of 15,000; forming only four per cent. of our total immigration A peculiarity of the Chinese immigration is the small number of females, not exceeding seven per cent. of the whole, a fact which seems to preclude a large increase of the pure race. The bulk of our population is of the Caucasian or white race, numbering 33,580,857, or 86.45 per cent. of the grand total of inhabitants, and belongs to that race-branch which ethnologists have called the Aryan, Indo-European, or Indo-Germanic. The Hebrews or Jews constitute the only Semitic element in our population, but their numbers cannot be ascertained, as they are not enumerated in any official count or report. If, however, their number is to the entire population of the country as is the number of seats in the synagogues to the total of church accommodations in the country, then the Jews may be estimated to exceed 75,000 and to fall below 100,000. Of the Aryan race-branch the Germanic and Celtic nationalities have almost alone contributed to the making of the American nation. The English or Anglo-Saxon were the first settlers on our shores, and if not now the most numerous, have planted imperishably their language, institutions, and laws upon our soil. The new nation which is being formed out of the various elements will always exhibit the impress on their peculiar social and political characteristics. Germans came over and settled in this country at a very early day, and their influx has, with unimportant intermission, (i. e., for instance, during the Napoleonic wars) steadily continued, a large proportion going to the rural districts and developing the agricultural resources. In Pennsylvania and the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia there are districts whose inhabitants are mainly descendants of the early German settlers from the Palatinate, and still speak a German dialect. The Swedes colonized the Western shores of Delaware River, and the Dutch or Hollanders the Southern part of the state of New York. The Irish represent the Celtic element in our population. From 1691 to 1745 the influx of this element amounted to 263,000 souls (according to Thomas Newenham's "Statisical and Historical Inquiry into the Progress and Magnitude of Ireland.") The 165,000 persons who immigrated from 1790 to 1814 were mainly Irish (probably nine-tenths). They settle in large cities and towns or in the manufacturing districts. The majority of laborers in the industrial establishments of New England, and on railroads and canals, are Irish, and not many go into the rural districts. The Romanic nations of Europe have also sent their quota across the Atlantic, although a small one. French Huguenots, persecuted at home for their religion, settled in South Carolina. Missouri and Louisiana, when ceded to the United States, were mostly inhabited by Frenchmen; and the annexation of Florida, Texas, California and New Mexico, added a few thousand Spaniards and Spanish half-breeds to our population. The Slavonic nations have contributed to our increase still less than the Romanic. The few Russians, Poles, and others, who land on our shores are soon lost in the great mass. The question as to the proportion in which the nationalities above mentioned are represented to-day among the American people is one of considerable ethnographic interest. From the nature of the inquiry a rough estimate only can be given. We take as the basis the census for 1820, previous to which the nationality of immigrants was not specified. The white population in that year was 7,862, 166. Since then the direct white immigration has been about 7,300,000. In 1870, the white population had increased to 33,586,989. If the sum of the first two numbers is deducted from the last, the remainder (about 17,930,000,) is that part of the increase which is owing to the excess of births over deaths. If we then distribute the white population of 1820, and the direct white immigration since 1820, among the nationalities above mentioned, and add to each its proportionate share of the increase due to the excess of births over deaths (17,930,000,) we shall obtain approximately the numerical strength of each nationality in the American people. The following results in round numbers are based upon this estimate and calculation, and though not claiming for them a great degree of accuracy, we think that they are not very far from the truth: 1. Anglo-Saxons. 2. Germans-including Prussians, Austrians and Swiss.. 3. Other Germanic Nations, as Dutch and Scandinavians. Germanic Nations. 4. Celts-principally Irish.. 17,998,000 4,326,000 5. Romanic Nations, as French, Spaniards, Portuguese and Italians.. 1,016,000 6. All other nationalities... Total white inhabitants in 1870...... - 33.595,000 The number of natives descended purely from one or the other stock is still large. Intermarriages between persons of different nationalities are, however, quite common. Were the fusion of these diverse elements complete, then, of 100 drops of American blood, 25 would be Anglo-Saxon, 27 German, 2 Dutch or Scandinavian, 302 Celtic, 3 Romanic, and 121⁄2 uncertain. CITIES. The growth of the cities has been far more rapid than that of the open country. Thus the city of New York increased during the last decade 19 per cent.; New Haven, Conn., 29 per cent.; Boston, 41 per cent.; Portland, Me., 19 per cent.; Baltimore, 26 per cent.; Richmond, Va., 34 per cent.; ratios which are far in advance of their respective states. Philadelphia with 19 per cent. alone shows a smaller growth than its state with 21 per cent. Jersey City has made a progress (183 per cent.) even more rapid, than the most prosperous cities west of the Alleghanies. Pittsburgh increased 75 per cent.; Buffalo, 45; Cleveland, 114; Detroit, 74; Chicago, 166; Milwaukee, 58; St. Louis, 93; Cincinnati, 35; Indianapolis, 159; Louisville, 48; and San Francisco, 63. The Southern cities advance less rapidly New Orleans shows an increase of 39 per cent. and Mobile of only 9. The most remarkable growth apparently was that of Scranton, Pa., which increased 261 per cent. OCCUPATIONS AND BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY. The total number of persons employed in gainful and reputable occupations, for which they receive compensation in the shape of wages or salary, or from which they derive products of a merchantable character, was, in 1870, 12,505,923, of which 10,669,635 were males, and 1,836,288 females. In a majority of the states the number of those who had no recognized occupations was quite large; but of the 10,429,150 males between the ages of 16 and 59 inclusive, 9,486,734 were accounted for in the tables of the census, while of 989,516 above the age of 60, 634,837 were accounted for. The difference in the former period (i. e, 16 to 59) is substantially made up, first, by the number of students pursuing courses of instruction; second, by the number of persons afficted with bodily or mental infirmities disqualifying them from participating in the industry of the country; third, by the members of the pauper and criminal classes. The total number of females above the age of 16, not accounted for in the census, was in the neighborhood of 9,100,000. But of these probably 7,400,000 were occupied in "keeping house," others attended school, and the remainder was made up of various classes, such as grown up daughters living at home, widowed mothers supported by their children, ladies living upon the income of accuinulated property, as well as paupers, vagrants, and criminals. The cenus report classifies all the various occupations under four heads: 1. Agriculture, in which were employed a grand total of 5,922,471 persons. Of these 2,977,711 were farmers and planters, 2,885,996 agricultural laborers, 31,435 gardeners and nursery-men, 6,588 stock raisers, and 5,590 stock herders. 2. Under the head of Professional and Personal Services, the census enumerates 72 distinct occupations, with 2, 84.793 persons. Laborers, not specified, greatly predominated, numbering 1,031,666. Of the 975,734 domestic servants, 108,380 were males, and 867,354 females. Thus only out of every 8.7 of the 7,579, 863 families enjoyed the assistance of female help. The majority of the servants were natives of the United States, viz: 728,180; 145,956 were natives of Ireland; 42,866, of Germany, 14,878, of British America; 12,531, of England; and 5,420, of China. Barbers and hair dressers numbered 23,935; boarding and lodging-house keepers, 12,785; hotel-keepers, 26,394; restaurant keepers, 35, 185; clerks in hotels and restaurants, 5,245; other employees in these establishments, 23,438; clerks and employees in government offices, 23,079; launderers and laundresses, 60,906. The learned professions were thus repsented; authors and lecturers, 458; chemists, 608; metallurgists, 164; clergymen, 43,874; dentists, 7,839; civil engineers 4,703; journalists,5,286; land surveyors, 2,671; lawyers, 40,736; naturalists, 287; physicians and surgeons, 62,383; and veterinary surgeons, 1,169. The different branches of the fine arts included 2,017 architects, 934 designers and draftsmen, 775 painters, 250 sculptors, and 2,948 artists not specified. There were 136,570 teachers, 9,491 of whom taught music, 108 drawing and painting, and 149 dancing. 3. The title Trade and Transportation includes the commercial classes, numbering 1,191,238 persons, of whom, 14,362 were bankers and brokers, employing 995,598 officials, clerks, and others; the railroads absorbed the activity and services of 163,303 persons; the telegraphs of 8,579; and the express companies, of 9,396. The traders and dealers of all classes numbered 1,262,268, who employed 222,504 clerks, 31,177 book-keepers and accountants, 7,262 commercial travelers, and 14,203 salesmen or saleswomen. The sailors numbered 56,663; the boatmen and watermen, 21,332; the canalmen, 7,338; steamboatmen and women, 7,975; and the shippers and freighters, 3,567. 4. In the Manufactures, and Mechanical and Mining Industries, there were engaged 2,707,421 persons, of whom 344,596 were carpenters, 171,217, boot and shoemakers, 161,820 tailors and seamstresses, 152,107 miners, 141,774 blacksmiths, 111, 106 cottonmill operatives, 58,836 woolen-mill operatives, 41,619 mill and factory operatives not specified, 80,7 10 masons, 85,123 painters and varnishers, 39,860 printers, and 42,877 manufactures. AGRICULTURE. The great majority of the people of the United States are engaged in agriculture, which here as elsewhere forms the basis of national wealth. With happy peculiarities of climate, extent of territory through so many degrees of latitude or isothermal belts, and an immense area of most fertile soil, we enjoy extraordinary advantages for producing agricultural staples in great variety and abundance. The importance of the agricultural interest is fully recognized |