to Britanny, 185; his wars with the
Northmen of the Loire, ib.
Alan, Count of the Bretons, his war
with Duke Robert, i. 465; guardian
of William the Conqueror, ii. 191;
poisoned while besieging the castle
of Montgomery, 192; his death as-
cribed to William, 193.
Alba, name of Scotland in Irish writers,
i. 574.
Alberic of Trois-fontaines, his legend
of the birth of Herleva, ii. 611.
Alcuin, i. 530. See Ealhwine.
Alençon, its disloyalty to Duke William
of Normandy, ii. 279; fortress gar-
risoned by Geoffrey, ib.; besieged by
William, 283; insults offered to Wil-
liam at, 284; his vengeance, 285.
Alexander the Great, division of his
Empire, i. 476.
Alexios, Emperor, defeated by the Nor-
mans at Dyrrhachion, i. 151.
Allectus, Emperor in Britain, i. 138.
Allen, Mr., his exposition of Folkland
and Bookland, i. 83, 94; of the origin
and growth of Kingship, 583; on the
word King, ib.
Alveston, church lands at, ii. 551.
Ambrières, castle at,fortified by William,
ii. 287.
America, lesson of its Civil War, i. 295.
Amesbury, meeting of the Witan at, i.
298; misconduct of the nuns of, 593.
Anderida, destroyed by Elle, i. 307,
Angelcyn, use of the word, i. 78, 529,
530.
Angles, i. 21; give their name to the
English nation, 22, 533; their King-
doms in Britain, 24, 25; use of the
word in charters, 551, 552.
Anglia, earliest use of the word, i. 605.
Anglian, use of the word, i. 541.
Anglo-, uses of the prefix, i. 540.
Anglorum Rex, Ethelberht so styled,
i. 530; use of the name, 585, 586.
Anglo-Saxon, ancient uses of the name,
i. 529, 535, 536, 540, 541; its mo-
dern abuse, 541; its force in charters,
551; foreign examples of the use of
the word, 771, 772.
Anglo-Saxonia, use of the word, i. 534.
Anjou, legend of the origin of its princes,
ii. 251; connexion of its Counts with
Norman and with English history,
267; characteristics of Angevin his-
tory, 268; Saxon occupation of An-
jou, 269; history of its Counts, 618.
Anscytel, story of, i. 620.
Anselm, Saint, asserts Elfheah's right
to the title of martyr, i. 353; his
humanity to animals, ii. 25; Abbot
of Bec, 212.
Appenzell, assemblies of, compared with
the English Gemóts, ii. 331.
Apulia, Norman conquest of, i. 461.
Aquitaine, its union with Neustria, i.
154; its later relation to France and
England, 155, 177; delivered from
the Northmen by Rudolf, 181; no-
minal character of its vassalage, 192;
its princes support Lewis, 228;
granted by Lothar to Hugh the
Great, 230; attempt to establish
Lewis, son of Lothar, as King, 237;
little affected by the establishment of
the Parisian dynasty, 241, 250; its
relation to France under Edward the
First, 570; its people, 598; succession
of its Dukes, ii. 622.
Architecture, stone, in England before
the Norman Conquest, i. 423.
Archon, title of, applied to English
Ealdormen, i. 552.
Aristotle, English Constitution illus-
trated from his Politics, i. 100.
Armenia, its conversion compared with
that of England, i. 31.
Armies, difficulty of maintaining in the
eleventh century, i. 297.
Arminius, charged with aiming at
royalty, i. 579.
Armorican migration described by Pro-
kopios, i. 557; by Eginhard, 559;
by Ernoldus Nigellus, ib.
Arnulf, Emperor, receives the homage
of Odo of Paris while only King, i.
120; his victory over the Northmen,
161.
Arnulf, Count of Flanders, his charac-
ter, i. 193; his war with William
Longsword about Montreuil, 200;
his relations with Ethelstan, 201;
contrives the murder of William
Longsword, 204; his dealings with
Normandy during Richard's mino-
rity, 212, 213; resigns and resumes
his government, 231; his death, 229,
238.
Arnulf the Second, Count of Flanders,
his relations with Lothar and Richard,
i. 238.
Arnulf, son of William Talvas, rebels
against his father, ii. 184; legend of
his death, ib.
Arnwig, abbot of Peterborough, resigns
his abbey, ii. 348.
Arrière vassal, not the man of the
over-lord, i. 570.
Artald, Archbishop of Rheims, crowns
King Lewis, i. 198; deposed by Her-
bert of Vermandois, 204; restored
by Lewis and Otto, 225, 227.
Arthur, probable origin of his legend,
i. 136, 138; his alleged tomb at Glas-
tonbury, 396, 437-
Ashington, church of, i. 424.
Assandun, battle of, i. 387, 392; de-
scription of the site, 387; the battle
compared with that of Senlac, 389;
slaughter of the English nobility,
390; final victory of the Danes, 391;
political results of the battle, 392;
consecration of the church on, 423;
Cnut's foundation for a single priest,
424; Stigand, priest of, ib.; question
of the site, 680; the battle a national
struggle on the English side, 681;
examination of the authorities, ib.
Assembly, general, different forms of,
i. 80; primary, adapted only to small
commonwealths, 101.
Asser, his use of the word Saxon, i.
552.
Attigny, meetings and councils at, i.
204, 205.
Augusta, Roman official name of Lon-
don, i. 279.
Augustine begins the conversion of
England, i. 30, 32; his speech to
the Welsh Bishops; helped by Ethel-
berht beyond the limits of Kent,
544.
Augustus, title borne by English Kings,
i. 132, 135.
Aurelius Ambrosius, supposed Emperor
in Britain, i. 132, 136.
Auvray, form of the name Elfred,
i. 747.
Avranches, district of, added to Nor-
mandy, i. 182.
Axe, Danish, i. 512; the characteristic
English weapon, ib.
Azor, his dealings with Godwine, ii.
545; with Gisa, 679; various men
of the name, 680.
Bæda, his use of national names, i.
530, 532, 540; his list of Bretwaldas,
533, 544; his account of the Old-
Saxons, 579.
Bajulus, title corresponding to the
Eastern Vizier, i. 713.
Bakewell, fortified by Eadward the
Elder, i. 568; alleged scene of the
Commendation of Scotland, ib.
Baldric, Abbot, his verses on William
the Conqueror, i. 556; his promo-
tion, ii. 585, 586.
Baldwin, Abbot of Saint Eadmund's,
ii. 446, 585; whether the same as
Eadward's godson, 586.
Baldwin the Bearded, Count of Flanders,
restored by Duke Robert, i. 465.
Baldwin of Lisle, Count of Flanders,
rebels against his father, i. 465; mar-
ries Adela daughter of King Robert,
465, 499; receives Elfgifu-Emma on
her banishment by Harold the First,
499; his court a general place of
refuge for English exiles, ib.; rebels
against the Emperor Henry, ii. 97;
is defeated, 98; submits, 98, 594; re-
ceives Swegen, 106; Godwine, 149:
the sons of Count Gilbert, 193; inter-
cedes with King Eadward on behalf
of Godwine, 311; Tostig takes refuge
with, 496.
Baldwines Land, Flanders so called, i.
601; the common refuge of English
exiles, ii. 149.
Balliol, John of, his dispute with Edward
the First, i. 570.
Balzo, one of the murderers of William
Longsword, i. 620.
Bamborough, lords of, submit to Ead-
ward the Elder and Ethelstan, i. 59;
stormed by the Danes, 281; succes
sive fortifications, 308; Waltheof
takes refuge in, 326.
Bangor, massacre of the monks of, i. 35.
Banwell, lordship of, its history, ii. 675.
Barbarian, force of the word, i. 197.
Barcelona, position of the County, i.461.
Basil the Macedonian, Emperor, re-
fuses the title of Basileus to the Em-
peror Lewis, i. 553.
Basil the Second, Emperor, his struggle
with the Bulgarians, i. 305.
Basileus, title of, borne by the English
Kings, i. 132, 548, 551; its special
force, 135, 552; rare except in
charters, 552; disputed between the
Eastern and Western Emperors, 553.
Bath, West-Saxons submit to Swegen
at, i. 358.
Battle Abbey, contrasted with Assan-
dun, i. 424.
Bayeux occupied by Rolf, i. 165; its
final conquest, 169, 175; importance
of its acquisition, 176; Saxon colony
at, ib.; its lasting impress on the
district, 167, 178; retention of the
Danish language at, 180, 607; be-
sieged by Bretons, 182; remains
Danish under William Longsword,
191; occupied by Hugh the Great,
213; by Harold Blaatand, 216; Odo
Bishop of, ii. 108; building of the
Cathedral, 209; joins with the Danish
lands in rebellion against Duke Wil-
liam, 242.
Bayeux Tapestry, compared with that
of Ely, i. 274; its use of national
names, 531; on Harold, ii. 664.
Beaumont, Roger of, sent against Roger
of Toesny, ii. 197; ancestor of the
first house of the Earls of Leicester,
ib.
Beaver, existence of, in Britain, i. 517.
Bec, Abbey of, ii. 212; gave three Arch-
bishops of Canterbury to England,
ib.; its early history, 214; founda-
tion of the Abbey by Herlwin, 214,
218; present condition of the spot,
218; new church consecrated by Lan-
franc, 220.
Bedfordshire, no certain notice of its
Earls, ii. 560.
Belesme, Norman house of, its great-
ness, ii. 181; its supposed hereditary
wickedness, 182, 183.
Belga, use of the name, i. 598.
Belisarius, said to have offered Brettania
to the Goths, i. 557.
Benedict the Tenth, Pope, his irregular
appointment, ii. 431; grants the pal-
lium to Stigand, 432; his deposition,
438.
Benet, Saint, Abbey of, favoured by
Cnut, i. 436.
Bensington, its early military import-
ance, i. 370.
Beorn, father of Thurgils Sprakaleg, i.
Beorn, son of Ulf and Estrith, Earl of
the Middle-Angles, ii. 36, 558; date
of his promotion, 79, 558; division
of Earl Swegen's lands between him
and Harold, 88, 561; opposes a re-
conciliation between the King and
Swegen, 99; entrapped and slain by
Swegen, 101, 102; buried at Win-
chester, 102; extent of his Earldom,
560.
Berengar of Tours, his views discussed
at the Synod of Rome, ii. 115; at the
Synod of Vercelli, 116; his final con-
demnation, ib.
Berkeley, its connexion with Beverstone,
ii. 139; story of the suppression of its
Abbey by Godwine, 544, 55.
Berkshire, forms part of the Earldom of
Swegen, ii. 564; of that of Godwine
and Harold, 565.
Bernard, King of Italy, i. 473.
Bernard the Dane, encourages William
Longsword in the Breton revolt, i.
188; his French and Christian policy,
189; acts as regent for Richard the
Fearless, 212; threatened by Lewis,
214; his descendants, 251.
Bernard, Count of Senlis, uncle of Wil-
liam Longsword, i. 179; shelters
Richard the Fearless, 212.
Bernay, Abbey of, founded by Duchess
Judith, i. 454.
Besançon, Lewis From-beyond-Sea at,
i. 228; its position, 599.
Bessin. See Bayeux.
Beverege, Island, men of Worcester
escaped to, i. 516.
Beverstone, in Gloucestershire, meeting
there of Godwine and his sons, ii.
138.
Bigod, Bigot, House of, Earls of Nor-
folk, i. 320, ii. 288; legendary origin
of the name, i. 608, ii. 288; the name
applied as a term of contempt to the
Normans, ii. 199, 288.
Bishops, grants of land by, i. 590;
method of appointing, ii. 66, 571-
577; titles of Bishops and Bishop-
ricks, 587-592.
Bishopstool, use of the word, ii. 587.
Bleddyn, brother of Gruffydd ap Llyw-
elyn, his ravages in Herefordshire,
ii. 387; receives the Welsh crown
along with Rhiwallon, 472.
Bodmin, see of the Bishoprick of Corn-
wall, i. 309.
Boece, Hector, his account of the grant
of Cumberland, i. 572.
Boethius the Wend, i. 735.
Bohemia, its relations to the Empire, i.
119.
Bolingbroke, Henry of, compared with
Godwine, ii. 312.
Bonnechose, M. Emile, on Wulfnoth, i.
651; on the legend of Emma, ii. 571;
on Swegen and Eadgifu, 593; on the
supposed enmity between Harold and
Tostig, 654; on the Northumbrian
revolt, 690; his misunderstanding
of William of Malmesbury, 691.
Bookland, origin and nature of, i. 93.
Boso, founds the Kingdom of Burgundy,
i. 155; form of his election, 601.
Botho, tutor of William Longsword, i.
180, 189-191.
Botho's Brunswick Chronicle quoted,
Boulogne, its conquest by Henry the
Eighth, i. 138; extent of the County,
488.
Bourchier, Archbishop, petitions of the
House of Commons for his recom-
mendation to chapters, ii. 577-
Bourdeaux, its alleged cession to Geof-
frey of Anjou, ii. 274, 671.
Bremen, its connexion with London, i.
281; alleged flight of Cnut and Olaf
to, 373.
Brentford, Eadmund's victory over Cnut
at, i. 385.
Bretigny, Peace of, i. 155.
Brettania, use of the name by Prokopios,
i. 556, 557-
Bretwaldas, nature of their supremacy,
i. 26, 544; use of the name in char-
ters, 543; different forms of the
name, ib. ; lists of, 543, 544; exploded
views of, 544; nature of their power
under Æthelberht, ib.; under Ælle,
545; of purely English origin, ib.;
extent of their supremacy, 546.
Bret-Welsh, meaning of the word, i.
538.
Brice, Saint, massacre of, i. 312, 313;
its probable extent, 313; its results,
315; varying accounts of the mas-
sacre, 634-638; illustrates the growth
of legend, 638.
Brihtnoth, first Abbot of Ely, legend
of his death, i. 274.
Brihtnoth, Ealdorman of the East-
Saxons, favours the monks, i. 262;
meets the Northmen at Maldon, 268,
271; refuses payment of money, 270;
his death in battle, 271; fight over
his body, 271-272; his burial at Ely,
273-274; various notices of him,
623-624; his favour with Eadgar,
623, 772; question of his will, 623,
772; forms of his name, 623; mention
of him in the will of Æthelflæd, ib.
Brihtric, brother of Eadric, slanders
Wulfnoth to Ethelred, i. 341; his
ships burned by Wulfnoth, ib.
Brihtric, son of Elfheah of Devon-
shire, executed by Cnut, i. 411.
Brihtwold, Bishop of Dorsetshire, re-
ceives the lands of Wulfgeat, i. 370;
his vision of Eadward, ii. 79, 523; his
death, 79.
Brionne, siege of, ii. 262.
Bristol, a seat of the slave trade,
ii. 151; Harold and Leofwine sail
thence to Ireland, ii. 151, 152.
Britain, its languages and races at the
time of the Norman Conquest, i. 8;
alleged Teutonic element in, before
the English Conquest, II; less
thoroughly Romanized than Gaul
and Spain, 19; spoken of as another
world, 555, 556; the Brittia of Pro-
kopios, 556, 559.
Britanni, term how used by Thietmar,
i. 684.
Britannia Rex, title equivalent to
Bretwalda, i. 543.
Britanny, its vassalage to Normandy,
i. 175, 186; revolts, 181; recovered by
William Longsword, 182; its loss of
the Côtentin, 186; confirmed to Wil-
liam by King Rudolf, 196; invaded
by the heathen Normans, 213; Duke
Richard's friendly relations with, 454;
its relations to Duke Robert, 465;
reduced to submission, ib.; invaded
by Charles the Great, 559; descrip-
tion of, by Eginhard and Ermoldus
Nigellus, ib.
Brittia, see Britain.
Bromton, character of the Chronicle so
called, i. 410; on the death of Ead-
mund Ironside, 696; on the two
Eadwigs, 699; on the death of Eadric,
721; on the death of the Etheling
Elfred, 763; on the trial and ac-
quittal of Godwine, 767; on the
legend of Emma, ii. 569; on Dane-
geld, 598; on the death of Godwine,
640; on the supposed enmity between
Harold and Tostig, 653.
Bruce, Robert, addresses Edward the
First as Emperor, i. 570.
Brunanburh, battle of, i. 60; song of,
ib.
Bruno, Archbishop of Köln and Duke
of Lotharingia, his influence on French
affairs, i. 208; helps Lothar, 230.
Bryce, Mr., his Essay on the Holy
Roman Empire, 542.
Buckinghamshire, probably part of Leof-
wine's Earldom, ii. 560, 567.
Bulgarians, their invasions of the Eastern
Empire, i. 305.
Burford, Battle of, secures the inde-
pendence of Wessex, i. 37.
Burgundy, various uses of the name,
i. 598.
Burgundy, origin of the Kingdom, i.
155, 601; distinguished from the
Duchy, 174; its relations to Lewis
From-beyond-Sea, 228; to Richard
the Good, 459; various descriptions
of, 599, 605; its command of the
Alpine passes, 731.
Burgundy, County of, war of Richard
the Good in, i. 460; its connexion
with Normandy through Adeliza, ii.
179.
Burgundy, Duchy of, its relations with
France, i. 174; its temporary union
under Rudolf, 193; its dismember-
ment on his death, 194; origin of
the Capetian dynasty in, 281; rights
of King Robert over, supported by
Richard the Good, 454.
Burhhard, son of Earl Elfgar, ii. 456,
658.
Burhred, King of the Mercians, forsakes
his Kingdom, i. 46; his relations to
Ethelred, 563.
Burton, Mr., on the submission of Scot-
land to Cnut, i. 740; on the war
with Macbeth, ii. 643.
Burton, foundation of, i. 657.
Bury Saint Edmund's, threatened by
Swegen, i. 363; held by secular
priests, ib.
By, Danish origin of the termination,
i. 48, 583.
Byblos, Bishop of, his definition of
Imperial law, i. 571.
Caen, becomes Norman, i. 176; its
loyalty to William, ii. 617.
Caerleon, reckoned part of Hereford-
shire, ii. 684.
Cæsar, C. Julius, his evidence as to the
old Teutonic constitution, i. 73, 83,
579.
Cæsar, the title once used by an Eng-
lish King, i. 132, 552; applied to Wil-
liam the Conqueror, 556.
Caistor, predecessor of Norwich, i. 320.
Cambridge, burned by Thurkill, i. 345.
Cambridgeshire, its relation to East-
Canewdon, possible derivation of the
name, i. 387, 681.
Canterbury, the first Christian city in
England, i. 28, 29; besieged by the
Danes, 342; the Danes bought off,
ib.; second siege, 350; the city be-
trayed and plundered, 350, 658, 663;
its Archbishops called Popes, 556;
Osbern's legend of, 660; question as
to which Elfmær betrayed the city,
660-661; allusion to the capture of
the city in Archbishop Wulfstan's
sermon, 669; question of Eadward's
Coronation at, ii. 519.
Canterbury Chronicle, its character, i.
399; on the parentage of Earl God-
wine, 702; on the bequest of the
Ætheling Ethelstan, 705; on the
death of Eadric, 720.
Canute, origin of the corruption, i. 399.
Capet, origin of the family, i. 156;
their rivalry with the Karlings, 157;
the name never a real surname, ib.
Capitularies, Frankish, their bearing on
English law, i. 73; their evidence as
to commendation, 587.
Caradoc, son of Rhydderch, slain by
the English, i. 443.
Caradoc, son of Gruffydd of South Wales,
kills the English workmen at Port-
skewet, ii. 475.
Carausius, his history and position, i.
132, 138, 545; his coinage, 546.
Carham on Tweed, defeat of the Ber-
nician forces at, by Malcolm King of
Scots in 1018, i. 444, 737, 738; its
probable results, 578.
Carl, son of Thurbrand, his enmity
towards Ealdred of Bernicia, i. 520;
his pretended reconciliation, ib.;
murders him, 521.
Cashel, comparison of its site with that
of Durham, i. 292.
Castles, beginning of, in England, ii.
136, 605-607; special horror of the
English for, 137; building of, in
Normandy, 189; difference in the
tone of Norman and English com-
plaints about them, 190.
Ceawlin, West-Saxon Bretwalda, his
permanent and temporary conquests,
i. 33.
Celti, use of the name, i. 598.
Cenwealh, King of the West-Saxons,
his conquests, i. 33, 34, 36; his
battle at the Pens, 382.
Cenwulf, King of the Mercians, his
victories, i. 37; his independence of
the Pope and the Emperor, 560.
Ceorl, churl, original meaning of the
word, i. 80, 81; opposed to Eorl, 81;
mythical origin of the distinction, ib.;
real position of the Ceorls, 82; how
affected by the growth of the Thegn-
hood, 88-90; promotion of, to higher
rank, 89, 273; general depression of
the class, 90, 96; their right of appear-
ance in the Gemót, 99, 591-592;
practically restored in the thirteenth
century, 103; relations of Ceorl to
Ceorl, 118.
Ceorla cyning, surname applied to Ead-
wig, i. 699.
Cerisy, Abbey of, founded by Robert
of Normandy, i. 176, 473.
Challon in Burgundy distinguished from
Châlons, i. 460.
Channel Islands, become Norman, i.
186; their lasting connexion with
Normandy and England, 187; their
condition compared with that of
Orkney, 188.
Chariberht, King of Paris, marriage of
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