war with Macbeth, ii. 646.
Fortification, five stages of, i. 61, 308.
Foscari, Francesco, his paramount in-
fluence at Venice, i. 114.
Fræna, Thegn of Lindesey, his treason
and flight from battle, i. 281; his

rank, 624; his signatures to charters,
ib.

France, Duchy of, its origin, i. 156;

the Norman settlement made at its
expense, 158, 166; its extent under
Hugh the Great, 194; connexion of,
with Normandy, under Richard the
Fearless, 208, 222; ravaged by
Lewis and Otto, 225; its relations to
the Kingdom under Hugh Capet,
235; ravaged by Otto II., 236;
analogies with its history, 241; its
Dukes lose by becoming Kings, 250.
France, Kingdom of, its first origin, i.
154; its extent, ib.; definitely begins
under Hugh Capet, 241, 242; its
relations with Normandy, 245; rarity
of national assemblies in, 248, 257;
isolation of its parts leads to centrali-
zation, 250; modern use of the name,
602; relations of, with Normandy
under William, ii. 199, 200.
Francia, Franci, use of the names by
Eginhard, i. 602; division into Latin
and Teutonic, tb.; use of the words
in France, ib.; in Germany, 603;
Franci opposed to Germani, ib.; use
of the word Francia by Flodoard,
614, 615.

Francia Rex, use of the title, i. 585.
Francorum Rex, use of the title, i. 585.
Franks, intercourse of the English with,
i. 30, 559; division into East and
West, 155; comparison of their Kings
with the provincial Emperors, 159;
end of the Karlings among, 173;
their two Kings act as colleagues,
205, 208, 223, 227; change in the re-
lation of their two Kingdoms after
Otto the Great, 235; end of the
Kingdom of the Western Franks,
241; their early Kings claim the
dominion of Britain, 557; titles of
their Kings, ib.; division of the King-
dom, 600; feeling of unity still pre-
served, 601.

Fredegar on Frankish marriages, i. 614.
Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor, how
described by Byzantine writers, i.

the French element in Normandy,
267.
French language, Latin origin of, i. 16;
Teutonic infusion in, 17; adopted by
the Normans, 149, 180, 607; its be-
ginnings, 153, 154; its effects on
English, 538.

Frenchman, meaning of the word in the
Chronicles, i. 315.

Frithegist, Thegn of Lindesey, his
treason and flight from battle, i.
281; his signatures to charters, 624.
Fulk the Good, Count of Anjou, ii.
271.

Fulk Nerra, Count of Anjou, ii. 271;

his wars with Conan of Britanny
and Odo of Chartres, ib.; gains and
loses Tours, 272; defeats Odo in the
battle of Pontlevois, ib.; his pil-
grimages, 273-

Fulk the Red, Count of Anjou, ii. 271.

G.

Gainsborough, Swegen encamps at, i.
356; his death at, 363; Cnut elected
King at, by the Danish fleet. 365.
Gal-Wealas, Gal-Welsh, meaning of the
word, i. 538; use of, by William of
Malmesbury, 603.

Gallia, use of the word by Lambert, i.
599; by Eginhard, 602; by Liud-
prand and Wipo, 603.

Gallia Cisalpina, use of the name, i.

599.

Gallica lingua, use of the phrase, i. 606.
Gamel, a Northumbrian Thegn, trea-
cherously murdered by order of
Earl Tostig, ii. 477.
Gau, use of the word, i. 579.
Gaul, becomes French through the Nor-

mans, i. 153, 154, 158, 243; its
divisions in the tenth century, 154;
contrast between its condition and
that of England, 246, 248; its ten-
dency to division, 246; its governors
grow into princes, 247; position of
its kings, 247, 249; lack of any
national assembly, 248; nomenclature
of its divisions, 598.

Gelônos, wooden town of, ii. 606.
Gemót of the Mark, i. 99; of the shire,

ib.; of the Kingdom, ib.; its original
democratic character, ib. ; powers re-
tained by local Gemóts, 102, 103,
116, 321, 342; functions of, dis-
charged by the army, ii. 103; nature
of the military Gemót, 104; action
of the rebel Gemót at York against
Tostig, 481.

Genaunorum Rex, use of the title, i. 659.
Geneva, King of, question of the title,
i. 598.

Gentleman, origin of the name, i. 254.
Geoffrey, Count of Britanny, marries
Hadwisa of Normandy, i. 454; his
friendship with Richard the Good,
and pilgrimage, ib.

Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, surnamed
Martel, ii. 273; imprisons William
of Aquitaine, ib.; rebels against his
father, 274; his wars with Theobald of
Blois and Chartres, ib.; receives Tours
as a grant from King Henry, 275;
position of Maine under his rule,
277; he garrisons Alençon, 279; re-
lieves Domfront, besieged by William
of Normandy, 281; messages be-
tween William and Geoffrey; early
example of knight errantry, 282,
283.

Geography, instances of confusion in,
i. 122.

Gerberga, sister of Otto the Great,

marries Lewis, i. 205; her energy,
219, 220; intercedes for Hugh the
Great, 223; shelters Theobald of
Chartres, 233.

German Churches, their good order,
ii. 442, 649.

German Prelates in England, ii. 79;

their promotion probably favoured
by Godwine, 80.

German Popes, the, ii. 96.

Germani, subjects of Charles the Simple
so called, i. 193, 598.

Germania, Germani, use of the word,
i. 604, 605.

Germany, origin of the Kingdom, i. 155;
ravaged by the Northmen and Ma-
gyars, 160; end of the Karlings in,
173; its growth under the Saxon
Kings, 193; its influence on French
affairs, 208; its changed relation
after Otto the Great, 235; its con-
nexion with France ceases at the
election of Hugh Capet, 241.
Geroy, Norman house of, ii. 228-230;
William of Geroy blinded by William
Talvas, 230; grants the lands and
church of Saint Evroul to Bec, ib. ;
his nephews, Hugh and Robert of
Grantmesnil, ib.
Gersus, see Jersey.

Gesið, meaning of the word, i. 85;

compared to the Greek éraîpos, 86.
Gesta Cnutonis. See Encomium Emma.
Gewissas, old name of the West-Saxons,
i. 71.

Gilbert, Count, one of the guardians of

715

William, ii. 192; murdered by Ralph
of Wacey, 193; division of his lands,
ib.
Gildas, quoted by Archbishop Wulfstan,
i. 368.
Gillingham, Eadward the Confessor
elected King at, ii. 9, 518; question
as to the two Gillinghams, 518.
Giraldus Cambrensis, his illustrations of
nomenclature and philology, i. 535;
his account of Harold's Welsh cam-
paign, ii. 468, 470.

Gisa, Bishop of Somersetshire, ii. 446,
549, 572, 584, 674-680; dispute be-
tween him and Harold, 446, 447;
introduces the rule of Chrodegang at
Wells, 449; comparison between his
foundation and that of Harold, 450;
consecrated at Rome by Pope Nicolas,
451, 453; his account of his quarrel
with Earl Harold, 674.

Gisla, daughter of Charles the Simple,
and wife of Rolf, i. 179.

Gladstone, Mr., his view of the Homeric
Assemblies, i. 80, 99.

Glastonbury, burial of Eadmund Iron-
side at, i. 396; tombs of other Kings
at, ib.; Cnut's visit to, 436; wooden
basilica at, ib.; true form of the name,
563.
Gloucester, usual place of the Mid-
winter Gemót, i. 522; march of
Godwine to, ii. 142; history of the
Abbey, 435; church of, rebuilt by
Bishop Ealdred, 436, 666; Wulfstan
appointed Abbot, 436; Scirgemót
at, 563.

Goda, a Devonshire Thegn, killed at
Watchet, i. 268.

Godescalc the Wend, student, warrior,

and missionary, i. 726; martyred by
his heathen subjects, 727; his pro-
bable banishment from England, ii.
64; forsakes Swegen, 72.
Godfrey of Lotharingia, rebels against
the Emperor, ii. 97; is excommuni-
cated by Pope Leo, ib.; his penitence
and submission, 97, 110, 594.
Godgifu, wife of Leofric, ii. 48; legend
of, 58, 569; her career, 415, 661.
Godgifu, daughter of Ethelred and
Emma and sister to King Eadward,
married to Drogo, Count of Mantes,
i. 519; and afterwards to Eustace of
Boulogne, ii. 129.

Godric, son of Odda, his treason at
Maldon, i. 272.

Godwin, Bishop, quoted on the quarrel

between Harold and Gisa, ii. 678.
Godwine, son of Wulfnoth, Earl of the

West-Saxons, difference of feeling
displayed by the Chronicles with re-
gard to, i. 398; his first appearance,
405; his sudden promotion by Cnut,
406; different statements as to his
origin, 406, 701; is raised to the rank
of Earl, 406, 711; his eloquence, 406,
ii. 35; accompanies Cnut to Den-
mark, i. 419; his alleged exploits
against the Wends, 419-420, 723;
marries Gytha, sister of Earl Ulf,
420, 723, 735; appointed Earl of the
West-Saxons, 422, 712; supports the
claims of Harthacnut to the Crown,
482; acts as Regent in Wessex,
along with Emma, 484; charged
with the betrayal of Alfred, 486-
487; version of the Encomiast,
488; estimate of the evidence, and
probable state of the case, 489-495;
his probable innocence, 497; recon-
ciliation between him and Harold,
501; present at the disinterment of
the body of Harold, 508; formally
charged with the death of Ælfred,
509; is tried and acquitted, 510, 766;
value of the acquittal, ib.; pur-
chases the favour of Harthacnut by
a ship, 511; sent against Worcester,
515; his family, 527; his presence
at Assandun, 681; his alleged
kindred with Eadric, 702; its im-
probability, 704; said to be son of
Child Wulfnoth, 705; evidence of
Æthelstan's will, ib.; story of his
churlish origin, 706-710; balance of
the different stories, 710, 711; raised
to Earl's rank early in the reign of
Cnut, 711; possibly local Earl of
Kent, 712; his position as Earl of
the West-Saxons, ib. ; his promotion
consequent on his exploits in the
North, 713; version of his exploits
in the North, 722, 723; his alleged
two marriages, 723-725; different
versions as to his share in the death
of Alfred, 756-763; form of his ac-
quittal, 766, 767; legend transfer-
ring his trial to the reign of Ead-
ward, 767; his negotiations with
Eadward, ii. 7; his arguments to in-
duce Eadward's acceptance of the
Crown, 8; urges the claims of Ead-
ward before the Witan, 9, 515; his
relations to Eadward, 15, 31; pre-
sents a ship to Eadward, 19; his
character, 31; his vast estates, 32;
his lack of bounty to the Church, and
alleged spoliations, 32, 542-546 ;
over-care for his own household, 33;

government of his Earldom, fb.; his
strict administration of justice, 34;
his family, 35, 552-555; greatness of
his house, 47; relations between him
and Leofric, 49; calumny about
Ælfred revived against him by Robert
of Jumièges, 70, 128, 136; unsuc
cessfully supports the petition of his
nephew Swegen Estrithson for Eng-
lish help, 91, 93; pursues the Danish
pirates, 94; sails to defend the West,
101; his declining influence, 118;
commanded by Eadward to chastise
the men of Dover, 132; refuses to
obey the command, and demands a
legal trial, 134, 135; Witan sum-
moned to Gloucester to hear charges
against him, 136; he meets his sons
at Beverstone with the forces of their
Earldoms, 138; offers to renew his
compurgation on the charge of the
death of Elfred, 139, 140; his offers
refused through the influence of the
Frenchmen, 140; he demands the
surrender of Eustace and the other
criminals, ib.; threatens war against
Eadward, 141; his march on Glou-
cester, 142; Gemót of London, and
the King's unjust demands of God-
wine, 144, 145; Godwine and Harold
summoned before the King, 146; re-
fusal of their demand for a safe-
conduct, 148; outlawry of Godwine
and his family, 149, 599-605; God-
wine, Swegen, &c. take refuge in
Flanders, 149; explanation of God-
wine's position and conduct, 156;
his complete and sudden fall, 157;
impression on his contemporaries,
ib.; general regret at his absence
from England, 306, 308; Eadward's
preparations against, ib.; petitions
for his return, 310; determines on a
return by force-estimate of his con-
duct, 311; comparison with Henry of
Bolingbroke and William of Orange,
312; sets sail, 317; his first ap-
pearance off the English coast, 318;
hindered by a storm, ib.; returns
to Bruges, ib.; sails the second time
to Wight, 319; meets Harold and
sails eastward, 320; his ravages, 320,
633; enters the Thames and sails
towards London, 321; reaches South-
wark, ib.; London declares for him,
322; before London, 323; zeal of
his followers, and lukewarmness of
the King's troops, 324, 325; de-
mands his restoration, 326; indigna
tion of his men at the hesitation of