as completed on the morning of the 2d, extended from the Rappahannock on the left to a point on the Germanna plank road full two and a half miles west of Chancellorsville. The Fifth corps and a division of the second was on the left, facing east, the right in advance of the Chancellor House. The Twelfth corps was south of the plank road, its left less than one fourth of a mile in front of the Chancellor House, its right near Hazel Grove, a little over a mile southwest of Chancellor's. Birney's division of the Third corps was on the right of the Twelfth, and the Eleventh corps continued the line from Dowdall's tavern westward beyond Talley's farm. The works held by the Twelfth, Third, and Eleventh corps faced south, those of the Twelfth in form of a bow, the plank road being the string of the bow; those of the Eleventh ran in a straight line generally just south of the road. For nearly the entire distance the line ran through an almost impenetrable forest of scrub-oak and pine. There was a spacious clearing around the Chancellor House, where Hooker had his headquarters, and open ground around Dowdall's. A division of the Second corps and two of the Third were in reserve. Pleasanton's cavalry was near

THEATRE OF OPERATIONS CHANCELLORSVILLE CAMPAIGN KAY 1-8, 1948

Chancellor's House. On the evening of 1 May Lee had a conference with Jackson. To attack Hooker's 71,000 men, behind works, with 48,000, was certain to entail a terrible loss of life, and it was determined that Jackson, with nearly 30,000 men, infantry, cavalry, and artillery, should march across Hooker's front and assail his right flank and rear, Lee remaining with McLaws' and Anderson's 18,000 men to watch his left, demonstrate on it, and guard the roads to Fredericksburg. Jackson moved on the morning of the 2d with his accustomed celerity, and about 4.30 P.M. his head of column was on Hooker's right and rear, and he began to form line a scant mile from the right flank of the Eleventh corps. His movement had been discovered and misunderstood. As early as 9 o'clock he was seen marching a mile or so to the south; information of the fact was sent to Slocum and Howard, and instructions to both to strengthen their flanks. Hooker soon came to the conclusion that Lee was retreating, and about IP.M. Sickles, at his own request, was ordered to take two divisions of the Third corps, move out and attack, which he did, falling on Jackson's rear at Welford's Furnace, taking some prisoners. Barlow's brigade of the Eleventh corps was sent to Sickles, and Pleasanton's cavalry joined him, but the forest was too dense for cavalry operations, and Pleas

anton withdrew two of his regiments and battery to Hazel Grove, where Sickles had left some of his artillery. Williams' division of the Twelfth corps was sent from its works to form on Sickles' left, attack Anderson's left and roll him back on Chancellorsville. Williams was about to attack when Jackson fell on the flank of the Eleventh corps, and he went back to his works. The Eleventh corps was badly posted and, though repeatedly informed by brigade and regimental commanders and picket officers of the gathering enemy on the flank, the superior officers, with one exception, lulled into security by the pleasing reports that Jackson was retreating, made no adequate provision against a flank attack, and most of the men were preparing supper when the storm broke. Jackson had formed his 26,000 infantry in three lines across the plank road, a mile on either side of it, artillery in the road, and a little after 5 o'clock gave the order to advance. The lines advanced with a rush, startling the game in the forest. The Union skirmishers were quickly driven in, and with a wild yell the main Confederate line struck the right brigade of Devens' division, flanked it, and after two or three rounds had been fired it gave way, the enemy following, striking and flanking everything in the way. No troops in the world, so placed, could stay such an attack. Some regiments made heroic stand and fought brilliantly, but in 30 minutes Deven's division of 4,000 men, was routed and the Confederates advanced upon Schurz's division, which had changed front. Schurz held ground about 20 minutes, and then fell back upon Buschbeck's brigade, east of Dowdall's. Here Schurz rallied some of his men. Buschbeck stood three quarters of an hour, and it was after 7 o'clock, when, attacked in front and flank, he fell back in good order to Fairview, where 40 guns of the Eleventh and Twelfth corps were being massed on high ground in his rear. Howard's corps had been driven two miles in less than two hours, losing nearly 1,500 killed and wounded, and 1,000 prisoners. The force of Jackson's attack had spent itself; his two leading divisions — Rodes' and Colston's — had become inextricably mixed; the men were tired and hungry, and Jackson suspended their further advance and ordered A. P. Hill to relieve them. Meanwhile Hooker had sent Berry's division, of the Third corps, and Hays' brigade, of the Second, to the west edge of the open field north of the road; on Berry's right were some of Schurz's regiments; and Williams, desisting from his attack on Anderson, regained part of his works and formed south of the road on Berry's left, Buschbeck in his rear. This covered the road at a distance of a little over a half mile west of Chancellor's House. Sickles, when informed of Howard's disaster, fell back from Welford Furnace to Hazel Grove, and formed on Pleasanton's left. Barlow drew up in Pleasanton's rear, all close to Williams' left and front. The two Confederate lines fell back to the open ground around Dowdall's, to re-form, and A. P. Hill was brought up and his leading brigade pushed along the plank road beyond the intersection of a road leading left to White House, and United States Ford, the road to be taken by Hill to cut off Hooker's retreat. While Jackson was reconnoitering on this road, beyond his main line, skirmishing began between the opposing pickets in the woods, and as

Jackson, with his staff and orderlies, was riding back, the mounted body was mistaken for Union cavalry, and fired into, Jackson (about 9.20 P.M.) was wounded in three places, both arms being shattered. Nearly the entire escort were also killed or wounded. Jackson died 10 May. At the sound of the firing in the woods the Union guns on Fairview opened a furious fire down the plank road, causing some confusion to the Confederate column on it. During this fire A. P. Hill, next in command, was wounded; the intended advance was suspended, and Gen. J. E. B. Stuart was sent for to take command. During the night and early morning some changes were made in the Union line by which the approaches on the right to United States Ford were covered by Reynolds' corps and part of Meade's, and the Eleventh corps took position on the extreme left vacated by Meade. At 9 P.M. Hooker, not knowing that Sedgwick's entire corps was at Fredericksburg, ordered him to cross from Falmouth and march up the south side of the river to Chancellorsville, and attack Lee's rear at daylight, 3 May, while he attacked in front. Pleasanton and Sickles were ordered to fall back from Hazel Grove at dawn. Pleasanton marched back at 4 o'clock, and Sickles was following when his rear was caught by the oncoming Confederate line. Stuart, who had assumed command of Jackson's corps, advanced at 5 o'clock, 3 May, with great impetuosity, his right attacking Sickles as his rear brigade was about retiring from Hazel Grove. The brigade was soon driven, four guns were captured, and Stuart swept on. Thirty Confederate guns were put in position at Hazel Grove which swept the open ground of Fairview and poured an enfilading fire on the right of Geary's division of the Twelfth corps, which was fighting Anderson, and at the same time Geary's left was being pounded by McLaws' guns. The battle now became fierce along the entire line of the Second, Third, and Twelfth corps. On the right Stuart's men fought French's division of the Second corps and the three divisions of the Third, taking the Union works, being driven from them, and retaking them. Williams was fighting Stuart's right, Geary of the Twelfth corps was desperately engaging Anderson, and on his left, covering Fredericksburg road, Hancock's division of the Second corps was resisting the fierce attacks of McLaws. Stuart gradually gained ground and united his right with Anderson's left near Hazel Grove. The Union ammunition began to fail, and finally, about 9 o'clock, French, of the Second corps, the Third corps, and Williams' division of the Twelfth, after frightful losses, began to fall back, and the Confederates gained the west of the Chancellor plateau and swept it with artillery. A cannon-shot struck a pillar of the Chancellor House against which Hooker was leaning. He was knocked down and stunned, and Couch, who was second in command, was instructed by Hooker to withdraw to a position, already selected, about three fourths of a mile north of the Chancellor House, and covering United States Ford. The right and centre, closely pressed, fought their way back; Geary, attacked in front, right flank, and rear, followed; Hancock followed Geary; before noon the troops were in the new position; and here the battle of Chancellorsville proper ended, for, before

Lee had completed preparations to renew his attack, he heard of the capture of Fredericksburg and Marye's Heights and the advance of Sedgwick. Suspending further operations against Hooker, he turned his attention to Sedgwick, sending McLaws' division to oppose him.

When Sedgwick received Hooker's order of 9 P.M., 2 May, to cross the river at Fredericksburg, he had already done so and was three miles below the town. It was II P.M. when he received the order; he had 14 miles to march before he could reach Chancellorsville; and an enemy barred the way. He had about 23,000 men. His three divisions were commanded by Gens. John Newton, W. T. H. Brooks, and A. P. Howe. Brooks was left below Fredericksburg, and Newton led the advance on the town. The night was dark; progress was slow; frequent halts being made while the skirmishers were feeling the way; it was the gray of the morning when Newton reached the rear and left of Fredericksburg; and as daylight came Marye's Heights were seen to be held by the enemy. Gibbon crossed the river from Falmouth and reported to Sedgwick with his division, and under cover of a demonstration by Newton, advanced on the right to turn the position, but was stopped by the canal and a concentrated fire of artillery. He found also that Hays' brigade of Early's division, and Wilcox's of Anderson's were in his front, and he was obliged to fall back. On the other flank Howe's division failed to make an impression. Nothing remained but to assault the heights, and storming columns were formed, Howe forming three on the left, and Newton, two, of two regiments each, strongly supported. These were launched against the Confederate position, and were bloodily repulsed by Barksdale's brigade. The assault was renewed and Marye's Heights carried about II o'clock, with a loss to Sedgwick of nearly 1,000 killed, wounded, and missing, in a very few minutes. He took 15 guns and nearly 1,000 prisoners. Here a delay occurred to get Brooks' division up, which was to take the advance, and it was 3 o'clock before Sedgwick marched for Chancellorsville, leaving Gibbon to hold the town and cover the bridges there. His march was impeded by Wilcox, who had regained the road in his front and made a stand half a mile in advance of Salem Church, where McLaws had now come up and formed across the road. Brooks' division advanced and Wilcox fell back to the church, Brooks closely following, and a desperate encounter raged around the church, in which at first Brooks, supported by Newton, was successful, but was finally compelled to fall back after losing 1,500 men. Dispositions were made to renew the struggle, but night came and both sides slept on their arms. Early, who had concentrated his command at Cox's, on the telegraph road, south of Fredericksburg, had Lee's permission to attack Marye's Heights and Sedgwick's rear at daylight. He was joined by Barksdale and, as Marye's Heights were held by a small Union force, his attack succeeded. Leaving Barksdale to hold the heights and prevent an advance of Gibbon, who was in the town, Early moved toward Salem Church and asked McLaws to co-operate with him. Meanwhile Lee, retaining only Jackson's three depleted divisions to confront Hooker at Chancellorsville, led Anderson to unite with McLaws and Early, and drive

contracts for leases; for the partition and sale of real estates; for the wardship of infants and the care of infants' estates. Chancery, as a division of the high court of justice, has no exclusive right to the administration of equity, the act already mentioned making provision under certain rules for the concurrent administration of law and equity in all the divisions of the supreme court of judicature. The court of appeal in chancery no longer exists, and its functions are transferred to the court of appeal, which in the new supreme court of judicature is the complementary department to the high court of justice. The affairs of lunatics are still under the supervision of the lord chancellor.

In the United States the general tendency has been likewise to abolish courts of chancery as separate departments, and equity jurisdiction is generally conferred on the courts of law. Delaware, New Jersey, and Tennessee among the few States that still retain the former practice.

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In the Catholic Church the chancery denotes (1) the office in a diocese whence come those documents necessary for the exercise of episcopal power; (2) the office in Rome which drafts and expedites the bills or briefs by which the mind of the pope is made known to Christendom or to particular suitors.

Chancroid, shank-roid, a contagious venereal disease characterized by the presence of one or more, often several, suppurative ulcers, chiefly located in the genital regions. These are due to infection by the organisms of dirt and are not true syphilitic lesions. Very frequently both hard and soft chancres are communicated at the same time, but they can be distinguished. Chancroid is definitely a dirt disease, and is due to uncleanliness as well, perhaps, as to a specific micro-organism. Chancroid usually develops, within 24 to 48 hours after infection, as a minute macule, or pin-point vesico-pustule surrounded by a reddish halo. This increases day by day until a pustule or ulcer about the size of a small coin is developed. This ulcer is usually a soft ulcer. There is not much induration in the connective tissue beneath it, which is one of the distinguishing features between it and true syphilitic chancre. Chancroids are usually multiple, whereas chancres are usually single. They persist usually from three to six weeks and are often very difficult to cure, and furthermore a patient with chancroid may reinfect himself and thus spread the lesion at times very widely.

Chanda, chun'dä or chan'da, India, chief town of the district of Chanda in the Nagpur division of the Central Provinces. It is surrounded by a stone wall five and a half miles in circuit, inside which are cultivated fields and detached villages, while there are also suburban quarters outside. There is a citadel now inclosing the jail, tomb of the Gond kings, three interesting temples, massive monoliths, etc. The town has a public park, civil station, and military cantonments. The manufactures include cottons, silks, brass utensils, etc. There is an annual fair beginning in April and lasting three weeks. Pop. 16,000.

Chandausi, chun- or chän-dow-se', India, a town in the Northwestern Provinces, 27 miles south of Moradabad. It is the centre of a

considerable trade, especially in sugar and cotton, and has limestone quarries. Pop. 29,000.

Chandeleur (shän-de-ler) Islands lie east Louisiana. On the northern or smaller island is of Chandeleur bay, on the southeast coast of a fixed white light.

Chanderi, chun- or chän-da'rē, or Chandhairee, India, a town of Scindia's Dominions (Gwalior), Central India, 105 miles south of the town of Gwalior. It contains many ruins showing its former greatness and magnificence, but is now an insignificant place. The fort, which figures much in the wars of the Mogul dynasty, is on a hill, enclosed by a stone rampart, flanked with circular towers. Pop. 6,000.

Chandernagor, chŭn-dér-nŭ'gōr or chănder-na'gor, or Chandarnagar, India, a town on the right bank of the Hooghly, 16 miles north-northwest of Calcutta. Its only manufacture is of cotton cloth, and there is no trade but with Calcutta. The French established a factory there in 1676, and in 1688 obtained a formal cession of it, together with its territory of about three and a half square miles, from Aurungzebe. It was three times taken by the British, first in 1757, but finally restored to the French in 1816. Chandernagor is under a subgovernor, subordinate to the governor of Pondicherry. Pop. of town and territory 26,000.

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Chand'ler, Abiel, American merchant: b. Concord, N. H., 1778; d. Walpole, N. H., 22 March 1851. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1806, and was for many years a chant in Boston. He died a widower, without children, and devised $50,000 to Dartmouth College. The Chandler School of Science at Dartmouth was established in 1851 in pursuance of this bequest. For many years it was maintained as a separate department, but has recently been formally incorporated into the college and it is now known as the Chandler scientific course leading to the degree of bachelor of science.

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of

chemist: b. Lancaster, Mass., 6 Dec. 1836. Chandler, Charles Frederick, American studied at the Lawrence Scientific School Harvard College, and at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen, receiving his doctor's degree at the latter in 1856. He was professor of chemistry in Union College, 1857-64, and professor of analytical and applied chemistry in the Columbia College School of Mines, 1864-1903. In 1858 he was elected to the chair of chemistry in the New York College of Pharmacy, and in 1876 to the chair of chemistry and medical jurisprudence in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He became chemist to the Metropolitan Board of Health in 1865, and its president in 1873, being instrumental in securing great reforms in connection with the sanitary condition of the markets and the purity of the food-supply, notably in the case of milk. He is a member of the chemical societies of Berlin, London, and Paris, and of the National Academy of Sciences. With his brother, Prof. W. H. Chandler, he founded the American Chemist,' a monthly journal devoted to chemical science. To this and to the annual reports of the New York health department he has contributed many papers on chemistry, water-supply of cities, purification of coal gas, on petroleum, milk, sorghum, and glucose.

Chandler, Elizabeth Margaret, American poet: b. near Wilmington, Del., 24 Dec. 1807; d. 22 Nov. 1834. Her most popular poem was 'The Slave Ship.' Many of her subsequent verses were written in the same strain, and published in the 'Genius of Universal Emancipation, a Philadelphia abolitionist periodical. Her poems were published with a memoir by Benjamin Lundy (1836).

Chandler, Frank Wadleigh, American writer: b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 16 June 1873. He graduated at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 1894; studied literature and philosophy at Columbia University, and at Oxford, London, and Paris, 1895-9. Since 1899 he has been professor of literature and history in the Polytechnic Institute, and since 1901 lecturer in comparative literature at Columbia. He has written 'Romances of Roguery, an Episode in the History of the Novel' (1899), and 'Some Theories of the Novel's Evolution in East and West' (1900).

Chandler, Richard, English archæologist: b. Elson, Hampshire, 1738; d. Tilehurst, Berkshire, 9 Feb. 1810. He was educated at Winchester and at Queen's and Magdalen colleges, Oxford. His first important work was 'Marmora Oxoniensia' (1763), an elaborate description of the Oxford marbles. He afterward traveled through Greece and Asia Minor, with Revett, architect, and Pars, a painter, at the ex pense of the Dilettanti Society, to examine and describe the antiquities. The materials collected were given to the world in the following publications: Ionian Antiquities (1769); Ancient Inscriptions (1774); Travels in Asia Minor' (1775); and Travels in Greece) (1776). Chandler was an Anglican clergyman and at his death was rector of Tilehurst, near Reading.

Chandler, Seth C., American astronomer: b. Boston, Mass., 16 Sept. 1845. He is well known for his investigations and observations of the phenomena of variable stars, the computation of comet orbits, and, in connection with Ritchie, for devising a system of astronomical code-telegrams for the announcement of astronomical discoveries. He also invented the Almucantar, and published a very complete treatise on the method of its use. He is best known for his exhaustive investigations of the variation of terrestrial latitudes.

Chandler, William Eaton, American politician: b. Concord, N. H., 28 Dec. 1835. He was graduated at Harvard Law School in 1855, entered the New Hampshire legislature in 1862, became judge advocate general of the navy department in 1865, and secretary of the navy in 1882, serving three years. In 1887-1901 he was a United States senator from New Hampshire.

He was

Chandler, Zachariah, American statesman: b. Bedford, N. H., 10 Dec. 1813; d. 1 Nov. 1879. He received a common school education, and early in life went to Detroit, and engaged in the dry goods business, in which his energy and ability soon brought success and put him in possession of a handsome fortune. mayor of Detroit in 1851, the defeated Whig candidate for governor of Michigan in 1852, an active organizer of the Republican party in 1854, and in January 1857 was elected to the United States Senate to succeed Gen. Lewis Cass. He was re-elected in 1863 and 1869; then

served for a time as secretary of the interior in President Grant's cabinet, and was again elected to the Senate in February 1879. He opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitution 1858, and he was the author of the famous "blood letter," in which he said "without a little blood-letting, this Union will not, in my estimation, be worth a rush." Though a warm friend of Lincoln, he was more radical than the latter, and often differed from him in matters of public policy. In July 1861 he introduced a sweeping confiscation bill which failed to pass; and in July 1862 violently assailed McClellan in a speech in the senate. He was a man of imposing presence, fine judgment, great energy, and perseverance. He was found dead in bed on the morning after delivering a political address in Chicago.

Chandler School of Science. See CHANDLER, ABIEL.

Chan'dos, the name of a noted English family, descended from a follower of William the Conqueror, the last representative in the direct male line being Sir John Chandos (d. 1428), whose sister married one Giles Brydges. Their descendant, Sir John Brydges, was lieutenant of the Tower under Queen Mary, and was created Baron Chandos in 1554. James Brydges (1673-1744), eighth Lord Chandos, sat in Parliament for Hereford from 1698 to 1714, and was created Duke of Chandos in 1719. The lucrative post of paymaster of the forces abroad supplied means for building a palace at Canons, near Edgeware, which cost $1,000,000, but was torn down at the Duke's death. Here Handel lived two years, wrote anthems for the chapel service, and produced 'Esther. In 1796 the title passed by marriage to the family of Grenville, now retaining the title of Duke of Buckingham and Chandos.

Chandpur, chund- or chänd'-poor, India, a town in the Bijnaur district of the Northwest Provinces, about 40 miles east-northeast of Meerut. It is thriving, well paved, and drained; there is a trade in sugar and grain, besides some manufactures of cotton cloth, pipes, etc. Pop. 13,000.

Chang-Chau, chäng'-chow', China, a city in the province of Fokien, 35 miles westnorthwest of Amoy, which is its port. It stands in a valley surrounded by hills and intersected by a river. Its walls are about four and a half miles in circuit, and immediately within is a space planted with large trees. It is the centre of the silk manufacture of the province. Pop. about 900,000.

Chang-Sha, chäng'-shä', China, capital of the province of Hu-Nan, on the Siang River. It is not a treaty port, but has an important native trade carried on in small boats. A telegraph station is projected and in 1900 surveys were completed for a railway. Pop. about 350,000.

Chan'ga, a species of mole-cricket (Scapteriscus didactylus) injurious in Porto Rico. The changa is found throughout that island, living in galleries in the earth, and damaging the crown and roots of the tobacco, cane, and small crops; it is the most serious insect pest in the island. (See MOLE-CRICKET.) Consult Barrett, The Changa, or Mole-cricket'; 'Bulletin No. 2, Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station,' Washington, 1902.