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the trustee of Malbis. He may have been a purchaser from Malbis, but he was not his trustee.

The date, too, 1369, looks a little too early. Richard Malbis's son and heir, William, was aged 9 in 1402; he must therefore have been born in 1393, or a few months before or after that year. Now in 1369, twenty-four years earlier, Richard must, one would think, have been very young; marriages in the 14th century were often celebrated when the parties were mere children; and the " name and arms clause" seems rather unlikely to be applied to a small boy. Still, it is possibly correct; and I merely wish to bring out that, in the absence of the settlement itself, great caution is necessary.

One word more. The Fairfax marriages, as will be seen from the foregoing pedigrees, are in a state of great confusion. The pedigree makers seem agreed on some half dozen wives, but they shuffle them about like a pack of cards.

The Gilling match must, I think, be prior to John the Rector, for Gilling was one of his livings.

The Roucliff match, which Mr. Skaife appropriates to the Rector's brother, is more doubtful. It will be remembered that in the settlement a Thomas Roucliff was to succeed on the failure of the male heirs of Richard Malbis. The Roucliff pedigree given by Flower is extraordinarily confused, and I will not hazard a suggestion as to the identity of this Thomas. But, in view of the Fairfax-Roucliff marriage, it seems highly probable that he was a very near relative of John the Rector; and that, in turn, suggests that the Rector was a son of Ellen Roucliff, as stated in the note to his will.1

With regard to the identity of Sibil, wife of Sir William Malbis, it will be noticed that Sibilla, daughter of Sir Alexander Neville, is stated by Plantagenet-Harrison to have been the wife of William Fairfax. This is evidently an error; she was wife of William Malbis, not his grandmother. Now Alexander Neville, esquire, was one of the defendants with Sibil, widow of William Malbis, in 1426, and was very likely her brother. He is probably identical with Sir Alexander Neville of Thornton Bridge, whose will was proved June 25th, 1457.2 This Sir Alexander is said to have been the son of Sir Ralph Neville of Cundal and grandson of Ralph, Lord Neville of Raby. But there were evidently two Sir Alexanders, one of whom was already a knight in 1389, and the later Sir Alexander may have been his son, and grandson (not son) of Ralph of Cundal.

1 Test. Ebor. i. 190.

2 Ibid. ii. 207.

3 Ibid. note.

4 Patent Rolls, 13 Ric. II., part 1, m. 28; 17 Ric. II., part 2, m. 29.

THE ETHNOLOGY OF WEST YORKSHIRE.

BY JOHN BEDDOE, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., V.P. ANTH. INST., AND
JOSEPH HAMBLEY ROWE, M.B., ETC.

THE racial constitution of the population of Yorkshire has long been to me an attractive problem. I believe my attention was first drawn to it by Professor Phillips, who in the course of his geological work had had occasion to perambulate the greater part of the county, and had thus had unusual opportunities for studying its ethnology.

He thought he could distinguish three leading types,-the first the tall, fair, long-faced one, which he thought Swedish. The second he described thus: "Person robust; visage oval, full and rounded; nose often slightly aquiline; complexion somewhat embrowned, florid; eyes brown or grey; hair brown or reddish. In the West Riding, especially in the elevated districts, very powerful men have these characteristics." His third type had "lower stature and smaller proportions; visage short, rounded; complexion embrowned; eyes very dark, elongated; hair very dark." He found this type in the low country below Leeds and York, and in the vale of Derwent.

When, in 1873, I took the Anthropology of Yorkshire for the subject of a presidential address, I spoke of the second of these types, which Phillips was disposed to derive from Norway, as Anglian rather than Norse, and Norse (Danish) rather than British. If I were now to modify that opinion at all, it would be in the direction of ascribing more importance to the British or Brigantian element. The more we study the subject, the more clearly we see how difficult it is to root out, literally to extirpate, or even to clear away, to exterminate, an aboriginal breed of man, and how strong the tendency of such a breed is to reassert itself. And it is difficult to believe that the people of the little British kingdom of Elmet were entirely cleared away; but if they were, they would have been driven either into Lancashire or into the upper portions of the West Riding rivervalleys. Professor Allbutt and some other observant persons have told me they thought they recognised British, or pre-Anglian, types in the remoter valleys.

Now there are several things to be alleged against this belief. First there is the language, though I do not rest much weight on that. Prince Lucien Buonaparte calls it North-midland, I don't know

why, and divides it from that of Northern and Eastern Yorkshire. Both in the language and in the local names there seem to be fewer traces of the Celtic than there are further north, in Craven. The character, bold, rude, "dour," truthful, matter-of-fact, is more like the old Viking type than that of any known variety of so-called Celt. It might, perhaps, rather be said to be the English character with some of its virtues carried to excess. The capacity for music is. remarkable, and rather Celtic than English. Giraldus ascribed it to the Northumbrians; but it must have been the West Yorkshiremen that he knew. With regard to the retention of the names of Deifyr and Bryneich in the forms of Deira and Bernicia, and of those of Loidis and Elmet, what shall we say of Cantium and Vectis? or of so many river and hill names in the south? As for the differences between the Northumbrian and the southern weregylds, they are worthy of consideration; but I do not think we are in a position to build upon them. Certainly the word "wallerwent " cannot be allowed to have the meaning of "Welshmen" which some would put upon it: neither philology nor common sense can allow it; but Coote's ingenious suggestion that it is a corruption of the Roman law-phrase, "valore equantes," commends itself to me. No doubt its adoption indicates a more intimate intercourse with Romanised Britons than extreme Teutonisers allow.

Probably the Bronze race penetrated hither in force, as they did into Derbyshire; but fine specimens of their type are now exceptional. It has been said, on the authority of hatters, that Yorkshire heads are broader than those of other counties. Dr. Venn's figures (Cambridge students) are slightly favourable to that view, but not, I think, beyond the limits of error. We have not for West Yorkshire such evidence from ancient skulls as Davis and Bateman have given us for Derbyshire, or Greenwell and Mortimer for the East Riding.

And as for the physical type or types, the light complexion is very unlike that of the earlier British or Iberian race, though we cannot say that the ruling Cymro-Gaelic stocks were not fair.

The following are my notes on the prevailing cast of feature in the streets of Leeds :

"Generally light complexioned and rather undersized; face generally oblong rather than oval; flatness of the brows and absence of prominence of glabella, and of depression at the nasion (root of nose), are very striking; the nose is straight, sometimes cocked; mouth often well moulded; when the face is longer there is sometimes a more distinct glabella, with a nose straight or arched, and a face less wide in the lower part."

In Ripon the prevailing type is the same. The men seem oftener short than tall, their figures rounded, not athletic. Red hair, usually a pale red, is very common; nothing very remarkable in the colour of the eyes: hazel is common. In the best-looking people there is an approach to the Greek outline; these have broader heads, I think, and are fair. In most the occiput is rounded and moderately prominent. Flatness of glabella still striking.

Travelling northwards, at Thirsk Market I found a greater mixture of types. Tall fine men and women numerous; the straight-profiled type is very strong; but many, especially of the taller men, have arched noses and rather prominent brows. Men with black or very dark hair are usually of other types than those mentioned; they look to me more like Frenchmen or Bretons.

I have twice visited Keighley, with an interval of nearly forty years, during which there was no doubt a good deal of immigration and some emigration. But I do not think the prevailing physical type has altered very much. The combination of hazel-grey or neutral eyes with lightish hair, the frequency of which struck me much on my first visit, is perhaps not now so conspicuous; but the same lighthaired stock still preponderates, and reminds me of the people I have seen at Leeds more than of those in the Craven country, where we have more reason to suspect the potency of Brigantian blood.

It was not until last year (1902) that I was enabled to make some observations on the head-form of the people of this district, and this through the courteous introduction of Professor Duff and of Mr. Cockshott, Chairman of the Keighley School Board, and the able assistance of Dr. Wilson, of Haworth. A number of men had been selected, on the ground (with one or two exceptions, who also belonged to the West Riding) of pure local descent so far as known; they were natives of Oakworth or of Haworth, at the head of the Worth Valley. Of these we were able to examine twenty, and the particulars regarding them are given in one of the tables appended. In several of them the surnames testified to a pedigree of many centuries in the district. They were mostly small farmers, artizans, masters on a small scale, or engaged in some department of the woollen manufacture. Though not selected on that ground, Dr. Wilson and I both thought them on the whole favourable specimens of the population, and I daresay their cerebral development was a little above the average.

When I first visited Haworth, in 1873, the impression I got of the people was that they were a fair race, much like the Keighley folk, with a very large proportion of neutral grey or hazel-grey eyes,

VOL. XIX.

C

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Fr-in, Fronto-inial; from greatest convexity of forehead. Oph, the Ophryon.
Na-mt, Nasio-mental; facial length. Fr-mi, least frontal. Step, Stephanic. Aur, from
above condyle. Mas, Mastoid. Big, Bigonial. Sag, Sagittal; nasion to inion.
Tra, Transverse; from centres of ear-holes. Ant, Intermeatoid over the glabella.
F, Fair. Int, Intermediate. D, Dark. Scu, Scutiform. Sp, Spadelike. W, Wedge.
Pent, Pentagonal. Vy, Very. Sl, Slightly. V,Vertical. Sq, Square. Do, Dome-like.

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