B or Bd, Broad. L, Low. Pr, Prominent. Sm, Small. St, Straight. Aq, Aquiline. M, Medium. The distribution of the kephalic indices is as follows: running from 73+ to 85 +. and probably in the main Anglian or Anglo-Scandinavian. My late friend, Dr. Ingham, a predecessor of Dr. Wilson at Haworth, examined for me a large number of weavers and other woollen operatives; and in 69 of them he gave the colouring as follows : Here my brown or medium shades of hair are apparently included under "dark," but Dr. Ingham agreed with me in finding a large percentage, about 26 per cent., of neutral eyes. It will be noticed that of the twenty men in the table of headmeasurements the eyes are mostly blue and the hair dark, but this may be partly accidental. Experience has taught me, what indeed. one would have confidently expected, that comparatively few observations will give one a fair approximation to the kephalic index of a population, while a much larger number is required if one seeks to get a correct idea of the distribution of colour. It is, however, of course possible that we have here indications of a primitive darkhaired strain now being swamped by the more numerous and fairer race of the lower valleys. My first impression of the generally Anglian type of my subjects was somewhat modified when I came to examine the figures more carefully. In the first place, the kephalic index, or proportion of the breadth to the length of the head, taken as 100, is rather high (79′4). The vertical aspect is more often oval than elliptic, and in three cases1 it is noted as sphenoid, while in one of these three, and in yet another, the head is ascribed to the Bronze type; in one of these it is singularly round, and the cranial index would be 83 or 84. Two also are set down as oblong, or Sarmatic (of Von Hölder). Of the remainder, Nos. 4, 9, 11, 16, 17, and 20, I should call more or less distinctly Anglian; Nos. 12 and 18 more Scandinavian, and rather Norwegian than Danish. No. 13 is a remarkably handsome man, with a Greek, or perhaps rather Macedonian, profile, and a very broad elliptic head. I have seen Danes like him, who came from the shores or isles of the Skagerrack and Cattegat. The form of the forehead is usually the ordinary Anglo-Saxon dome, but in Nos. 1, 5, 6, and 14 it is notably vertical, and in no case, 1 One of these, however, is a native of Giggleswick-in-Craven. 2 Ujfalvy in L'Anthropologie, Icono graphie Irano-Indienne. But the Mace donians were apparently long-headed, unlike in that respect to our subject. except in that of No. 13, did I note any great prominence of brows. In this point I was reminded of the Leeds and Ripon folk. The nose was straight in thirteen out of twenty, and aquiline, or rather busqué, in four. There is nothing distinctive in this. The tip-tilted nose of No. 12 is Scandinavian, like most of his other traits. So is the high-placed inion in Nos. 10 and 17, pointing probably to a large cerebellum. The prevalently scutiform (escutcheon-like) outline of the face is also more Scandinavian, I would say, than anything else. The children at Oakworth Board School, or 100 of them, were examined by Dr. Wilson and myself, with the assistance of the master, Topinard's scheme being employed, which differs from my own in recognising a separate division of light eyes not blue (autres). Such eyes are generally grey, light grey or light greenish grey. Notable points to be deduced from the table are the frequency of neutral eyes and of light hair, which is what I should have expected. But the value of the table is impaired by the fact that in the latter part of the past century, after the decay of the ribbon trade in Coventry and of lead-mining in Swaledale, many people immigrated hither from the former and some from the latter locality; and some of their children were among those examined, and unfortunately were not or could not be separated. The Coventry children may have increased the proportion of dark eyes and hair. A Swaledale child was distinctly Scandinavian, blonde and straight-profiled. Upper Swaledale lay waste and void at the date of Domesday Book, and may probably have been subsequently repeopled, in part at least, from Norwegian Westmorland. A girl of Highland pedigree, with blue eyes and dark curly locks, was so obviously alien that we at once challenged and excluded her. Taking into account the distribution of the kephalic indices, as well as the special points already discussed, I inclined to the view that we have here to do with a rather stable type, compounded of two or three dolichoid (long shaped) and one or more brachy elements. The dolichoid ones might be Iberian, Anglian, Norse; but the prevailing complexion led me to think that any Iberian or neolithic element must be small. The brachys may be representatives of the Bronze race, with possibly some reinforcement from the Danes. Any appreciable French element in this part of Yorkshire is not probable; the evidence of Domesday is rather against it, and so is that of the poll-tax rolls. The first investigation had, I think, somewhat advanced the position of the problem under consideration; but I yet hoped to make a more complete solution of it. Two years later was offered to me the valuable coadjutorship of Dr. Joseph Hambley Rowe, of Bradford, whereof I eagerly availed myself. With his introduction and help, I obtained the measurements of twenty men from the mountain village of Cowling, and of a few from other places, to which were subsequently added, by Dr. Rowe himself, about 120, mostly inhabitants of Bradford and natives of West Yorkshire. Dr. Pearce, of Darton-by-Barnsley, kindly assisted, and obtained the principal measurements of fifty natives of Darton. These may be collated with the observations on the eyes and hair, for noting which Barnsley Fair gave me an excellent opportunity, and with my Domesday Map, which shows how Darton and the majority of the manors immediately adjoining Barnsley were tenanted under Ilbert by survivors of the Anglo-Danish aristocracy. I was also able, with Dr. Rowe's help, to examine the eyes and hair of a number of school children at Cowling, and at St. Thomas's and St. Andrew's Schools in Bradford. The results of these investigations have been published in the Bradford Scientific Journal, and, with those of several others on the same subject, undertaken many years ago by me in Airedale and other parts of the West Riding, appear in the tables. I do not feel qualified to enter on the question how far the survival of certain Celtic local names and of Celtic words in common speech tells in favour of there being a large amount of Celtic or British blood in West Yorkshire. My coadjutor, Dr. Rowe, has done so to some extent in his paper on "Vestiges of the Celts in the West Riding," reprinted from the Bradford Antiquary; and other writers, of course, have handled it; but I am not aware that anyone has done so with anything like completeness and finality. Probably a thorough comparative study of the several districts of Deira and their respective dialects would be needed. I may however, perhaps, be allowed to put forth two postulates. (1) That there are more pre-Anglian place-names and dialectwords in Craven than in the region of Leeds and Elmet. (2) That there are more of such place-names in the Leeds and Elmet region, or, roughly, in Wharfedale and north of the Aire, than in the country south of the Calder. Whether there are more such names or words in the upper valleys or dale-heads towards the south than in the foot-hills or low country, more in Haworth, Todmorden, Holmfirth, Saddleworth, for example, than in Barnsley, Rotherham, or Doncaster, I am not aware, though of course one would naturally expect such to be the case. The fact that place-names in "-by" scarcely occur at all south of the Wharfe, as is pointed out by Mr. Bogg, may be of some importance |