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unnamed thanes, of whom from three to seven held single manors in copartnership. The number of repetitions of some names is very great; after excluding eight cases (the earls and Merleswan), where it is absolutely certain that the same person is meant, I find 444 such. Now there were at least two Godwins, and probably two Gospatrics, and there may have been several Arkils and Gamels and Uctreds and Ulkils and Ligulfs-a glance at my genealogical table will show that Sigrida, a lady of rank, married two Arkils in succession-but, on the other hand, there was probably but one Gamelbar, and he had thirty-five manors. I am disposed to estimate the actual number of proprietors, great and small (T.R.Ed.), at from 200 to 250, perhaps one-twenty-fourth or one-thirtieth of the male adult population.

About a quarter of these-I make the number not less than fifty-four, but perhaps a few more-survived till the Domesday-tide, as King's thanes or mesne tenants, mostly of Ilbert de Lacy. There may have been more. I have shown elsewhere that in other counties there were cases where the actual tenant of a manor was a native unnoticed in Domesday, and it seems clear that this was so in Earl Alan's Richmondshire estate. What seems rather strange is that the great majority of the large holders had survived the calamities of nearly twenty years. Of twenty-eight holders of eight or more manors (not including Gospatric), twenty-four remained, and only four had disappeared-Glunier, Gamelbar, Godric, and Haldane. Of small holders twenty remained, including six unnamed. I suspect that some of them had returned from Scotland and made their peace.

Gospatric is a specially interesting personage. I used to imagine that the great earl, who had a talent for "sitting on the fence" and making friends on both sides, might have somehow cajoled the Conqueror into leaving him a goodly slice of his English property. It seemed unlikely that any man unknown to history should have been left in possession of the second largest estate which any Englishman was permitted to retain.' But I learn from Canon Greenwell that the earl had long been dead. Gospatric was a not very uncommon name a little later; but at this period of Domesday we know of only two Gospatrics in England, viz. the son of Arkil and Sigrida, and one of his three sons, the one commemorated by Simeon as having had to fight a duel with an ancestor of the Surteeses. The latter seems excluded, as the Gospatric of T.R.Ed. and of T.R.Wil. seem to be identical, and the son would hardly be old enough in 1065 to be a great landholder. But of the whole

1 Largest, that is, in area. Brictric and four other King's thanes in Wiltshire had

lands of as large value. Colswan, however, had forty-one manors.

seventy-three Yorkshire manors ascribed to Gospatric T.R.Ed., fifteen assigned to the King in Domesday (thirteen in the North and two in the West Riding) and eleven to Erneis de Burun, may very well have been originally the property of the earl, and confiscated accordingly.1 And it is not likely that he had no property in Deira, though he had some in Bernicia. Gospatric Arkilson had succeeded to three properties of Arkil's-Burton, Bickerton, and Aldfield; and in Richmondshire, under Earl Alan, he retained, as tenant, ten of his own twelve manors, and seven of his presumed father's.

Though Gospatric Arkilson's three sons all founded families, it would seem that, in accordance with the usual fate of English stocks of the Norman period, they did not rise in position. Mr. Brown kindly informs me that "Gospatric's estates were divided, it seems probable, amongst his sons-Gospatric, Uctred (de Allerston), and Dolfin (de Thoresby). The first named was the supposed father of Thurstan (a godson most likely of Archbishop Thurstan), whose son Alan exchanged, in 1173, with Archbishop Roger all the lands which his father's ancestors had held in Stainley (? Staveley or Stainley) for lands in Bishopton, near Ripon."

Again, in Askwith, Patricius de Westwick held (Kirkby, p. 44) one-third part of John de Vescy and Ilbert de Vescy, of the King. Mr. Brown suggests that this one-third part was the two carucates Gospatric had had there in Domesday. The name Gospatric (Vassal of St. Patrick) evoluted into Patrick in other cases. "Patricius de Westwick, with Petrus de Middelton, also holds Middelton from the Percy fee for fee; this is apparently," says Mr. Brown, "the Middleton in Claro Wapentake which Gospatric had." In the Nomina Villarum (1316), Thoresby is ascribed to Hugo de Thoresby; this was a waste tenancy of Gospatric's, under Earl Alan. The Uctred family, one of whom was Dean of York, may not improbably have been another branch of this stock.

Of the numerous mesne tenants with Anglian or Scandinavian names, perhaps even more numerous than my estimate in the tablefor where a King's thane and a tenant bear the same name I have counted him as a King's thane only-most were on the land of Ilbert, but a few on that of Osbern de Arcis, or William de Perci, or Erneis de Burun.

1 Erneis had four houses in York, which had belonged to Grim, Alwin, Gospatric, and Gospatric. I cannot say whether this description implies two Gospatrics or not.

2 Allerston, N. R. Gospatric had it "T.R.Ed., 3 carucates.' Now the King, "Waste" seemingly. Another instance of the way in which the English holder held on as tenant, though not named in the record.

In many cases the manor tenanted was of but small extent, and was returned as waste, without value. To help our judgment of the actual condition of things, I append a few samples of descriptions in Domesday.

Willoughby (Notts.). Elwin and Ernwin hold three oxgangs of the King.

It is waste. 5 acres of meadow and 5 bordars (!). Value T.R.Ed. 10o 4a, now 4 shillings. How did the bordars live?

Helperby, 5 carucates, might be 3 ploughs. St. Peter had and has it, but it is waste; now one Rayner holds it, and pays 6 shillings. Ardsley, 5 car'. 3 ploughs. Suen holds it of Ilbert; he has one plough. Wood pasture, I × I leuca. No population mentioned Value T.R.Ed. 30%, now 10s. Suen had other properties not far away. which may have supplied labour.

Warthill, 2 car'.

Sorchoved (? Swarthead or Starkad) had; Earl Robert has it. It is waste; still 2 villans have 2 ploughs, and pay 25. This I cannot understand.

Billingsley. Suen, 5 car', might be 3 ploughs. Roger de Busli has it, and it is waste; 20 acres meadow. T.R.Ed. 40°, now 10%.

Milford. Ulstan, 2 car', 1 plough. Tursten holds of Ilbert; 4 villans and 5 bordars; but they do not plough [having, I suppose, no oxen]. T.R.Ed. 10, now 105.

He now has it
Value T.R.Ed.

Oderesfelt (Huddersfield). Godwin, 6 car', 8 pls. of Ilbert, but it is waste. Wood pasture, I × I. 100 shillings. Godwin had been a large proprietor, but this seems to be all he had left to him. Of this last formula the instances are very numerous; but the others which I have cited are more or less samples of the several kinds of exceptions to the usual formula.

Godwin was a probable ancestor of one or more of the actors in the famous Elland vendetta. But how did such a man obtain a living? Some of the extracts above quoted may give us hints. Clearly, though the Englishman depended so largely on agriculture, and though taxation and rent depended on it, there were other ways of turning land to some little account. There were sheep on the moors, for the rhyming scores were almost certainly already in existence; there were bees; there were hens; there were fish in the becks; there was wood for the gathering and, above all, there were swine in the beechen and oaken woods. And thus he might struggle on until, with the acquisition of an ox or two, agriculture became possible. He would probably have two or three of his old henchmen about him, though these would have no place in the Domesday record.

Population under similar circumstances increases fast, as it always does in new countries. Still, I do not see how some of the greater

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