Spearhafoc, bishop of London, 525; his appointment quashed by the Pope, 526; withdraws, 537 Stafford fortified by Æthelflæd, 201; gives its name to a shire, 236 Staffordshire, its origin, 236 Staller or constable, his office, 542 Stamford, one of the Five Boroughs, 122, 206; its lawmen, ib., 461, note 2; fortified by Eadward the Elder, 206
Stamford Bridge, battle of, 569 Stigand, priest of Assandun, 545, 578; chaplain to Cnut, 578; to Harald Harefoot, ib., 545; first nomination to a bishopric, 578; bishop of Elmham, b.; friend of Emma, ib.; supports God- wine, 529, 535; deposed and restored, 578, 579; bishop of Winchester, 579; archbishop of Canterbury, 538, 579; his un- canonical position, ib.; holds both sees, 579; his wealth, ib.; gets a pallium, 568, 579; consecrates two bishops, 579; feeling against him in Normandy, 538; at Rome, 579, 580; in England, 579-581; Wulfstan's repudiation of him, 580, 581; present at Eadward's death, 581 Strath-Clyde ravaged by Halfdene,
107 and note 1, 115; set free by the wreck of Northumbria, 184; joins the northern league against Eadward, 216; submits to him, 217, note 1; its border extended to the Derwent, 277; the name replaced by Cumbria, ib., 184 Streoneshealh destroyed by Danes, 93; replaced by Whitby, ib. Strut-Harald, jarl of Zeeland, 367,
Style, royal, of Eadward the Elder,
192; of Athelstan, 240, 241, 269, note 2; of Eadmund, 269, note 2; of Eadred, 287, note 2, 288, note 2, 299; of Eadgar, 313, note, 314 and note 2
Suffolk, 237, note 2
Surrey forms part of the "Eastern Kingdom," 69; its fyrd defeated by the Wikings in Thanet, 79;
attacked by the Danes, 104; eald- ormen of, 233, note 2; becomes a shire, 234; supports Godwine, 532, note 2; joined with Essex, &c., under Leofwine, 565
Sussex forms part of the "Eastern Kingdom," 69; its rapes, 231; be- comes a shire of the West-Saxon realm, 234; its coast harried by Child Wulfnoth the South-Saxon, 407; supports Godwine, 532, note 2; kings of, their extinction, 39, note 1 Sutherland, Wikings in, 66, 215 Sweden, its beginnings, 53 and note 1, 62; settlement of the Danes in, 89; kings of, see Eric, Olaf Swein, son of Harald Blaatand, legends of his childhood, 365; heads resistance to Blaatand, ib., 366 and note 2; his baptism, 365, note 2; exiled by his father, 366; succeeds him as king, ib.; restores heathenism, ib.; struggle with Jomsborgers, 367 and note 1; his marriage, ib., note 1; his vow at Harald's burial-feast, 367, 368; driven from Denmark,
his Wiking life, ib.; joined by Olaf Tryggvason in an invasion of England, 379; lands at South- ampton, 380; repulsed from London, ib. and note 1; treaty with Ethelred, 381; withdraws from England, ib.; recalled to Denmark, 384; wars with Olaf of Sweden, ib.; marries Olafs mother, ib.; his victory over Olaf Tryggvason, 381," again attacks England, 396; lands at Exeter, ib.; met by fyrds of Wiltshire and Hampshire, ib.; invades East-Anglia, 397; breaks truce with Ulfeytel and plunders Thetford, ib.; defeats the East- Anglians, 398; returns to Den- mark, ib.; sends Thurkill to attack England, 407; lands at Sandwich, 409; enters the Hum- ber, 409, 410; joined by the Danelaw, 410; marches into Wessex, 411; receives the sub- mission of Winchester, ib.;
repulsed from London, ib.; re- ceives the submission of West- Wessex, ib.; receives hostages from London, ib.; his death, 412 Swein, son of Cnut, 421; driven
from Norway, 477; his death, ib. Swein Estrithson claims the crown of Denmark, 487 ; of England, ib. ; Eadward's alleged promise to, 489; his struggle with Magnus, 493, 502; sails to England, 574; bought off by William, 575 Swein, son of Godwine, 479; earl of Hereford, &c., 500; carries off the abbess of Leominster, 501; outlawed, ib.; his storation opposed by Harold and Beorn, 523; murders Beorn, ib.; branded as "nithing" and outlawed, ib.; restored, 524; flies to Flanders, 529; his earldom divided, 530; his pilgrimage and death, 532 Swithiod, kingdom of, 62 Swithun, St., bishop of Winchester,
73; his fidelity to Ethelwulf, 83; his historical work, 165, 166 and note 2; church in London dedicated to, 462, note
Taillefer at Senlac, 570, 571 Tamar, river, boundary of West Wales, 67, 221
Tamworth, residence of the Mercian kings, 45, 200, 235; fortified by Æthelflæd, 200; stormed by the Ostmen, 272
Taxation, national, under Ethelred II., 404, note 2; ship-levy and Danegeld, 405, note 2; of London under Cnut, 465
Tempsford, Danes encamp at, 205; taken by the English, ib. Teowdor, under-king of the North- Welsh, 224, note 1
Thames, river, the Danes sail up, 98; its lower valley annexed to Wessex, 197; boundary between the realms of Eadwig and Eadgar, 314 and note 1
Thored, Gunnar's son, 327, note 2; harries Westmoringa-land, ib., 275, note 1
Thored, ealdorman, 372, note; leader of the fyrd with Elfrie,
377 Thorgils, leader of the Wikings, 66 and note 4; settles in Ulster, 74; destroys Armagh, ib.; slain,
76 Thorstein, son of Olaf the Fair, in- vades the Scot kingdom, 107 Thrall," 57
Thunresfeld, witenagemot at, 225 and note 1, 234, note 2 Thurbrand, 496, note Thurcytel, Jarl, holds Buckingham, 203; submits to Eadward the Elder, ib., 211 Thurferth, Jarl, of Northampton, submits to Eadward the Elder, 204, 211
Thurkill, son of Strut-Harald of Zeeland, 407; sent to England by Swein, ib. ; his ravages, ib.; defeats the East-Anglian fyrd, 407, 408; bought off by Ethelred, ib.; sacks Canterbury and seizes Arch- bishop Elfheah, 409; enters Ethelred's service as a mercenary, ib.;
defends London against
Swein, 411; rejoins the Danes, 413; makes peace between Harald_and Cnut, ib.; ealdorman of East- Anglia, 420; banished, 424 "Thwaite "in place-names, 116, 276, note 2
Thyra, wife of Gorm the Old, 363 Tithes, their institution, 14 and note 1, 80, note
"Toft" in place-names, 276, note 2 Tolls on the sale of slaves, 334; at Lewes, ib.; on herrings at Abing- don, 439; at Sandwich, 446,
"Ton" in place-names, 276, note 2 Torksey, Danes encamp at, 106; its trading importance, 439 Tostig, son of Godwine, marries Judith of Flanders, 522; flies with Godwine to Flanders, 529; Ead- ward's favour to, 555; visits Pope Nicolas, 567, note 1, 580; earl of Northumbria, 560; his character, 561; his stern just- ice, ib., 562, note; becomes the sworn brother of Malcolm, 563; rising of Northumbria against him, 567; its leaders, 562, note; goes to Flanders, 567; goes to Norway and joins Harald Hard- rada in an invasion of England, 569; engages" butsecarls Sandwich, 446, note 1; his over- throw at Stamford Bridge, 569 Tottenhale, Danes defeated at, 195 Toulouse, Wikings at, 76 Touraine conquered by the counts of Anjou, 508
Towcester fortified by Eadward the Elder, 204; attacked by Danes, ib. Township, the, its relation to the parish, 14-16 Trade, Ethelstan's regulations con- cerning, 227; inland trade in the tenth century, 335-337, 436-440; developement of external trade, 440 et seq; impulse given by the Danes, 440; trade on the east coast, 447; of the northmen, 447, 448; of London, 463; of Flanders, 511, 512; between England and Flanders, 517
Trithings in Deira, 120; their divi- sions, ib.; in Lincolnshire, 122 Treasurer, see Hordere Treasury, see Hoard Truce of God, 489, 490 Tun-moot, the, its place of meeting, 15; survival in parish vestry, 16 Tun-reeve, the, superseded by the parish priest, 15
Tunsberg, its trade, 448, note 3 Tynemouth, burning of, 93
Ufegeat blinded, 398, note 2 Uhtred, son of Waltheof, made earl of Northumbria, 399; defeats the Scots, ib., 470; his marriages, 399, 496, note; joins Swein, 410; joins Eadmund, 415; submits to Cnut, ib., 496, note; his feud with Thurbrand, 496, note; murdered, ib., 417, 420
Ulf, his marriage with Estrith, 426; ruler of Denmark, 424, 426; guar- dian of Harthacnut, 467
Ulf, Norman chaplain of Eadward, 492, 546, 547; bishop of Dorches- ter, 510, 546, 547; his flight, 534 Ulf, son of Dolfin, 562, note Ulfeytel, ruler in East-Anglia, 393, 394, note 1, 397; his northern blood, 397; independence of East- Anglia under him, ib. ; defeated by Swein, 398; by Thurkill, 408; joins Eadmund, 417; slain at Assandun, 417, 418 Ulster, Wikings in, 74 Ulverston, 277
"Unrædig," Ethelred the, 371
Val-ès-Dunes, battle of, 506 Varangians, the, English among, 574 Vermandois, counts of, 251 Vestry, parish, 16
Villeins, their tenure, 329, 330; de- grees of their social rank, 331, note 1; free socially though not politically, 333; the free ceorls gradually degraded into, 360 "Vinheidi," 254, note 1
Walter, a Lotharingian, 547; chap- lain to Eadgyth, 548; bishop of Hereford, 547; consecrated at Rome, 580
Waltham, Harold's church at, 580 Waltheof, earl of Northumbria, 354 Waltheof, earl of Bernicia, 373, 399 Waltheof, son of Siward, 560; joins
the revolt against Tostig, 562, note; legends of his exploits, ib. ; avenges Ealdred's death, 496, note Wantage, 99 and note 1
Wapentake, meaning and origin of the word, 120; its use in Lincoln- shire, 122
Warbury, Æthelflæd at, 202 Wardour, story of Ælfred at, 175 Wareham, shire-town of Dorset, 445; Guthrum encamps near, 108; mint at, 228; Eadward the Martyr buried at, 356 Warwick, its origin, 202; fortified by Ethelflæd, ib. ; gives its name to a shire, 236; its feorm, 404 Warwickshire, its origin, 235, 236 Waterford founded by Wikings, 74 Watling Street, 199; origin of name, 200 and note 1; seized by Æthel- flæd, 198 Wealh-cyn, 2, 75 Wearmouth, burning of, 51 Wedmore, peace of, 112; its effect on Europe, 113; on the Danes, 153; on the English, ib., 154 Weile, burial-mounds near, 363 Weland the Wiking, 85, note 3 Wells, bishops of, see Duduc Welsh, North, their relation to Mer- cia, 44; revolt against it, 80; their alliance with the Danes, 172; become subject to Elfred, 183; to Eadward the Elder, 208, note 2; to Æthelstan, 220; kings of, pre- sent in Æthelstan's witenagemots, 224 and notes; Eadgar's relations with, 323, 324; united under Meredydd, 377; at war with Mer- cia, 409; rising of, suppressed by Cnut, 469; Gruffydd ap Llewelyn's
power, 493, 564; league of Gruf- fydd and Elfgar, 564; revolt against the Normans, 574; kings of, see Cledauc, Eugenius, Gru- ffydd, Howel, Jeothwel, Judwal, Llewelyn, Meredydd, Morcant, Owen, Roderic, Teowdor, Wur- geat
Welsh, West, provisions concerning them in Ine's law, 21-22; rise against Ecgberht, 167; defeated at Hengestdun, ib.; revolt against Alfred, 172; subdued by Ethel- stan, 220-221
Wends, raids on Jutland, 89, note; kings of, see Burislaf
"Wendune" or "Weondune," 254, note 1
"Wer" assessed in coin in the laws of Æthelberht, 228
Werburgh, St., church of, at Chester, 195, 439
Werfrith, bishop of Worcester, his school, 156; literary work, ib., 175; possible share in the Wor- cester Chronicle, 191, note 4 Werwulf, chaplain to Elfred, 157 Wessex, earliest written law in, 20 ; its military strength, 45; its geo- graphical advantages, 45-46; its varied composition, 46, 68, 69; its extension west of Selwood, 233; its administrative order, 47; its connexion with the "Eastern Kingdom," 69; its military organ- ization, 69, 70; revolts against Ethelwulf, 83; closer union with Kent, 86, note 2; its isolation in face of the Danes, 97; surprized by them, 109; its exhaustion, 132; its revival under Elfred, 133 et seq.; decline of monasticism in, 177 and note, 343; oath of alle- giance to Eadward in, 211; change in its relations to northern Britain, 215; probable date of its shire organization, 233; extension of the shire-system to its eastern dependencies, 234; organization of its shires, 238; foreign alli- ances of its kings, 249; source of the second old English literature, 297; its three divisions, 316; its
new organization under Eadgar, ib.; ravaged by Thurkill, 408 ; by Cnut, 414; submits to Cnut, 415; made into an earldom, 427; ad- heres to Harthacnut, 479, 480; accepts Harald as king, 483, 484 ; kings of, see Elfred, Ethelbald, Æthelberht, Ethelred, Æthelstan, Ethelwulf, Ceadwalla, Cenwalch, Eadgar, Eadmund, Eadward, Ead- wig, Ecgberht, Harthacnut, Ine; earldom of, its extent and import- ance, 498; altered position of the king in, 498-499; Somerset and Berkshire detached from, 500; earls of, see Godwine, Harold Wessex, the original or Central, 46, 231; later ealdormanry, 315, 316; submits to Swein, 411; ealdormen of, see Ælfheah, Ælfric, Æthel-
Wessex, Western, mixture of blood
in its population, 46; its strong West-Saxon character, 47; eal- dormanry of, 315, 316; submits to Swein, 411; ealdormen of, see Ethelmær, Ethelweard Westfold, kingdom of, 62; kings of, see Biorn, Godfrid, Harald Westminster, Harald Harefoot buried at, 484; home of Ead- ward the Confessor, 499; William crowned at, 573 Westmoreland, 237, note 2 Westmoringa-land, the modern Westmoreland, 277, note 3; colon- ized by Norwegians, 274, 275; harried by Thored, 275, note 1; character of country and people, 275, 276; English fugitives in, 276 Whitby, Danish settlement, 93, 116 Whithern, English bishops of, 275 and note 3; see Badulf Wic-reeve of London, 455, 461 Wiglaf, king of Mercia, deposed by Ecgberht, 48; restored, 49 Wight, extinction of its kings, 39, note 1; Wikings winter in, 382, 400; meeting of Godwine and Harold off, 533
Wigmore, Eadward the Elder at,
Wiheal, Uhtred slain at, 496, note
William Longsword, son of Hrolf, his policy, 247; his war with Hugh the Great and the Bretons, 250, 251; conquers the Cotentin, 251; does homage to Rudolf of Burgundy, ib.; Ethelstan's ne- gotiations with, 266; his war with Arnulf of Flanders, 267; excommunicated, ib.; leagues with Hugh and Arnulf against Lewis, 268; rejoins the Karo- lingian party, 272; alliance with Harald Blaatand, 364; revolt against, 388; murdered, 273 William, son of Robert the Devil, his birth, 475; appointed by Robert as his successor, ib. ; anarchy of his early years, 476; his boyhood, 490; his temper, ib.; his counsellors, 503; revolt against him, 505; his escape, 506; seeks aid of the French king, ib.; Val-ès-Dunes, 506, 507; helps King Henry against Geoffrey of Anjou, 508, 509; his vengeance on Alençon, 509; wins Domfront, ib.; seeks the hand of Matilda of Flanders, 516; the marriage for- bidden, 521; visits England, 531; alleged promises of the Crown to, 491, 531 and note; marries Matilda, 551; threatened with excommunication, ib.; his quarrel and reconciliation with Lanfranc, ib.; revolts against, 552; attacked by France and An- jou, ib.; his plan of defence, 552, 553; its success, 553; Harold's oath to, 567; his claim against Harold, 568; lands at Pevensey, 569; his exploits at Senlac,.
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