northern naturalist would say), may become their hybernaculum, and afford them a ready and obvious retreat?

We are beginning to expect our vernal migrations of ringousels every week. Persons worthy of credit assure me, that ringousels were seen at Christmas, 1770, in the forest of Bere, on the southern verge of this county. Hence we may conclude, that their migrations are only internal, and not extended to the continent southward, if they do at first come at all from the northern parts of this island only, and not from the north of Europe. Come from whence they will, it is plain, from the fearless disregard that they show for men or guns, that they have been little accustomed to places of much resort. Navigators mention, that, in the Isle of Ascension, and other such desolate districts, birds are so little acquainted with the human form, that they settle on men's shoulders, and have no more dread of a sailor than they would have of a goat that was grazing. A young man at Lewes, in Sussex, assured me, that about even years ago, ringousels abounded so about that town in the autumn, that he killed sixteen himself in one afternoon: he added farther, that some had appeared since in every autumn; but he could not find that any had been observed before the season in which he shot so many. I myself have found these birds in little parties in the autumn cantoned all along the Sussex downs, wherever there were shrubs and bushes, from Chichester to Lewes ; particularly in the autumn of 1770.

DEAR SIR,

LETTER XXXIX.

Selborne, Nov. 9, 1773.

As you desire me to send you such observations as may occur, I take the liberty of making the following remarks, that you may, according as you think

me right or wrong, admit or reject what I here advance in your intended new edition of the British Zoology.

The osprey1 was shot about a year ago at Frinsham 1 British Zoology, vol. i. p. 128.

pond, a great lake, at about six miles from hence, while it was sitting on the handle of a plough and devouring a fish; it used to precipitate itself into the water, and so take its prey by surprise.

A great ash-coloured1 butcher-bird was shot last winter in Tisted Park, and a red-backed butcher-bird at Selborne. They are rare aves in this country. Crows 2 go in pairs the whole year round.

Cornish choughs 3 abound on Beechy Head, and on the cliffs of the Sussex coast.

The common wild pigeon, or stock-dove, is a bird of passage in the south of England, seldom appearing till towards the end of November; is usually the latest winter bird of passage. Before our beechen woods were so much destroyed, we had myriads of them, reaching in strings for a mile together, as they went out in the morning to feed. They leave us early in spring;-where do they build?

5

The people of Hampshire and Sussex call the missel-bird the storm-cock, because it sings early in the spring in blowing showery weather. Its song often commences with the year; with us it builds much in orchards.

6

A gentleman assures me he has taken the nests of ringousels on Dartmoor; they build in banks on the sides of streams.

Titlarks not only sing sweetly as they sit on trees, but also as they play and toy about on the wing; and particularly while they are descending, and sometimes as they stand on the ground.

Adanson's testimony seems to me to be a very poor evidence that European swallows migrate during our winter to Senegal; he does not talk at all like an ornithologist, and probably saw only the swallows of that country, which I know build within Governor O'Hara's hall, against the roof. Had he known European swallows, would he not have mentioned the species?

The house-swallow washes by dropping into the water as it flies; this species appears commonly about a week before the house-martin, and about ten or twelve days before the swift.

In 1772, there were young house-martins 2 in their nest till October the 23d.

The swift appears about ten or twelve days later than the house-swallow; viz. about the 24th or 26th of April.

4

Whin-chats and stone-chatters stay with us the whole year.

5

Some wheatears continue with us the winter through.

6

Wagtails, all sorts, remain with us all the winter. Bullfinches, when fed on hempseed, often become wholly black.

7

We have vast flocks of female chaffinches all the winter, with hardly any males among them.

8

When you say that in summer-time the cock. snipes make a bleating noise, and I a drumming (perhaps I should have rather said a humming), I suspect we mean the same thing. However, while

they are playing about on the wing, they certainly make a loud piping with their mouths; but whether that bleating or humming is ventriloquous, or proceeds from the motion of their wings, I cannot say ; but this I know, that when this noise happens, the bird is always descending, and his wings are violently agitated.

Soon after the lapwings 1 have done hatching, they congregate, and, leaving the moors and marshes, betake themselves to downs and sheep-walks.

Two years ago2 last spring, the little auk was found alive and unhurt, but fluttering and unable to rise, in a lane a few miles from Alresford, where there is a great lake; it was kept a while, but died. I saw young teals taken alive in the ponds of 1 British Zoology, vol. ii. p. 360.

2 P. 409.

3 P. 475.