(1) That the Brigantes contained a large neolithic or dolichokephalic (long-headed) element.

(2) That the western moorlands and dales have a comparatively broad-headed element of population, of which there is little in the lower country. But as these very districts appear as waste in Domesday, it is a puzzle to make out its origin, whether from Bronze folk, from Danes, or from French settlers, or from all three. I am pretty clear that it is partly Scandinavian.

(3) That the Bradford citizens are undergoing a change of type, such as De Laponge and Ammon, and lately Shrubsall, have been finding in large towns, a change in the direction of narrower heads and darker hair, which may or may not be called a degeneration.

APPENDIX.

On first considering the general aspect of the Domesday Map, one cannot but be struck by the great extent and absolute devastation of the tract already defined as extending from (roughly) Armley to Gargrave, and from Holmfirth to Adel, and including all of Upper Airedale and Upper Calderdale.

There were other areas of complete devastation in Yorkshire, for examples Upper Teesdale and the districts of Northallerton and Driffield, but these were of much smaller extent; and so were the areas of safety, absolute or comparative, as about Conisborough and Elmsall and Sherburn and Beverley and Bedale. The sparing of Conisborough may have been due to military policy, that of Sherburn and Beverley to respect for the clergy: the two other cases are more difficult to account for.

It should not be forgotten that William was not the only person responsible for the whole of this misery and depopulation. Malcolm Canmore invaded north Yorkshire after the departure of the Norman army, and his misdeeds loom as largely as William's in the pages of Simeon of Durham. If the accounts are correct, there must have been rich gleanings left for the Scots after William had reaped the country, and to them may probably be owing the complete depopulation of Higher Teesdale, and perhaps of Wensleydale and Upper Swaledale also.

The following is what I suppose to have taken place. William, though he had sworn "by the splendour of God" not to leave a Northumbrian alive, had cooled a little when he arrived in the south of the county; and he waited until he saw that his enemy would not meet him in the field before spreading out his forces for the work of destruction. This he did as he moved northward and north

eastward, embracing in his ravages the eastern parts of the West and North Ridings, and nearly the whole of the East Riding, except Beverley. He crossed the Tees, but effected little damage beyond that river, the natives having had time to prepare for his visit. He then moved at first southwards, and afterwards south-westwards, crossing the Upper Aire, and then passing his troops through the hills in a broad front by many paths, so as to overrun the entire country and to debouch on Amounderness, which was treated with almost as great severity as Yorkshire, only sixteen out of sixty villages dependent on Preston having a few inhabitants left. These West Yorkshire hills would probably be those of the hardships attending whose traversing his followers so much complained.

Malcolm Canmore, following, crossed the Pennine Fells from Westmorland; and Simeon's account would lead one to suppose that his ravages in Teesdale, Cleveland, and south-eastern Durham were at least as savage as the Conqueror's. The depopulation caused by the deportation of captives was an additional feature, perhaps not altogether a bad one, so far as the saving of life went; for the prisoners escaped the resulting famine, and probably added very largely to the Sassenach element in Scotland. But after reading of these "methods of barbarism" (to quote Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman), one is inclined to wonder how it was that any people survived, rather than that there were no more survivors.

The Conqueror appears to have subsequently repented of his cruelty, the results of which must have seriously diminished his revenue. He is said to have been wroth with his brother Odo for having imitated him on a smaller scale in the county of Durham, in revenge for the slaughter of Bishop Walcher at Gateshead.

Several other points seem worthy of mention. The number of King's thanes and of English mesne tenants is greater than in many southern counties which had not specially, so far as we know, incurred the wrath of the Conqueror. So, too, we learn from Boso's vision that in Durham, even after the affair of Bishop Walcher, the native spearmen, though not so richly armed and horsed as their Norman lords, were still "full of fight," and a power to be reckoned with.

The polity in Yorkshire was aristocratic; there were many large landowners. But the estates were, as a rule, very much divided locally, many men having property in two, and some in three, ridings; while it was quite common for two or three rich men to have halls in the same village. The names of the thanes were mostly Scandinavian, but in the West Riding there was a good sprinkling of Anglian names; and Gospatric was not the only Scotch or Cumbrian

name in the county.' Several brothers often held a small estate in common, and Leeds was the possession of so many as seven thanes.

Sokemen were comparatively few; but as in the one large, uninjured property of Conisborough there are quite a large number, it is conceivable that elsewhere, as armigerous men, they may have borne the brunt of the calamities of war, and so had disappeared. They are found generally in the outlying berewicks rather than in the manors themselves. In those attached to the two great manors of Northallerton and Walsgrave, belonging to the Earls Edwin and Tosti respectively, the disappearance of 217 sokemen called forth the pitiful notice of the Commissioners, who were then new to their work. But in the huge estates of Ilbert de Lacy and Hugh Fitz Baldric and Earl Alan, which were among those which had not been very much ruined, sokemen were very few. It would not be safe to draw any ethnological inference; sokemen were a class not absolutely peculiar to Danish counties, for they existed in Kent; 285 altogether survived in West Yorkshire, excluding Craven, the enumerated population being, by my own count, not over 3,150. In an appended table I have given my count of the several classes of this population, with those of the East Riding and of Nottinghamshire for comparison. The favoured position of the West Riding emerges clearly, except as regards sokemen. It may be noted that Warrenne's manor of Conisborough, where sokemen form the largest class of tenants, is coterminous with Nottinghamshire, where they are 28 per cent. of the population.

In "Races of Britain" I have shown cause for estimating the valuation in pounds of silver at 15 per cent. of the total enumerated population. (It is about 16 per cent. in the Domesday population of the West Riding.) But if we take 15 per cent., and dismiss from consideration the waste manors where nothing was said, nor perhaps known, of the value T.R.Ed., as we have £1,001 as the stated value then, we may estimate the male adult population as having been 6,670. Or, at 16 per cent., it may have been about 6,250, implying probably 31,250 souls, always excluding Craven. The population of the East Riding had been greater, that of the North not much less.

I have drawn out a list of the landowners T.R.Ed., which is subjoined. The several names amount to 134, not including those of the Earls Edwin, Morcar, Tosti, Harold, and Waltheof; and to these should be added 71, or at least a great proportion of 71,

1e.g. Crucan, Gillemichel, Gillander. 2 Only six in the earl's estates, and none in Hugh Fitz Baldric's, which was

comparatively flourishing, the valuation having sunk only from £61 14s. 8d. to £38 10s.

TABLE VIII.

NAMES OF PROPRIETORS AND NUMBER OF MANORS HELD BY EACH OF THEM IN THE WEST RIDING, TEMPORE REGIS EDWARDI.