the Norman Conquest, 142, 143; later instances of them, 143, 144; modern traces of, 145; specimens of the titles, 548, 551; the Imperial position asserted in later times, 554, 555; under Edward the Second, 554; under Henry the Eighth, 554, 555; under Elizabeth, 555.
Empire, Roman, its extent at the end of the sixth century, i. 31; restored by Otto the Great, 60; position of its princes, 76; condition of, in the tenth century, 117; commendation of princes to, 119; commendation of England to, 120; its relations to its princes compared with those in Eng- land and France, 131; its position in the ninth and tenth century, 141, 142; its restoration by Otto, 142; divisions of, in the ninth century, 155; pro- gress of the Danes favoured by its divisions, 159; attention of the Eng- lish Chroniclers to its affairs, 267; its subjects specially favoured in Lon- don, 280, 281; Cnut's relations with, 450, 451, 743-747; alliance with a part of the policy of Godwine and Harold, ii. 96.
Empress, Elizabeth so called, i. 555. Englaland, England, date of the name, i. 78, 605, 629; comparison of its history with that of Germany, 95, 96; strictly one Kingdom in the eleventh century, 116; commended to the Pope by John, 120; per- haps commended to the Empire, ib.; its earlier and later independ- ence of the Empire, 141-144; last- ing Imperial position of, 145; its foreign position in the tenth century, 182; its connexion with Normandy less intimate than with the neigh- bouring states, 184; its condition under Æthelred, 260; its increasing intercourse with Normandy, 284; its imperfect union under Æthelred, 296, 346; divided between Cnut and Ead- mund, 394; its state at the death of Cnut, 477; its early intercourse with the Continent, 556-559; various names for, 605.
English, name used as equivalent to East-Angles, i. 404; proper name of the Teutonic inhabitants of Britain, 529-530, 541; opposed to French and Normans, 531; its use by all ex- cept the Celts, 534, 536; modern confusions on the subject, 536-540. English Constitution, survived the Nor- man Conquest, i. 69; its origin, 72-
73; effect of its forms on the re- sistance to the Danes, 295, 296. English language, its origin and con- nexion with other tongues, i. 14; Celtic and Latin elements in, 16-17; its essentially Low-Dutch character, 17, 539; Romance infusion in, b.; nature of the Celtic element in, 18, 538; not employed in public worship, 31; growth of its literature, 32; how affected by the Norman Conquest, 539-540; in what sense said to be spoken by Rolf, 608.
English people, retain their language and heathen worship in Britain, i. 16; blending of their various tribes, 21; their isolation before their con- version, 29-30; they form the first National Church in the West, 31-32; Thietmar's account of their origin, 348; their position with regard to the Danes, 425-429; sketch of their origin and history, 537, 538. Englishry, meaning of the word, i. 736. Enham, laws of, i. 353, 336.
Eorl, Earl, Danish equivalent of Eal- dorman, i. 76, 277, 405, 582, 646; original English meaning, 80; op posed to Ceorl, 81, 82; supplanted by the Thegns, 88; analogy with the Roman Patricians, ib.; use of the title under Cnut, 405, 432, 582; no Eng. lish feminine of, ii. 661. Erchempert, his account of the division of the Empire, i. 600.
Eric, appointed Earl of the Northum- brians by Cnut, i. 377, 444, ii. 556; banished, i. 446.
Esegar, son of Æthelstan, and grandson
of Tofig, loses his inheritance, i. 524. Essex, Kingdom of, i. 23; becomes an appanage of Wessex, 40; recovered by Eadward the Elder, 56; ravaged by Thurkill in 1009, 343; lack of building stone in, 423; part of the Earldom of Harold, ii. 567; of Leof- wine, ib.
Estrith, sister of Cnut, married to Ulf, i. 420; and afterwards to Robert of Normandy, 467, 748, 749; her dowry, 749.
'Eraipos, Greek, compared with the Eng- lish Gesið, i. 86.
Edel, or Odal, origin and meaning of, i. 83, 84.
Eu, stormed by the French, i. 174; tale of Rolf's death at, ib.
Euripides, quoted as illustrating the character of Cnut, i. 430.
Eustace, Count of Boulogne, marries
Godgifu, daughter of Ethelred, ii. 129; father of Godfrey, ib.; visits King Eadward at Gloucester, ib.; outrages committed at Dover on his return, 130; resistance of the burghers, 131; Eustace accuses the men of Dover to the King, ib. Evesham, history of the Abbey, i. 506. Evesham History on Abbots Man- nig and Ethelwig, ii. 669. Exeter, its origin and early history, i. 307; its division between English and Welsh, 308; becomes wholly English under Æthelstan, ib.; its fortifications, ib.; its municipal, com- mercial, and military importance, 309; attacked by the Danes in 1001, ib.; valour and successful resistance of the citizens, 309, 310; given to Emma as her morning-gift, 315; be- trayed to Swegen by Hugh the Frenchman, ib.; the city stormed and the wall broken down, ib.; the see of Devonshire removed to, from Crediton, by Bishop Leofric, ii. 83. Eyder, frontier of, recovered by Cnut, i. 451.
Falaise, becomes Norman, i. 176; the birthplace of William the Conqueror, i. 400, ii. 174; besieged by Richard the Third, i. 463; its position, ii. 174; historical associations of its castle, ib.; origin of its name, 175; its tan- neries, ib.; its castle garrisoned by Thurstan against Duke William, 203; besieged and taken by the Duke and Ralph of Wacey, 204; escape of William to, 247.
Feader, Housecarl of Harthacnut, killed at Worcester, i. 514. Fécamp, founded for secular canons by Richard the Fearless, i. 253; monks brought in by Richard the Good, ib.; his gifts to, confirmed by King Robert, 453; account of Eadward's grant of the lordship of Steyning to, 533. Feudalism, elements of, in England, i. 90; its origin, 90, 91; its slow growth in England, 91, 92; growth of, in Normandy, 252. Five Boroughs, origin of their confede- ration, i. 48; recovered by Eadmund, 61; submit to Swegen, 356; their Thegns murdered at Oxford, 371; occupied by Eadmund Ironside, 372. Flanders, extent and language of the country in the tenth century, i. 193;
legend of the origin of its princes, 251; English spoils sold in its havens, ii. 95; Earl Swegen takes refuge in, 104; common refuge of English exiles, 149.
Flemings, their occupation of Pem- brokeshire, i. 563.
Flodoard, character of his history, i. 147; his feelings towards England, 185, 202, 219; his use of geographical names, 599, 601, 602; his evidence as to language, 606; his account of the vassalage of Normandy, 609; of the birth of Richard, son of Sprota, 613; of the election of Lewis, 614. Florence of Worcester, character of his history, i. 258, 325; his use of titles, 405; confounds the Kings of Hun- gary, 410; his account of the depo- sition of Sigeberht, 594; of the elec- tion of Eadward the Martyr, 625; of Æthelred's invasion of Cumberland, 633; of the massacre of Saint Brice, 635; of Eadric, 641; of the assess- ment of 1008, 647; his rendering of the word Child, 649; of Thurkill, 651, 652, 655; of the kingship of Swegen, 663; of the election of Eadmund, 674; of the election of Cnut, 677; of the battle of Sherstone, 678, 679; of the election of Cnut, 679; of the con- ference between Cnut and Eadmund, 689, 692; of Ælfgifu of Northamp- ton, 714; of the death of Eadric, 720; of the pilgrimage of Cnut, 729; of the death of the Ætheling Alfred, 757; of the trial and acquittal of Godwine, 766; of the Welsh Cam- paign of 1049, ii. 595; of Godwine, 600, 601; of the death of Earl Swegen, 631; of the ecclesiastical position of Stigand, 632; of the death of Godwine, 636; of the war with Macbeth, 643-645; of the quasi-royal position of Harold, 664. Folkland, origin and meaning of, i. 83; analogies with the Roman ager pub- licus, ib.; change of, into Bookland, 93; into Terra Regis, 94; becomes Folkland again, 95; specimens of the grants of, 589; begins to be regarded as Terra Regis, ii. 53.
Fordun, John, on Cnut's relations with Cumberland, i. 445, 739, 740; on the war with Macbeth, ii. 646. Fortification, five stages of, i. 61, 308. Foscari, Francesco, his paramount in- fluence at Venice, i. 114. Fræna, Thegn of Lindesey, his treason and flight from battle, i. 281; his
rank, 624; his signatures to charters, ib.
France, Duchy of, its origin, i. 156;
the Norman settlement made at its expense, 158, 166; its extent under Hugh the Great, 194; connexion of, with Normandy, under Richard the Fearless, 208, 222; ravaged by Lewis and Otto, 225; its relations to the Kingdom under Hugh Capet, 235; ravaged by Otto II., 236; analogies with its history, 241; its Dukes lose by becoming Kings, 250. France, Kingdom of, its first origin, i. 154; its extent, ib.; definitely begins under Hugh Capet, 241, 242; its relations with Normandy, 245; rarity of national assemblies in, 248, 257; isolation of its parts leads to centrali- zation, 250; modern use of the name, 602; relations of, with Normandy under William, ii. 199, 200. Francia, Franci, use of the names by Eginhard, i. 602; division into Latin and Teutonic, tb.; use of the words in France, ib.; in Germany, 603; Franci opposed to Germani, ib.; use of the word Francia by Flodoard, 614, 615.
Francia Rex, use of the title, i. 585. Francorum Rex, use of the title, i. 585. Franks, intercourse of the English with, i. 30, 559; division into East and West, 155; comparison of their Kings with the provincial Emperors, 159; end of the Karlings among, 173; their two Kings act as colleagues, 205, 208, 223, 227; change in the re- lation of their two Kingdoms after Otto the Great, 235; end of the Kingdom of the Western Franks, 241; their early Kings claim the dominion of Britain, 557; titles of their Kings, ib.; division of the King- dom, 600; feeling of unity still pre- served, 601.
Fredegar on Frankish marriages, i. 614. Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor, how described by Byzantine writers, i.
the French element in Normandy, 267. French language, Latin origin of, i. 16; Teutonic infusion in, 17; adopted by the Normans, 149, 180, 607; its be- ginnings, 153, 154; its effects on English, 538.
Frenchman, meaning of the word in the Chronicles, i. 315.
Frithegist, Thegn of Lindesey, his treason and flight from battle, i. 281; his signatures to charters, 624. Fulk the Good, Count of Anjou, ii. 271.
Fulk Nerra, Count of Anjou, ii. 271;
his wars with Conan of Britanny and Odo of Chartres, ib.; gains and loses Tours, 272; defeats Odo in the battle of Pontlevois, ib.; his pil- grimages, 273-
Fulk the Red, Count of Anjou, ii. 271.
Gainsborough, Swegen encamps at, i. 356; his death at, 363; Cnut elected King at, by the Danish fleet. 365. Gal-Wealas, Gal-Welsh, meaning of the word, i. 538; use of, by William of Malmesbury, 603.
Gallia, use of the word by Lambert, i. 599; by Eginhard, 602; by Liud- prand and Wipo, 603.
Gallia Cisalpina, use of the name, i.
Gallica lingua, use of the phrase, i. 606. Gamel, a Northumbrian Thegn, trea- cherously murdered by order of Earl Tostig, ii. 477. Gau, use of the word, i. 579. Gaul, becomes French through the Nor-
mans, i. 153, 154, 158, 243; its divisions in the tenth century, 154; contrast between its condition and that of England, 246, 248; its ten- dency to division, 246; its governors grow into princes, 247; position of its kings, 247, 249; lack of any national assembly, 248; nomenclature of its divisions, 598.
Gelônos, wooden town of, ii. 606. Gemót of the Mark, i. 99; of the shire,
ib.; of the Kingdom, ib.; its original democratic character, ib. ; powers re- tained by local Gemóts, 102, 103, 116, 321, 342; functions of, dis- charged by the army, ii. 103; nature of the military Gemót, 104; action of the rebel Gemót at York against Tostig, 481.
Genaunorum Rex, use of the title, i. 659. Geneva, King of, question of the title, i. 598.
Gentleman, origin of the name, i. 254. Geoffrey, Count of Britanny, marries Hadwisa of Normandy, i. 454; his friendship with Richard the Good, and pilgrimage, ib.
Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, surnamed Martel, ii. 273; imprisons William of Aquitaine, ib.; rebels against his father, 274; his wars with Theobald of Blois and Chartres, ib.; receives Tours as a grant from King Henry, 275; position of Maine under his rule, 277; he garrisons Alençon, 279; re- lieves Domfront, besieged by William of Normandy, 281; messages be- tween William and Geoffrey; early example of knight errantry, 282, 283.
Geography, instances of confusion in, i. 122.
Gerberga, sister of Otto the Great,
marries Lewis, i. 205; her energy, 219, 220; intercedes for Hugh the Great, 223; shelters Theobald of Chartres, 233.
German Churches, their good order, ii. 442, 649.
German Prelates in England, ii. 79;
their promotion probably favoured by Godwine, 80.
German Popes, the, ii. 96.
Germani, subjects of Charles the Simple so called, i. 193, 598.
Germania, Germani, use of the word, i. 604, 605.
Germany, origin of the Kingdom, i. 155; ravaged by the Northmen and Ma- gyars, 160; end of the Karlings in, 173; its growth under the Saxon Kings, 193; its influence on French affairs, 208; its changed relation after Otto the Great, 235; its con- nexion with France ceases at the election of Hugh Capet, 241. Geroy, Norman house of, ii. 228-230; William of Geroy blinded by William Talvas, 230; grants the lands and church of Saint Evroul to Bec, ib. ; his nephews, Hugh and Robert of Grantmesnil, ib. Gersus, see Jersey.
Gesið, meaning of the word, i. 85;
compared to the Greek éraîpos, 86. Gesta Cnutonis. See Encomium Emma. Gewissas, old name of the West-Saxons, i. 71.
Gilbert, Count, one of the guardians of
William, ii. 192; murdered by Ralph of Wacey, 193; division of his lands, ib. Gildas, quoted by Archbishop Wulfstan, i. 368. Gillingham, Eadward the Confessor elected King at, ii. 9, 518; question as to the two Gillinghams, 518. Giraldus Cambrensis, his illustrations of nomenclature and philology, i. 535; his account of Harold's Welsh cam- paign, ii. 468, 470.
Gisa, Bishop of Somersetshire, ii. 446, 549, 572, 584, 674-680; dispute be- tween him and Harold, 446, 447; introduces the rule of Chrodegang at Wells, 449; comparison between his foundation and that of Harold, 450; consecrated at Rome by Pope Nicolas, 451, 453; his account of his quarrel with Earl Harold, 674.
Gisla, daughter of Charles the Simple, and wife of Rolf, i. 179.
Gladstone, Mr., his view of the Homeric Assemblies, i. 80, 99.
Glastonbury, burial of Eadmund Iron- side at, i. 396; tombs of other Kings at, ib.; Cnut's visit to, 436; wooden basilica at, ib.; true form of the name, 563. Gloucester, usual place of the Mid- winter Gemót, i. 522; march of Godwine to, ii. 142; history of the Abbey, 435; church of, rebuilt by Bishop Ealdred, 436, 666; Wulfstan appointed Abbot, 436; Scirgemót at, 563.
Goda, a Devonshire Thegn, killed at Watchet, i. 268.
Godescalc the Wend, student, warrior,
and missionary, i. 726; martyred by his heathen subjects, 727; his pro- bable banishment from England, ii. 64; forsakes Swegen, 72. Godfrey of Lotharingia, rebels against the Emperor, ii. 97; is excommuni- cated by Pope Leo, ib.; his penitence and submission, 97, 110, 594. Godgifu, wife of Leofric, ii. 48; legend of, 58, 569; her career, 415, 661. Godgifu, daughter of Ethelred and Emma and sister to King Eadward, married to Drogo, Count of Mantes, i. 519; and afterwards to Eustace of Boulogne, ii. 129.
Godric, son of Odda, his treason at Maldon, i. 272.
Godwin, Bishop, quoted on the quarrel
between Harold and Gisa, ii. 678. Godwine, son of Wulfnoth, Earl of the
West-Saxons, difference of feeling displayed by the Chronicles with re- gard to, i. 398; his first appearance, 405; his sudden promotion by Cnut, 406; different statements as to his origin, 406, 701; is raised to the rank of Earl, 406, 711; his eloquence, 406, ii. 35; accompanies Cnut to Den- mark, i. 419; his alleged exploits against the Wends, 419-420, 723; marries Gytha, sister of Earl Ulf, 420, 723, 735; appointed Earl of the West-Saxons, 422, 712; supports the claims of Harthacnut to the Crown, 482; acts as Regent in Wessex, along with Emma, 484; charged with the betrayal of Alfred, 486- 487; version of the Encomiast, 488; estimate of the evidence, and probable state of the case, 489-495; his probable innocence, 497; recon- ciliation between him and Harold, 501; present at the disinterment of the body of Harold, 508; formally charged with the death of Ælfred, 509; is tried and acquitted, 510, 766; value of the acquittal, ib.; pur- chases the favour of Harthacnut by a ship, 511; sent against Worcester, 515; his family, 527; his presence at Assandun, 681; his alleged kindred with Eadric, 702; its im- probability, 704; said to be son of Child Wulfnoth, 705; evidence of Æthelstan's will, ib.; story of his churlish origin, 706-710; balance of the different stories, 710, 711; raised to Earl's rank early in the reign of Cnut, 711; possibly local Earl of Kent, 712; his position as Earl of the West-Saxons, ib. ; his promotion consequent on his exploits in the North, 713; version of his exploits in the North, 722, 723; his alleged two marriages, 723-725; different versions as to his share in the death of Alfred, 756-763; form of his ac- quittal, 766, 767; legend transfer- ring his trial to the reign of Ead- ward, 767; his negotiations with Eadward, ii. 7; his arguments to in- duce Eadward's acceptance of the Crown, 8; urges the claims of Ead- ward before the Witan, 9, 515; his relations to Eadward, 15, 31; pre- sents a ship to Eadward, 19; his character, 31; his vast estates, 32; his lack of bounty to the Church, and alleged spoliations, 32, 542-546 ; over-care for his own household, 33;
government of his Earldom, fb.; his strict administration of justice, 34; his family, 35, 552-555; greatness of his house, 47; relations between him and Leofric, 49; calumny about Ælfred revived against him by Robert of Jumièges, 70, 128, 136; unsuc cessfully supports the petition of his nephew Swegen Estrithson for Eng- lish help, 91, 93; pursues the Danish pirates, 94; sails to defend the West, 101; his declining influence, 118; commanded by Eadward to chastise the men of Dover, 132; refuses to obey the command, and demands a legal trial, 134, 135; Witan sum- moned to Gloucester to hear charges against him, 136; he meets his sons at Beverstone with the forces of their Earldoms, 138; offers to renew his compurgation on the charge of the death of Elfred, 139, 140; his offers refused through the influence of the Frenchmen, 140; he demands the surrender of Eustace and the other criminals, ib.; threatens war against Eadward, 141; his march on Glou- cester, 142; Gemót of London, and the King's unjust demands of God- wine, 144, 145; Godwine and Harold summoned before the King, 146; re- fusal of their demand for a safe- conduct, 148; outlawry of Godwine and his family, 149, 599-605; God- wine, Swegen, &c. take refuge in Flanders, 149; explanation of God- wine's position and conduct, 156; his complete and sudden fall, 157; impression on his contemporaries, ib.; general regret at his absence from England, 306, 308; Eadward's preparations against, ib.; petitions for his return, 310; determines on a return by force-estimate of his con- duct, 311; comparison with Henry of Bolingbroke and William of Orange, 312; sets sail, 317; his first ap- pearance off the English coast, 318; hindered by a storm, ib.; returns to Bruges, ib.; sails the second time to Wight, 319; meets Harold and sails eastward, 320; his ravages, 320, 633; enters the Thames and sails towards London, 321; reaches South- wark, ib.; London declares for him, 322; before London, 323; zeal of his followers, and lukewarmness of the King's troops, 324, 325; de- mands his restoration, 326; indigna tion of his men at the hesitation of
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