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treaty with Ethelred and with-
drawal, 381; saga of his death,
384-386

Olaf, king of Sweden, 384
Olaf, called "Tree-feller," 53, note
Olney, treaty of, 418

Onund the "Road-maker," 53, note
Ordgar, ealdorman of the Wealhcyn,

316; father-in-law of Æthelwold,
ib., note 2; of Eadgar, ib., 320, note 1
Ordmær, ealdorman, 320, note 1
Orkneys, Wikings in, 66, 170, 215;
Harald Fairhair sets up a Norse
earldom in, 170 and note 3, 215;
starting-point of attacks on the
Scot kingdom, 215; jarls of,
masters of Caithness, 107, 558; of
the western isles, 558, 559; see
Sigurd

Ormside, 276, 277

66 Orosius,"
"Elfred's translation of,
161, note 4, 162, 164; first account
of Denmark, 362, note
Osbeorn, son of Ulf, 487
Osbeorn, son of Siward, 559
Osbern, jarl, joins Guthrum, 98;

slain at Ashdown, ib. and note 1
Osbern, his life of St. Dunstan, 281,
note; his account of the revolt
against Eadwig, 313 note
Osbern, chaplain to Eadward, 546
Osburga, mother of Ælfred, 180
Osgar, clerk of Glastonbury, sent to
Fleury, 343, note 2, 344
Oslac, the "great earl" of North-
umbria, 325; date of his elevation,
ib., 316, note 1; banished, 354
Osred, son of Alchred, king of North-

umbria, 41; revolt against, ib.;
takes refuge in Man, ib.; slain, ib.
Ostmen, the name, 75, 90, note

2; alliance with the Welsh, 66,
67, 80; their quarrels, 76 and
note 2; attack the Scot kingdom,
91; their alliance with the Danes
of Northumbria, 213, 242, 252,
253; stir up the Danelaw to re-
volt, 253, 270; invade Mid-Britain,
272; their alliance with the Eng-
lish kings, 323; with Godwine,
529; their trade with Chester,
440; with Bristol, 444
Oswald, nephew of Archbishop Odo,

344; his northern blood, 327 and
note 1; at Fleury, 344; bishop of
Worcester, ib. ; his work on the
Chronicle, 341; his share in the
monastic revival, 344, 345; arch-
bishop of York, 345; joins Dun-
stan in crowning Eadgar, 351;
crowns Eadward, 353; his death,
341, note

Oswine, king of Cumbria, 252, note 4
Oswini, last king of Deira, 39, note 1
Oswulf, king of Northumbria, suc-

ceeds Eadberht, 40; slain, ib.
Oswulf, high reeve of Bernicia, 293;
made earl of Northumbria, ib.
Oswulf, son of Eadwulf of Bernicia,
revolts against Tostig, 562, note ;
his rivalry with Copsige, ib.; slain,
ib.
Othere, earliest authority for the
settlements of the Danes, 88, note
1; his account of the northman's
land, 178, 179; his description of
Denmark, 362

Otto, son of the German king Henry,
marries Eadgyth, daughter of Ead-
ward the Elder, 249; crowned at
Aachen, 267; his war with Lewis
From-over-sea, ib.; drives Lewis
from Lorraine, 272; makes peace
with him, ib.; revival of the
Empire under him, 299, 513; his
claim to supremacy, ib. ; its limits,
513; sends ambassadors to Ead-
mund, 285 and note 1; receives
envoys from Eadred, 299, note 1;
his wars with Harald Blaatand,
323, 365; his alliance with Eadgar,
328, note 3; his death, ib.
Owen, under-king of the North
Welsh, submits to Æthelstan, 220;
present in his witenagemots, 224
and note 1; in those of Eadred,
298

Oxford, earliest evidence for its ex-
istence, 144, note 1; Ælfred's mint
at, 144 and note 1, 438; founda-
tion of St. Frideswide's, 437;
border-town of the Mercian ealdor-
manry, 124, 438; annexed to
Wessex by Eadward the Elder,
197; its extent, 438; its portman-
nimot, ib.; its parishes, ib.; its

traffic along Thames, 439; its deal-
ings with Abingdon, ib. ; burnt by
Thurkill, 407; thegns slain at,
414; Eadgar's law renewed at,
425; witenagemots at, 414, 425,
480; Harald Harefoot dies at, 484
Oxfordshire, its origin, 237; its feorm,
404, note 2; taken from Mercia
and joined with Hereford, &c.,
500; with East-Anglia, 565

Р

Pallig, brother-in-law of Swein,
serves under Ethelred II., 383
Palnatoki, a noble of Fünen, Swein
brought up in his house, 365;
gives Harald Blaatand his death-
wound, 366; seizes Jomsborg and
founds a state there, 367
Papacy, rival claimants of, 515; its
revival under Leo IX., ib.
Paris sacked by the Wikings, 76; its
defence against Hrolf, 243; duchy
of, its creation, ib.; policy of
Charles the Simple towards, 244;
dukes of, see Hugh, Odo, Robert
Parish, the, growth of, 13; its rela-

tion to the township, 14-16;
priest of, his dues, 14; supersedes
the tun-reeve, 15
Patrick, St., the younger, his tomb
at Glastonbury, 283, note 1
Paul, St., church and monastery
in London, 453; portmannimot
and muster of the citizens in its
churchyard, 459, note 3, 461
Pavia, birth-place of Lanfranc, 504
Peada, 39, note 1

Pen, battle of, 417

Peter, chaplain to Eadward the
Confessor, 546, 547
Peterborough sacked by Danes, 96;
Chronicle of, 341, note 2
Pevensey, Godwine and his sons at,
523; William lands at, 569
Picts, the, spoiled by Halfdene, 115;
take Alclwyd, 275; rise of their
kingdom, 184, 185; its extinction,
ib.; name superseded by that of
the Scots, ib.; kings of, see
Kenneth

Pilgrimages, 16; their route, 17;
their danger, 17, 18; their popu-
larity, 18; efforts for their protec-
tion, ib.; enjoined as penances,
19; their evil consequences, ib. ;
pilgrimage of Ethelwulf, 81; of
Ceadwalla, 16, 17; of Ine, 17; of
Mercian and East-Saxon kings,
ib.; of Cnut, 467; of Robert the
Devil, 475; of Swein, 532
Plegmund, a Mercian, archbishop
of Canterbury, 156
Poetry, English, see Songs
Poitou, 508

Ponthieu, its relation to Flanders
and Normandy, 267; war between
Arnulf of Flanders and William
Longsword in, ib.; subject to
William the Conqueror, 553;
Harold wrecked at, 567; counts
of, see Guy, Herlwin, Ingelram
Popes, see Alexander, John, Leo,
Nicolas

Porlock, Harold at, 533
Portmannimot of Oxford, 438; of
London, 461; the "husting," 465
Port-reeve of London, 461
“Primarius,” 286 and note 3
Progresses, royal, 32; their effects in
creating the great officers of the
household, 33; on the system of
justice, ib.; their extension under
Eadgar, 350; under Cnut, 426
Pucklechurch, Eadmund slain at, 280

R

Races, mixture of, in Britain, 3; its
results, 3, 4

Ragnald, king of Northumbria,
274, note 1; under-king of Deira,
289

Ralf of Mantes, nephew of Eadward
the Confessor, 492; strife of his
followers with the English, 527;
joins Eadward against Godwine,
528; receives part of Swein's
earldom, 530; his forces routed by
Elfgar and Gruffydd, 564; his
death, 565

Ralf of Wacey, 489
Ralf of Toesny, 553

S S

Ramsbury, bishops of, see Hermann,
Odo

Ramsey, Cnut's gifts to, 433; Wyth-
mann abbot of, 545
Randolf of Bayeux, 505
Rapes of Sussex, 231

Reading, Danes at, 98, 102, 103
Rechru, 66, note 3

Reeve, the king's, his duties, 238;
see High-reeve, Wic-reeve, Shire-
reeve, Port-reeve, Tun-reeve
Reginbold, chancellor, 546, 547
Repton, burial-place of the Mercian
kings, 106; Danes winter at, ib.
Revenue, the royal, its distribution
under Elfred, 181, 182; its
sources, 403, 404, note 2
Rheims, council of, 519; its political
results, 520, 521

Richard the Fearless, son and suc-
cessor of William Longsword,
273; reared in the Bessin, 388;
his accession followed by a civil
war, 273; his alliance with
Harald Blaatand, 364; Normandy
under him, 323, 389, 390; treaty
with Ethelred, 376 and note
Richard the Good, son of Richard the
Fearless, 391; his alliance with
Ethelred, 391, 392; gives a re-
fuge to Ethelred and his house,
411, 412

Richard III., son and successor of
Richard the Good, 473; betrothed
to Adela of France, 521
Richard, son of Scrob, 492
Richmondshire, 231

Ricsig, king of Northumbria, 115;
his death, ib
Ridings, see Trithings

Ripon, Wilfrid's abbey at, destroyed
by the Danes, 93; the church
destroyed by Eadred, ib., note 2,
292; Ethelstan's grants to, 222
Riponshire, 231

Roads, their dangers in the tenth
century, 337; Roman, see Watling
Street, Fosse, Icknield

Robert the Devil succeeds Richard
III. as duke of Normandy, 474;
subdues Brittany, ib.; restores
King Henry of France, ib.; supports
Baldwin of Flanders, ib. ; prepares

to invade England, ib.; his fleet
wrecked, 475; names William as
his successor, ib.; pilgrim to the
Holy Land, ib.; his death, 476
Robert, abbot of Jamièges, chaplain
of Eadward the Confessor, 492,
546, 547; his influence over the
king, 501; made bishop of
London, ib., 547; archbishop
of Canterbury, 525; his quarrel
with Godwine, 525, 526; his visit
to William, 531, note; his flight,
534, 537; outlawed, 537; protests
against Stigand's intrusion, 538,
579; his deposition held invalid,
ib.

Robert the Strong, duke of Paris, 243
Rochester attacked by the Wikings,

78, 148, 382; relieved by Elfred,
149; mint at, 228; see of, its lands
ravaged by order of Ethelred II.,
357, 358; bishops of, see Siward
Roderic Mawr, king of North Wales,
pays tribute to Mercia, 80; alli-
ance of his house with the north-
men, 183; its submission to El-
fred, ib.
Rodward, archbishop of York, 221
and note 2; his death, 222
Roeskilde, Harald Blaatand builds
a church and castle at, 365; Cnut
appoints an English bishop to, 433
Roger of Toesny, 421, 473
Rognwald, son of Harald Fair-hair,
burnt by Eric Bloody-axe, 263
Rollo, see Hrolf

Rome, Alfred's visit to, 99; Ælfred
sends alms to, 105 and note 2; his
intercourse with, 183; Saxon
school at, 18, 468

Romney secured by William, 572
Ross, Wikings in, 66, 215
Rouen sacked by the Wikings, 76:
attacked by Hrolf, 244; loyal to
William, 506

Rudolf of Burgundy claims the
West-Frankish Crown, 249; be-
comes king, 250; defeats the
northmen of the Loire, ib.; re
ceives the homage of William
Longsword, 251; his death, 265
Runcorn fortified by Ethelflæd,
202

S

Saintes pillaged by the Wikings, 77
Salt-works in Dorset, 7 and note;
Cheshire, ib., note; Worcestershire,
335; Kent, 336 and note 1
Sandwich, raid of the Wikings on,
78; its early importance as a sea-
port, ib. and note 1; Ethelred's
fleet assembles at, 403, 446, note
1; Swein lands at, 409; becomes
the main port of the Channel,
446; its "butsecarls," ib. and
note 1; its ferry-dues and port-
tolls granted by Cnut to Christ-
church, Canterbury, ib. and note
2; seized by Harald Harefoot, ib.
and note 3; its possession disputed
between Christchurch and St.
Augustine's, ib.; its herring-
fisheries, 447; Harthacnut lands
at, 484; Eadward gathers a fleet
at, 502, 522, 533
Saxony, duchy of, attacked by
Harald Blaatand, 364
Scale How, 277

Scandinavia, its dependent position
under Cnut, 424; supplies iron
to Britain, 447; see Danes,
Northmen, Norwegians, Swedes,
Wikings

Scargate fortified by Ethelflæd, 198
Schools, see Abingdon, Ælfred, Bec,
Glastonbury, Rome, Winchester,
Worcester, York

Scots subject to the Picts, 185;
their name supersedes that of
Picts, ib.; join a league against
Æthelstan, 220, 253; defeated at
Brunanburh, 254, 255; their
alliance with Eadred, 289; in-
vade Northumbria, 435; defeated
at Durham, 399, 470; kingdom of,
attacked by the Ostmen, 91; by
Thorstein and Sigurd, 107; its
extent in the time of Elfred,
184; its alliance with him, 186;
its danger from the northmen,
215, 216; its relations with Ead-
gar, 324; its acquisition of Edin-
burgh, ib., 470; of Lothian, 471;
its altered relations to England,
ib., 472; its decline under Dun-

can, 558; Norman refugees from
England in, 559; invaded by
Siward, ib.; the Ætheling Eadgar
takes refuge in, 574, 576; kings
of, see Constantine, Duncan, Ken-
neth, Macbeth, Malcolm

Seal, its use under Eadward, 486, 493
"Secundarius," 86, note 2; office

held by Elfred, ib., 101; by God-
wine, 429; instituted by Cnut, 493
note; continued under the Con-
fessor, ib.; its use, 544

Selsey, bishops of, see Ethelric,
Heca

Selwood, the thegns of Wessex con-

spire at, 83; boundary of East
and West-Wessex, 233
"Selwoodshire," the diocese of Eald-
helm, 231, note
Semland, 290, 363

Senlac, battle of, 570-572
Serf, see Villein

Seterington, Carl's sons slain at, 496
Seven Boroughs, two chief thegns

of, slain by Eadric at Oxford, 414
Severn, river, fisheries in, 440 and
note; lead-works in valley of, 336
Shaftesbury, abbey founded by Elf-
red at, 133; mint at, 228; Ead-
ward the Martyr buried at, 357
Sherborne, see of, 46; bishops of,
see Ealdhelm, Ealhstan
Sherstone, battle of, 417
Sheppey ravaged by the Wikings,
64; they winter in, 79, 80; the
Danes in Kent driven thither by
Eadmund Ironside, 416, 417
Shetland, Wikings in, 66, 170; ex-
pelled by Harald Fair-hair, 170
Ship-money, 404, note 2

Ships of the Wikings, 59 and notes,
88, note 2

Shires, their West-Saxon origin,

141, note 6, 231; uses of the
word, 231, 232; instances of shires
in Cornwall, Kent, Sussex, York-
shire, 231, 232; in York, 230,
231, 451, note 4, 461, note 2; later
shires preserve the administrative
forms of the "folk," 231; first
named in the laws of Ine, 232,
233; use of the word by Asser
and Elfred, 233, note 2; early

formation in Wessex, 231-233;
Hampshire and Wiltshire, 232;
difference in names of earlier and
later shires, 234; extended to the
eastern dependencies of Wessex,
ib.; established throughout Wes-
sex by Ethelstan's time, ib. and
note 2; their introduction into
Mercia, 233-236; into the Dane-
law, 236; their late introduction
into East-Anglia and the north,
237, note 2; organization of the
whole kingdom in, its date, ib.;
difference of their organization
in Wessex and in Mid-Britain,
238; sums due to the king from,
239; financial use of the system,

238

Shire-man, see Shire-reeve

Shire-moot the sheriff's court, 240
Shire-reeve, his office and duties,

233, 239; his importance in the
shire moot, ib., 240, note 1;
growth of his authority, 240;
its executive character, ib., note 2
Shoebury, Wikings encamp at, 172
Shrewsbury, castle at, 575
Shropshire, 237

Sidroc the Old and Sidroc the
Young, jarls, join Guthrum, 98;
slain at Ashdown, ib., note 1
Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury,
negotiates a treaty with the Nor-
wegians, 375, note 1; position in
the councils of Ethelred, 429
Sigurd, jarl of Orkneys, 107
Sigwald, jarl at Jomsborg, 368,

407; his vow at Harald Blaatand's
funeral feast, 368

Sihtric, king of Dublin, driven out,
becomes king at York, 242;
marries a sister of Ethelstan,
219; his death, ib.
Silver How, 277
Silverside, 277

Siward becomes earl of Northumbria,
487, 495; of Nottingham, North-
ampton and Huntingdon, 537;
his independent position, 492;
his character, 495; his surname
of "Digera," ib.; slays Eadwulf,
ib., 496, note; marries Ealdred's
daughter, ib.; joins the king

against Godwine, 527; his in-
fluence, 557, 558; Duncan's sons
take refuge with him, 558; invades
Scotland, 559; establishes Malcolm
as its king, ib.; his death, 560;
his burial-place, ib., 452
Siward, bishop of Rochester, 579
Siward, descendant of Earl Uhtred,
revolts against Tostig, 562, note
Skeggles Water, 277
Skiringsal, centre of northern trade,
118, note 3

Slaves, the English, answer to the
Scandinavian thralls, 57; tolls on
the sale of, 333; efforts of the
Church in their behalf, 334;
Æthelstan's reform, ib.; not
bound to work on Sundays, ib.;
allowed to purchase their free-
dom, ib. and note 3; forms of
manumission and emancipation,
335; enactment of the Synod of
Chelsea concerning, ib.

Slave-trade among the Danes, 118
and note 4; at Chester, 443;
Bristol, 444; London, 456; vain
attempts to abolish, 445
Sleswick, 63

Sokes, growth of, 30; the soke a
privilege of the thegn, 136
Somerset, origin of its name, 234;
victory of its fyrd at the Parret,
75; Eadmund Ironside raises
troops in, 416; detached from
Wessex and joined with Hereford,
&c., under Swein, 500; ealdormen
of, 233, note 2; see Æthelnoth
Somerton, 234

to

Songs, national, preserved among
the gleemen, 338; by William of
Malmesbury, 297, note 1; in the
Chronicle, 254, note 1, 218, note 2,
341; Northumbrian songs pre-
served in West-Saxon versions, 298
Southampton gives its name
Hampshire, 231; mint at, 228;
Swein and Olaf winter at, 380;
Eadward the Confessor makes
an unsuccessful descent at, 480;
ealdormanry of, see Wessex (Cen-
tral)
Southwark, Godwine encamps at,
528; burnt by William, 572

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