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Spearhafoc, bishop of London, 525;
his appointment quashed by the
Pope, 526; withdraws, 537
Stafford fortified by Æthelflæd, 201;
gives its name to a shire, 236
Staffordshire, its origin, 236
Staller or constable, his office, 542
Stamford, one of the Five Boroughs,
122, 206; its lawmen, ib., 461,
note 2; fortified by Eadward the
Elder, 206

Stamford Bridge, battle of, 569
Stigand, priest of Assandun, 545,
578; chaplain to Cnut, 578; to
Harald Harefoot, ib., 545; first
nomination to a bishopric, 578;
bishop of Elmham, b.; friend
of Emma, ib.; supports God-
wine, 529, 535; deposed and
restored, 578, 579; bishop of
Winchester, 579; archbishop of
Canterbury, 538, 579; his un-
canonical position, ib.; holds
both sees, 579; his wealth,
ib.; gets a pallium, 568, 579;
consecrates two bishops, 579;
feeling against him in Normandy,
538; at Rome, 579, 580; in
England, 579-581; Wulfstan's
repudiation of him, 580, 581;
present at Eadward's death, 581
Strath-Clyde ravaged by Halfdene,

107 and note 1, 115; set free by
the wreck of Northumbria, 184;
joins the northern league against
Eadward, 216; submits to him,
217, note 1; its border extended
to the Derwent, 277; the name
replaced by Cumbria, ib., 184
Streoneshealh destroyed by Danes,
93; replaced by Whitby, ib.
Strut-Harald, jarl of Zeeland, 367,

407

Style, royal, of Eadward the Elder,

192; of Athelstan, 240, 241, 269,
note 2; of Eadmund, 269, note 2;
of Eadred, 287, note 2, 288, note
2, 299; of Eadgar, 313, note, 314
and note 2

Suffolk, 237, note 2

Surrey forms part of the "Eastern
Kingdom," 69; its fyrd defeated
by the Wikings in Thanet, 79;

attacked by the Danes, 104; eald-
ormen of, 233, note 2; becomes
a shire, 234; supports Godwine,
532, note 2; joined with Essex,
&c., under Leofwine, 565

Sussex forms part of the "Eastern
Kingdom," 69; its rapes, 231; be-
comes a shire of the West-Saxon
realm, 234; its coast harried by
Child Wulfnoth the South-Saxon,
407;
supports Godwine, 532,
note 2; kings of, their extinction,
39, note 1
Sutherland, Wikings in, 66, 215
Sweden, its beginnings, 53 and note
1, 62; settlement of the Danes in,
89; kings of, see Eric, Olaf
Swein, son of Harald Blaatand,
legends of his childhood, 365;
heads resistance to Blaatand, ib.,
366 and note 2; his baptism, 365,
note 2; exiled by his father, 366;
succeeds him as king, ib.; restores
heathenism, ib.; struggle with
Jomsborgers, 367 and note 1; his
marriage, ib., note 1; his vow at
Harald's burial-feast, 367, 368;
driven from Denmark,

369;

386;

his Wiking life, ib.; joined by
Olaf Tryggvason in an invasion
of England, 379; lands at South-
ampton, 380; repulsed from
London, ib. and note 1; treaty
with Ethelred, 381; withdraws
from England, ib.; recalled to
Denmark, 384; wars with Olaf
of Sweden, ib.; marries Olafs
mother, ib.; his victory over
Olaf Tryggvason, 381,"
again attacks England, 396; lands
at Exeter, ib.; met by fyrds of
Wiltshire and Hampshire, ib.;
invades East-Anglia, 397; breaks
truce with Ulfeytel and plunders
Thetford, ib.; defeats the East-
Anglians, 398; returns to Den-
mark, ib.; sends Thurkill to
attack England, 407; lands at
Sandwich, 409; enters the Hum-
ber, 409, 410; joined by the
Danelaw, 410; marches into
Wessex, 411; receives the sub-
mission of Winchester, ib.;

repulsed from London, ib.; re-
ceives the submission of West-
Wessex, ib.; receives hostages
from London, ib.; his death, 412
Swein, son of Cnut, 421; driven

from Norway, 477; his death, ib.
Swein Estrithson claims the crown
of Denmark, 487 ; of England, ib. ;
Eadward's alleged promise to,
489; his struggle with Magnus,
493, 502; sails to England, 574;
bought off by William, 575
Swein, son of Godwine, 479;
earl of Hereford, &c., 500; carries
off the abbess of Leominster,
501; outlawed,
ib.;
his
storation opposed by Harold
and Beorn, 523; murders Beorn,
ib.; branded as "nithing" and
outlawed, ib.; restored, 524; flies
to Flanders, 529; his earldom
divided, 530; his pilgrimage
and death, 532
Swithiod, kingdom of, 62
Swithun, St., bishop of Winchester,

re-

73; his fidelity to Ethelwulf,
83; his historical work, 165, 166
and note 2; church in London
dedicated to, 462, note

Taddenescylf, 289

T

Taillefer at Senlac, 570, 571
Tamar, river, boundary of West
Wales, 67, 221

Tamworth, residence of the Mercian
kings, 45, 200, 235; fortified by
Æthelflæd, 200; stormed by the
Ostmen, 272

Taxation, national, under Ethelred
II., 404, note 2; ship-levy and
Danegeld, 405, note 2; of London
under Cnut, 465

Tempsford, Danes encamp at, 205;
taken by the English, ib.
Teowdor, under-king of the North-
Welsh, 224, note 1

Thames, river, the Danes sail up,
98; its lower valley annexed
to Wessex, 197; boundary between
the realms of Eadwig and Eadgar,
314 and note 1

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Thored, Gunnar's son, 327, note 2;
harries Westmoringa-land, ib., 275,
note 1

Thored, ealdorman, 372, note;
leader of the fyrd with Elfrie,

377
Thorgils, leader of the Wikings, 66
and note 4; settles in Ulster,
74; destroys Armagh, ib.; slain,

76
Thorstein, son of Olaf the Fair, in-
vades the Scot kingdom, 107
Thrall," 57

Thunresfeld, witenagemot at, 225
and note 1, 234, note 2
Thurbrand, 496, note
Thurcytel, Jarl, holds Buckingham,
203; submits to Eadward the
Elder, ib., 211
Thurferth, Jarl, of Northampton,
submits to Eadward the Elder,
204, 211

Thurkill, son of Strut-Harald of
Zeeland, 407; sent to England by
Swein, ib. ; his ravages, ib.; defeats
the East-Anglian fyrd, 407, 408;
bought off by Ethelred, ib.;
sacks Canterbury and seizes Arch-
bishop Elfheah, 409; enters
Ethelred's service as a mercenary,
ib.;

defends London against

Swein, 411; rejoins the Danes, 413;
makes peace between Harald_and
Cnut, ib.; ealdorman of East-
Anglia, 420; banished, 424
"Thwaite "in place-names, 116, 276,
note 2

Thyra, wife of Gorm the Old, 363
Tithes, their institution, 14 and note
1, 80, note

"Toft" in place-names, 276, note 2
Tolls on the sale of slaves, 334; at
Lewes, ib.; on herrings at Abing-
don, 439; at Sandwich, 446,

note 3

"Ton" in place-names, 276, note 2
Torksey, Danes encamp at, 106; its
trading importance, 439
Tostig, son of Godwine, marries
Judith of Flanders, 522; flies with
Godwine to Flanders, 529; Ead-
ward's favour to, 555; visits
Pope Nicolas, 567, note 1, 580;
earl of Northumbria, 560; his
character, 561; his stern just-
ice, ib., 562, note; becomes the
sworn brother of Malcolm, 563;
rising of Northumbria against
him, 567; its leaders, 562, note;
goes to Flanders, 567; goes to
Norway and joins Harald Hard-
rada in an invasion of England,
569;
engages" butsecarls
Sandwich, 446, note 1; his over-
throw at Stamford Bridge, 569
Tottenhale, Danes defeated at, 195
Toulouse, Wikings at, 76
Touraine conquered by the counts
of Anjou, 508

at

Towcester fortified by Eadward the
Elder, 204; attacked by Danes,
ib.
Township, the, its relation to the
parish, 14-16
Trade, Ethelstan's regulations con-
cerning, 227; inland trade in the
tenth century, 335-337, 436-440;
developement of external trade,
440 et seq; impulse given by the
Danes, 440; trade on the east
coast, 447; of the northmen, 447,
448; of London, 463; of Flanders,
511, 512; between England and
Flanders, 517

Trithings in Deira, 120; their divi-
sions, ib.; in Lincolnshire, 122
Treasurer, see Hordere
Treasury, see Hoard
Truce of God, 489, 490
Tun-moot, the, its place of meeting,
15; survival in parish vestry, 16
Tun-reeve, the, superseded by the
parish priest, 15

Tunsberg, its trade, 448, note 3
Tynemouth, burning of, 93

U

Ufegeat blinded, 398, note 2
Uhtred, son of Waltheof, made earl
of Northumbria, 399; defeats the
Scots, ib., 470; his marriages,
399, 496, note; joins Swein, 410;
joins Eadmund, 415; submits to
Cnut, ib., 496, note; his feud with
Thurbrand, 496, note; murdered,
ib., 417, 420

Ulf, his marriage with Estrith, 426;
ruler of Denmark, 424, 426; guar-
dian of Harthacnut, 467

Ulf, Norman chaplain of Eadward,
492, 546, 547; bishop of Dorches-
ter, 510, 546, 547; his flight, 534
Ulf, son of Dolfin, 562, note
Ulfeytel, ruler in East-Anglia, 393,
394, note 1, 397; his northern
blood, 397; independence of East-
Anglia under him, ib. ; defeated
by Swein, 398; by Thurkill, 408;
joins Eadmund, 417; slain at
Assandun, 417, 418
Ulster, Wikings in, 74
Ulverston, 277

"Unrædig," Ethelred the, 371

V

Val-ès-Dunes, battle of, 506
Varangians, the, English among, 574
Vermandois, counts of, 251
Vestry, parish, 16

Villeins, their tenure, 329, 330; de-
grees of their social rank, 331,
note 1; free socially though not
politically, 333; the free ceorls
gradually degraded into, 360
"Vinheidi," 254, note 1

Walbrook, 456

W

Wales, North, see Welsh

Walter, a Lotharingian, 547; chap-
lain to Eadgyth, 548; bishop of
Hereford, 547; consecrated at
Rome, 580

Waltham, Harold's church at, 580
Waltheof, earl of Northumbria, 354
Waltheof, earl of Bernicia, 373, 399
Waltheof, son of Siward, 560; joins

the revolt against Tostig, 562,
note; legends of his exploits, ib. ;
avenges Ealdred's death, 496, note
Wantage, 99 and note 1

Wapentake, meaning and origin of
the word, 120; its use in Lincoln-
shire, 122

Warbury, Æthelflæd at, 202
Wardour, story of Ælfred at, 175
Wareham, shire-town of Dorset,
445; Guthrum encamps near,
108; mint at, 228; Eadward the
Martyr buried at, 356
Warwick, its origin, 202; fortified
by Ethelflæd, ib. ; gives its name
to a shire, 236; its feorm, 404
Warwickshire, its origin, 235, 236
Waterford founded by Wikings, 74
Watling Street, 199; origin of name,
200 and note 1; seized by Æthel-
flæd, 198
Wealh-cyn, 2, 75
Wearmouth, burning of, 51
Wedmore, peace of, 112; its effect
on Europe, 113; on the Danes,
153; on the English, ib., 154
Weile, burial-mounds near, 363
Weland the Wiking, 85, note 3
Wells, bishops of, see Duduc
Welsh, North, their relation to Mer-
cia, 44; revolt against it, 80; their
alliance with the Danes, 172;
become subject to Elfred, 183; to
Eadward the Elder, 208, note 2;
to Æthelstan, 220; kings of, pre-
sent in Æthelstan's witenagemots,
224 and notes; Eadgar's relations
with, 323, 324; united under
Meredydd, 377; at war with Mer-
cia, 409; rising of, suppressed by
Cnut, 469; Gruffydd ap Llewelyn's

power, 493, 564; league of Gruf-
fydd and Elfgar, 564; revolt
against the Normans, 574; kings
of, see Cledauc, Eugenius, Gru-
ffydd, Howel, Jeothwel, Judwal,
Llewelyn, Meredydd, Morcant,
Owen, Roderic, Teowdor, Wur-
geat

Welsh, West, provisions concerning
them in Ine's law, 21-22; rise
against Ecgberht, 167; defeated at
Hengestdun, ib.; revolt against
Alfred, 172; subdued by Ethel-
stan, 220-221

Wends, raids on Jutland, 89, note;
kings of, see Burislaf

"Wendune" or "Weondune," 254,
note 1

"Wer" assessed in coin in the laws
of Æthelberht, 228

Werburgh, St., church of, at Chester,
195, 439

Werfrith, bishop of Worcester, his
school, 156; literary work, ib.,
175; possible share in the Wor-
cester Chronicle, 191, note 4
Werwulf, chaplain to Elfred, 157
Wessex, earliest written law in, 20 ;
its military strength, 45; its geo-
graphical advantages, 45-46; its
varied composition, 46, 68, 69; its
extension west of Selwood, 233;
its administrative order, 47; its
connexion with the "Eastern
Kingdom," 69; its military organ-
ization, 69, 70; revolts against
Ethelwulf, 83; closer union with
Kent, 86, note 2; its isolation in
face of the Danes, 97; surprized
by them, 109; its exhaustion, 132;
its revival under Elfred, 133 et
seq.; decline of monasticism in,
177 and note, 343; oath of alle-
giance to Eadward in, 211; change
in its relations to northern Britain,
215; probable date of its shire
organization, 233; extension of
the shire-system to its eastern
dependencies, 234; organization
of its shires, 238; foreign alli-
ances of its kings, 249; source of
the second old English literature,
297; its three divisions, 316; its

new organization under Eadgar,
ib.; ravaged by Thurkill, 408 ; by
Cnut, 414; submits to Cnut, 415;
made into an earldom, 427; ad-
heres to Harthacnut, 479, 480;
accepts Harald as king, 483, 484 ;
kings of, see Elfred, Ethelbald,
Æthelberht, Ethelred, Æthelstan,
Ethelwulf, Ceadwalla, Cenwalch,
Eadgar, Eadmund, Eadward, Ead-
wig, Ecgberht, Harthacnut, Ine;
earldom of, its extent and import-
ance, 498; altered position of the
king in, 498-499; Somerset and
Berkshire detached from, 500;
earls of, see Godwine, Harold
Wessex, the original or Central, 46,
231; later ealdormanry, 315, 316;
submits to Swein, 411; ealdormen
of, see Ælfheah, Ælfric, Æthel-

mær

Wessex, Western, mixture of blood

in its population, 46; its strong
West-Saxon character, 47; eal-
dormanry of, 315, 316; submits
to Swein, 411; ealdormen of, see
Ethelmær, Ethelweard
Westfold, kingdom of, 62; kings of,
see Biorn, Godfrid, Harald
Westminster, Harald Harefoot
buried at, 484; home of Ead-
ward the Confessor, 499; William
crowned at, 573
Westmoreland, 237, note 2
Westmoringa-land, the modern
Westmoreland, 277, note 3; colon-
ized by Norwegians, 274, 275;
harried by Thored, 275, note 1;
character of country and people,
275, 276; English fugitives in, 276
Whitby, Danish settlement, 93, 116
Whithern, English bishops of, 275
and note 3; see Badulf
Wic-reeve of London, 455, 461
Wiglaf, king of Mercia, deposed by
Ecgberht, 48; restored, 49
Wight, extinction of its kings, 39,
note 1; Wikings winter in, 382,
400; meeting of Godwine and
Harold off, 533

Wigmore, Eadward the Elder at,

204

Wiheal, Uhtred slain at, 496, note

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Wilbarstone, 325

William Longsword, son of Hrolf,
his policy, 247; his war with
Hugh the Great and the Bretons,
250, 251; conquers the Cotentin,
251; does homage to Rudolf of
Burgundy, ib.; Ethelstan's ne-
gotiations with, 266; his war
with Arnulf of Flanders, 267;
excommunicated, ib.; leagues
with Hugh and Arnulf against
Lewis, 268; rejoins the Karo-
lingian party, 272; alliance with
Harald Blaatand, 364; revolt
against, 388; murdered, 273
William, son of Robert the Devil,
his birth, 475; appointed by
Robert as his successor, ib. ;
anarchy of his early years, 476;
his boyhood, 490; his temper, ib.;
his counsellors, 503; revolt against
him, 505; his escape, 506; seeks
aid of the French king, ib.;
Val-ès-Dunes, 506, 507; helps
King Henry against Geoffrey of
Anjou, 508, 509; his vengeance
on Alençon, 509; wins Domfront,
ib.; seeks the hand of Matilda of
Flanders, 516; the marriage for-
bidden, 521; visits England,
531; alleged promises of the
Crown to, 491, 531 and note;
marries Matilda, 551; threatened
with excommunication, ib.; his
quarrel and reconciliation with
Lanfranc, ib.; revolts against,
552; attacked by France and An-
jou, ib.; his plan of defence, 552,
553; its success, 553; Harold's
oath to, 567; his claim against
Harold, 568; lands at Pevensey,
569; his exploits at Senlac,.

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