to Britanny, 185; his wars with the Northmen of the Loire, ib. Alan, Count of the Bretons, his war with Duke Robert, i. 465; guardian of William the Conqueror, ii. 191; poisoned while besieging the castle of Montgomery, 192; his death as- cribed to William, 193.
Alba, name of Scotland in Irish writers, i. 574.
Alberic of Trois-fontaines, his legend of the birth of Herleva, ii. 611. Alcuin, i. 530. See Ealhwine. Alençon, its disloyalty to Duke William
of Normandy, ii. 279; fortress gar- risoned by Geoffrey, ib.; besieged by William, 283; insults offered to Wil- liam at, 284; his vengeance, 285. Alexander the Great, division of his Empire, i. 476.
Alexios, Emperor, defeated by the Nor- mans at Dyrrhachion, i. 151. Allectus, Emperor in Britain, i. 138. Allen, Mr., his exposition of Folkland
and Bookland, i. 83, 94; of the origin and growth of Kingship, 583; on the word King, ib.
Alveston, church lands at, ii. 551. Ambrières, castle at,fortified by William, ii. 287.
America, lesson of its Civil War, i. 295. Amesbury, meeting of the Witan at, i.
298; misconduct of the nuns of, 593. Anderida, destroyed by Elle, i. 307,
Angelcyn, use of the word, i. 78, 529, 530.
Angles, i. 21; give their name to the English nation, 22, 533; their King- doms in Britain, 24, 25; use of the word in charters, 551, 552. Anglia, earliest use of the word, i. 605. Anglian, use of the word, i. 541. Anglo-, uses of the prefix, i. 540. Anglorum Rex, Ethelberht so styled,
i. 530; use of the name, 585, 586. Anglo-Saxon, ancient uses of the name, i. 529, 535, 536, 540, 541; its mo- dern abuse, 541; its force in charters, 551; foreign examples of the use of the word, 771, 772. Anglo-Saxonia, use of the word, i. 534. Anjou, legend of the origin of its princes, ii. 251; connexion of its Counts with Norman and with English history, 267; characteristics of Angevin his- tory, 268; Saxon occupation of An- jou, 269; history of its Counts, 618. Anscytel, story of, i. 620.
Anselm, Saint, asserts Elfheah's right to the title of martyr, i. 353; his humanity to animals, ii. 25; Abbot of Bec, 212. Appenzell, assemblies of, compared with the English Gemóts, ii. 331. Apulia, Norman conquest of, i. 461. Aquitaine, its union with Neustria, i.
154; its later relation to France and England, 155, 177; delivered from the Northmen by Rudolf, 181; no- minal character of its vassalage, 192; its princes support Lewis, 228; granted by Lothar to Hugh the Great, 230; attempt to establish Lewis, son of Lothar, as King, 237; little affected by the establishment of the Parisian dynasty, 241, 250; its relation to France under Edward the First, 570; its people, 598; succession of its Dukes, ii. 622. Architecture, stone, in England before the Norman Conquest, i. 423. Archon, title of, applied to English Ealdormen, i. 552.
Aristotle, English Constitution illus- trated from his Politics, i. 100. Armenia, its conversion compared with that of England, i. 31.
Armies, difficulty of maintaining in the eleventh century, i. 297.
Arminius, charged with aiming at royalty, i. 579.
Armorican migration described by Pro- kopios, i. 557; by Eginhard, 559; by Ernoldus Nigellus, ib. Arnulf, Emperor, receives the homage of Odo of Paris while only King, i. 120; his victory over the Northmen, 161.
Arnulf, Count of Flanders, his charac- ter, i. 193; his war with William Longsword about Montreuil, 200; his relations with Ethelstan, 201; contrives the murder of William Longsword, 204; his dealings with Normandy during Richard's mino- rity, 212, 213; resigns and resumes his government, 231; his death, 229, 238.
Arnulf the Second, Count of Flanders, his relations with Lothar and Richard, i. 238.
Arnulf, son of William Talvas, rebels against his father, ii. 184; legend of his death, ib.
Arnwig, abbot of Peterborough, resigns his abbey, ii. 348.
Arrière vassal, not the man of the over-lord, i. 570.
Artald, Archbishop of Rheims, crowns King Lewis, i. 198; deposed by Her- bert of Vermandois, 204; restored by Lewis and Otto, 225, 227. Arthur, probable origin of his legend, i. 136, 138; his alleged tomb at Glas- tonbury, 396, 437-
Ashington, church of, i. 424.
Assandun, battle of, i. 387, 392; de- scription of the site, 387; the battle compared with that of Senlac, 389; slaughter of the English nobility, 390; final victory of the Danes, 391; political results of the battle, 392; consecration of the church on, 423; Cnut's foundation for a single priest, 424; Stigand, priest of, ib.; question of the site, 680; the battle a national struggle on the English side, 681; examination of the authorities, ib. Assembly, general, different forms of,
i. 80; primary, adapted only to small commonwealths, 101.
Asser, his use of the word Saxon, i. 552.
Attigny, meetings and councils at, i. 204, 205.
Augusta, Roman official name of Lon- don, i. 279.
Augustine begins the conversion of England, i. 30, 32; his speech to the Welsh Bishops; helped by Ethel- berht beyond the limits of Kent, 544.
Augustus, title borne by English Kings, i. 132, 135.
Aurelius Ambrosius, supposed Emperor in Britain, i. 132, 136.
Auvray, form of the name Elfred, i. 747.
Avranches, district of, added to Nor- mandy, i. 182.
Axe, Danish, i. 512; the characteristic English weapon, ib.
Azor, his dealings with Godwine, ii. 545; with Gisa, 679; various men of the name, 680.
Bæda, his use of national names, i. 530, 532, 540; his list of Bretwaldas, 533, 544; his account of the Old- Saxons, 579.
Bajulus, title corresponding to the Eastern Vizier, i. 713. Bakewell, fortified by Eadward the Elder, i. 568; alleged scene of the Commendation of Scotland, ib.
Baldric, Abbot, his verses on William the Conqueror, i. 556; his promo- tion, ii. 585, 586. Baldwin, Abbot of Saint Eadmund's, ii. 446, 585; whether the same as Eadward's godson, 586.
Baldwin the Bearded, Count of Flanders, restored by Duke Robert, i. 465. Baldwin of Lisle, Count of Flanders, rebels against his father, i. 465; mar- ries Adela daughter of King Robert, 465, 499; receives Elfgifu-Emma on her banishment by Harold the First, 499; his court a general place of refuge for English exiles, ib.; rebels against the Emperor Henry, ii. 97; is defeated, 98; submits, 98, 594; re- ceives Swegen, 106; Godwine, 149: the sons of Count Gilbert, 193; inter- cedes with King Eadward on behalf of Godwine, 311; Tostig takes refuge with, 496.
Baldwines Land, Flanders so called, i.
601; the common refuge of English exiles, ii. 149.
Balliol, John of, his dispute with Edward the First, i. 570.
Balzo, one of the murderers of William Longsword, i. 620.
Bamborough, lords of, submit to Ead- ward the Elder and Ethelstan, i. 59; stormed by the Danes, 281; succes sive fortifications, 308; Waltheof takes refuge in, 326.
Bangor, massacre of the monks of, i. 35. Banwell, lordship of, its history, ii. 675. Barbarian, force of the word, i. 197. Barcelona, position of the County, i.461. Basil the Macedonian, Emperor, re-
fuses the title of Basileus to the Em- peror Lewis, i. 553.
Basil the Second, Emperor, his struggle with the Bulgarians, i. 305. Basileus, title of, borne by the English
Kings, i. 132, 548, 551; its special force, 135, 552; rare except in charters, 552; disputed between the Eastern and Western Emperors, 553. Bath, West-Saxons submit to Swegen at, i. 358.
Battle Abbey, contrasted with Assan- dun, i. 424.
Bayeux occupied by Rolf, i. 165; its final conquest, 169, 175; importance of its acquisition, 176; Saxon colony at, ib.; its lasting impress on the district, 167, 178; retention of the Danish language at, 180, 607; be- sieged by Bretons, 182; remains Danish under William Longsword,
191; occupied by Hugh the Great, 213; by Harold Blaatand, 216; Odo Bishop of, ii. 108; building of the Cathedral, 209; joins with the Danish lands in rebellion against Duke Wil- liam, 242.
Bayeux Tapestry, compared with that of Ely, i. 274; its use of national names, 531; on Harold, ii. 664. Beaumont, Roger of, sent against Roger of Toesny, ii. 197; ancestor of the first house of the Earls of Leicester, ib.
Beaver, existence of, in Britain, i. 517. Bec, Abbey of, ii. 212; gave three Arch- bishops of Canterbury to England, ib.; its early history, 214; founda- tion of the Abbey by Herlwin, 214, 218; present condition of the spot, 218; new church consecrated by Lan- franc, 220.
Bedfordshire, no certain notice of its Earls, ii. 560.
Belesme, Norman house of, its great- ness, ii. 181; its supposed hereditary wickedness, 182, 183.
Belga, use of the name, i. 598. Belisarius, said to have offered Brettania to the Goths, i. 557.
Benedict the Tenth, Pope, his irregular appointment, ii. 431; grants the pal- lium to Stigand, 432; his deposition, 438.
Benet, Saint, Abbey of, favoured by Cnut, i. 436.
Bensington, its early military import- ance, i. 370.
Beorn, father of Thurgils Sprakaleg, i.
Beorn, son of Ulf and Estrith, Earl of the Middle-Angles, ii. 36, 558; date of his promotion, 79, 558; division of Earl Swegen's lands between him and Harold, 88, 561; opposes a re- conciliation between the King and Swegen, 99; entrapped and slain by Swegen, 101, 102; buried at Win- chester, 102; extent of his Earldom, 560.
Berengar of Tours, his views discussed
at the Synod of Rome, ii. 115; at the Synod of Vercelli, 116; his final con- demnation, ib. Berkeley, its connexion with Beverstone, ii. 139; story of the suppression of its Abbey by Godwine, 544, 55. Berkshire, forms part of the Earldom of Swegen, ii. 564; of that of Godwine and Harold, 565.
Bernard, King of Italy, i. 473.
Bernard the Dane, encourages William Longsword in the Breton revolt, i. 188; his French and Christian policy, 189; acts as regent for Richard the Fearless, 212; threatened by Lewis, 214; his descendants, 251. Bernard, Count of Senlis, uncle of Wil- liam Longsword, i. 179; shelters Richard the Fearless, 212.
Bernay, Abbey of, founded by Duchess Judith, i. 454.
Besançon, Lewis From-beyond-Sea at, i. 228; its position, 599. Bessin. See Bayeux.
Beverege, Island, men of Worcester escaped to, i. 516.
Beverstone, in Gloucestershire, meeting there of Godwine and his sons, ii. 138.
Bigod, Bigot, House of, Earls of Nor- folk, i. 320, ii. 288; legendary origin of the name, i. 608, ii. 288; the name applied as a term of contempt to the Normans, ii. 199, 288.
Bishops, grants of land by, i. 590; method of appointing, ii. 66, 571- 577; titles of Bishops and Bishop- ricks, 587-592.
Bishopstool, use of the word, ii. 587. Bleddyn, brother of Gruffydd ap Llyw-
elyn, his ravages in Herefordshire, ii. 387; receives the Welsh crown along with Rhiwallon, 472.
Bodmin, see of the Bishoprick of Corn- wall, i. 309.
Boece, Hector, his account of the grant of Cumberland, i. 572. Boethius the Wend, i. 735. Bohemia, its relations to the Empire, i. 119.
Bolingbroke, Henry of, compared with Godwine, ii. 312.
Bonnechose, M. Emile, on Wulfnoth, i. 651; on the legend of Emma, ii. 571; on Swegen and Eadgifu, 593; on the supposed enmity between Harold and Tostig, 654; on the Northumbrian revolt, 690; his misunderstanding of William of Malmesbury, 691. Bookland, origin and nature of, i. 93. Boso, founds the Kingdom of Burgundy, i. 155; form of his election, 601. Botho, tutor of William Longsword, i. 180, 189-191.
Botho's Brunswick Chronicle quoted,
Boulogne, its conquest by Henry the Eighth, i. 138; extent of the County, 488.
Bourchier, Archbishop, petitions of the House of Commons for his recom- mendation to chapters, ii. 577- Bourdeaux, its alleged cession to Geof- frey of Anjou, ii. 274, 671. Bremen, its connexion with London, i. 281; alleged flight of Cnut and Olaf to, 373.
Brentford, Eadmund's victory over Cnut at, i. 385.
Bretigny, Peace of, i. 155.
Brettania, use of the name by Prokopios, i. 556, 557-
Bretwaldas, nature of their supremacy, i. 26, 544; use of the name in char- ters, 543; different forms of the name, ib. ; lists of, 543, 544; exploded views of, 544; nature of their power under Æthelberht, ib.; under Ælle, 545; of purely English origin, ib.; extent of their supremacy, 546. Bret-Welsh, meaning of the word, i. 538.
Brice, Saint, massacre of, i. 312, 313; its probable extent, 313; its results, 315; varying accounts of the mas- sacre, 634-638; illustrates the growth of legend, 638.
Brihtnoth, first Abbot of Ely, legend of his death, i. 274. Brihtnoth, Ealdorman of the East- Saxons, favours the monks, i. 262; meets the Northmen at Maldon, 268, 271; refuses payment of money, 270; his death in battle, 271; fight over his body, 271-272; his burial at Ely, 273-274; various notices of him, 623-624; his favour with Eadgar, 623, 772; question of his will, 623, 772; forms of his name, 623; mention of him in the will of Æthelflæd, ib. Brihtric, brother of Eadric, slanders Wulfnoth to Ethelred, i. 341; his ships burned by Wulfnoth, ib. Brihtric, son of Elfheah of Devon- shire, executed by Cnut, i. 411. Brihtwold, Bishop of Dorsetshire, re- ceives the lands of Wulfgeat, i. 370; his vision of Eadward, ii. 79, 523; his death, 79.
Brionne, siege of, ii. 262. Bristol, a seat of the slave trade,
ii. 151; Harold and Leofwine sail thence to Ireland, ii. 151, 152. Britain, its languages and races at the time of the Norman Conquest, i. 8; alleged Teutonic element in, before the English Conquest, II; less thoroughly Romanized than Gaul and Spain, 19; spoken of as another
world, 555, 556; the Brittia of Pro- kopios, 556, 559.
Britanni, term how used by Thietmar, i. 684.
Britannia Rex, title equivalent to Bretwalda, i. 543.
Britanny, its vassalage to Normandy, i. 175, 186; revolts, 181; recovered by William Longsword, 182; its loss of the Côtentin, 186; confirmed to Wil- liam by King Rudolf, 196; invaded by the heathen Normans, 213; Duke Richard's friendly relations with, 454; its relations to Duke Robert, 465; reduced to submission, ib.; invaded by Charles the Great, 559; descrip- tion of, by Eginhard and Ermoldus Nigellus, ib.
Brittia, see Britain.
Bromton, character of the Chronicle so called, i. 410; on the death of Ead- mund Ironside, 696; on the two Eadwigs, 699; on the death of Eadric, 721; on the death of the Etheling Elfred, 763; on the trial and ac- quittal of Godwine, 767; on the legend of Emma, ii. 569; on Dane- geld, 598; on the death of Godwine, 640; on the supposed enmity between Harold and Tostig, 653.
Bruce, Robert, addresses Edward the First as Emperor, i. 570. Brunanburh, battle of, i. 60; song of, ib. Bruno, Archbishop of Köln and Duke of Lotharingia, his influence on French affairs, i. 208; helps Lothar, 230. Bryce, Mr., his Essay on the Holy Roman Empire, 542.
Buckinghamshire, probably part of Leof- wine's Earldom, ii. 560, 567. Bulgarians, their invasions of the Eastern Empire, i. 305.
Burford, Battle of, secures the inde- pendence of Wessex, i. 37. Burgundy, various uses of the name, i. 598.
Burgundy, origin of the Kingdom, i. 155, 601; distinguished from the Duchy, 174; its relations to Lewis From-beyond-Sea, 228; to Richard the Good, 459; various descriptions of, 599, 605; its command of the Alpine passes, 731.
Burgundy, County of, war of Richard the Good in, i. 460; its connexion with Normandy through Adeliza, ii. 179. Burgundy, Duchy of, its relations with France, i. 174; its temporary union
under Rudolf, 193; its dismember- ment on his death, 194; origin of the Capetian dynasty in, 281; rights of King Robert over, supported by Richard the Good, 454.
Burhhard, son of Earl Elfgar, ii. 456, 658.
Burhred, King of the Mercians, forsakes his Kingdom, i. 46; his relations to Ethelred, 563.
Burton, Mr., on the submission of Scot- land to Cnut, i. 740; on the war with Macbeth, ii. 643. Burton, foundation of, i. 657. Bury Saint Edmund's, threatened by Swegen, i. 363; held by secular priests, ib.
By, Danish origin of the termination, i. 48, 583.
Byblos, Bishop of, his definition of Imperial law, i. 571.
Caen, becomes Norman, i. 176; its loyalty to William, ii. 617. Caerleon, reckoned part of Hereford- shire, ii. 684.
Cæsar, C. Julius, his evidence as to the old Teutonic constitution, i. 73, 83, 579.
Cæsar, the title once used by an Eng-
lish King, i. 132, 552; applied to Wil- liam the Conqueror, 556.
Caistor, predecessor of Norwich, i. 320. Cambridge, burned by Thurkill, i. 345. Cambridgeshire, its relation to East-
Canewdon, possible derivation of the name, i. 387, 681.
Canterbury, the first Christian city in England, i. 28, 29; besieged by the Danes, 342; the Danes bought off, ib.; second siege, 350; the city be- trayed and plundered, 350, 658, 663; its Archbishops called Popes, 556; Osbern's legend of, 660; question as to which Elfmær betrayed the city, 660-661; allusion to the capture of the city in Archbishop Wulfstan's sermon, 669; question of Eadward's Coronation at, ii. 519. Canterbury Chronicle, its character, i. 399; on the parentage of Earl God- wine, 702; on the bequest of the Ætheling Ethelstan, 705; on the death of Eadric, 720.
Canute, origin of the corruption, i. 399. Capet, origin of the family, i. 156;
their rivalry with the Karlings, 157; the name never a real surname, ib.
Capitularies, Frankish, their bearing on English law, i. 73; their evidence as to commendation, 587. Caradoc, son of Rhydderch, slain by the English, i. 443.
Caradoc, son of Gruffydd of South Wales, kills the English workmen at Port- skewet, ii. 475.
Carausius, his history and position, i. 132, 138, 545; his coinage, 546. Carham on Tweed, defeat of the Ber- nician forces at, by Malcolm King of Scots in 1018, i. 444, 737, 738; its probable results, 578.
Carl, son of Thurbrand, his enmity towards Ealdred of Bernicia, i. 520;
his pretended reconciliation, ib.; murders him, 521.
Cashel, comparison of its site with that of Durham, i. 292.
Castles, beginning of, in England, ii. 136, 605-607; special horror of the English for, 137; building of, in Normandy, 189; difference in the tone of Norman and English com- plaints about them, 190.
Ceawlin, West-Saxon Bretwalda, his permanent and temporary conquests, i. 33.
Celti, use of the name, i. 598. Cenwealh, King of the West-Saxons, his conquests, i. 33, 34, 36; his battle at the Pens, 382.
Cenwulf, King of the Mercians, his victories, i. 37; his independence of the Pope and the Emperor, 560. Ceorl, churl, original meaning of the word, i. 80, 81; opposed to Eorl, 81; mythical origin of the distinction, ib.; real position of the Ceorls, 82; how affected by the growth of the Thegn- hood, 88-90; promotion of, to higher rank, 89, 273; general depression of the class, 90, 96; their right of appear- ance in the Gemót, 99, 591-592; practically restored in the thirteenth century, 103; relations of Ceorl to Ceorl, 118.
Ceorla cyning, surname applied to Ead- wig, i. 699.
Cerisy, Abbey of, founded by Robert of Normandy, i. 176, 473. Challon in Burgundy distinguished from Châlons, i. 460.
Channel Islands, become Norman, i. 186; their lasting connexion with Normandy and England, 187; their condition compared with that of Orkney, 188.
Chariberht, King of Paris, marriage of
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