a huge fireplace, and towards the east a doorway into the parlour. This was also furnished with a great fireplace against its south wall, and lighted by two windows on the west, of the same pattern as those of the hall. In the north wall of the hall, opposite the parlour door, was the entrance to the kitchen. In the south end of this the buttery and pantry were partitioned off, and lighted by another large window on the west. The kitchen fireplace was of noble proportions, being over 10 feet wide, with a lintel formed of deep stones ingeniously joggled together, like those in the twelfth century calefactorium at Fountains Abbey. (Fig. 4.) To the west of it was a doorway into the roofless chambers on the north, which henceforth served as a

Fig. 4-Fireplace with joggled lintel in western range

of outer court. (Scale=1 inch to a foot.)

kitchen court. Another large window on the west lighted the kitchen itself, thus giving externally a symmetrical arrangement, with the porch in the middle. All the original openings on the east side of the new rooms were built up, except one nearly opposite the hall door, which was converted into a doorway. This led into a large new wing some 15 feet wide, extending eastwards 22 feet, and of two storeys, within which was constructed an ample wooden staircase to the upper floor. This consisted of (1) a large chamber to the south, over the parlour, with a fireplace, and two large west windows like those below; and (2) one long room extending over both hall and kitchen, and probably subdivided into three lesser chambers by partitions. The windows of these corresponded in size and position to those below, and over the porch was a little room opening out of

the chamber that adjoined it.' The original windows on the east side were all blocked, like those below. The great staircase was continued up above the first floor to a long gallery in the roof, lighted by three nice gabled dormer windows rising from the battlement parapet that surmounted the western front. All the work done by Lascelles is of good and simple character throughout.

Forming the south end of the western range of buildings was a block 55 feet and 24 feet wide, extending east and west, with its west wall flush with the front of the western range. It is now ruined to its foundations, with the exception of the western end, and a singular chimney against the south side. It was divided by a cross wall into a square eastern section and a larger western. Outside and against the north wall of the western chamber has been built a large round vat or copper, 8 feet in diameter internally, with external buttresses of some size on the west. This is of somewhat later date than the building itself, but is now greatly ruined, and only a part of the base or hearth remains. In the south-west corner of the room is a structure entered by two wide four-centred archways, and divided unequally within into two divisions by another four-centred arch. The western, or larger, division has a tall, pointed, arched recess on the west, pierced by two square-headed windows, one over the other. The whole is covered by a pyramidal roof of stone, covered by an embattled chimney.2

From comparison with other remains elsewhere, the building probably formed the malthouse and brewhouse; the round thing being either the steeping vat or boiler, or serving as both; the ample floor for germinating the malt; and the chimneyed structure the kiln for drying the malt. The small annexe on the south may have been the wood store.

The square eastern chamber was entered by a doorway in the north wall, and had opposite to it a later fireplace in the south wall. A little to the west of the doorway was built out a small round oven, which suggests that the room was the bakehouse. The flagged floor remains in places, as well as traces of a partition wall, but the exact line of this is uncertain.

The north side of the outer court is formed for the most part by the wall which divides it from the inner and upper court.

1 This room has a second partition on

the east, surmounted by an open balus

trade, to allow of a passage between it and the wall to the large southern chamber.

2 The top of this may be seen on the extreme left in Plate III.

Against or in front of this were erected a number of important buildings, including (1) the frater, (2) the prior's cell, (3) the church, (4) the chapter-house, and (5) the sacrist's cell.

THE FRATER.

Of the frater only the north side and part of the west end remain, and the excavations on its site showed that it had been so altered that it is somewhat difficult to make out the original arrangements. It was at first 26 feet wide and 36 feet long, and entered from the inner court or great cloister by a four-centred doorway, the labels of which end in shields of arms. Over the doorway is a square-headed window, and to the west of it and the doorway are a number of holes one above the other. These show that the doorway opened into a passage screened off from the hall, and surmounted by a loft or gallery. In the middle of the north wall is a "turn" from the great cloister, similar to others presently to be described, and just west of it a small recess for a water tap. The chase for the pipe of this may be seen on the cloister side, and the leaden waste pipe from it was found during recent excavations. The western end of the frater was also partitioned off by a screen, with loft above; the windows must, therefore, have been in the south wall, but this has been completely destroyed. Within the western screen were two doorways. The first of these still remains on the north. It is an insertion of somewhat later date than the wall in which it is set, and opened into a cellar or cellars beyond. The second doorway was in the middle of the west wall, and opened into the frater with a descending flight of several steps from a wooden porch outside, in which there were other steps up to it. The doorway itself was probably halved midway, so as to form a hutch for passing in food.

The porch above referred to opened out of a pentise extending from the frater wall westwards alongside the bakehouse as far as, probably, the oven beyond the bakehouse doorway. Between the angle of the frater and the corner of the bakehouse the pentise was of double width, and closed on the south by a wall extending from the angle buttress of the frater to the bakehouse wall. In the corner

1 Of Redman, three cushions, quartering the lion of the Aldeburghs.

2 This turn cannot have had anything to do with the frater, and seems to have

been intended to open into a cell on the site of the frater, which was afterwards abandoned or placed elsewhere.

of this part, against the frater, was the base of, apparently, a conduit. Beyond this was a doorway from a room outside to the south. This room was evidently the kitchen; it had a fireplace four feet wide on the east, and opening out into it, to the south, was a lesser room. Both apartments seem to have been half-timbered structures, and their demolition has left little behind from which their arrangements can be made out.

The area north of the pentise above noted was an open court. The later alterations to the frater consisted in reducing its width from 26 feet to 16 feet by building a new south wall within it, and removing the old outer wall altogether. Against the new wall was then built a pentise or wooden passage, which was made to communicate with the older pentise west of it by a new doorway in the wall between. Within the altered frater may be traced, against its east and south walls, the margin of a ledge 2 feet 6 inches broad, on which probably stood narrow tables, with a bench against the wall behind, at which the monks sat on the occasions when they dined together in frater.

The frater was terminated eastward, not by a wall, but by a wooden screen or partition, which formed one side of a passage 6 feet wide, connecting the inner and outer courts. The southern end of this has been destroyed, but in the north end is a wide doorway, with a flat lintel, formed of one long stone. This doorway so closely adjoins the one into the frater that the alternate courses of the jamb stones are common to both doorways.

THE PRIOR'S CELL.

From the entrance passage to the inner court there extends as far as the church a building which may have formed the prior's cell. It was 26 feet wide and 38 feet long, but was subdivided by a strong partition into a greater and a lesser chamber. The greater was entered through a doorway in the north end of the partition' that formed the eastern side of the entry to the great cloister, and had a large fireplace in the north wall, with a curbed stone hearth, and a bracket for a light on its right-hand side. To the west of the fireplace are traces of a recess, perhaps for a water tap, as in other of the cells. The south wall has been completely destroyed. The lesser chamber is apparently the result of an alteration, and its site may originally have formed the garden of the prior's cell. Its north wall has clearly been rebuilt, and now contains a doorway from the

1 This partition takes the place of a wall two feet six inches thick, that once

stood immediately within and parallel to it.