treaty with Ethelred and with- drawal, 381; saga of his death, 384-386
Olaf, king of Sweden, 384 Olaf, called "Tree-feller," 53, note Olney, treaty of, 418
Onund the "Road-maker," 53, note Ordgar, ealdorman of the Wealhcyn,
316; father-in-law of Æthelwold, ib., note 2; of Eadgar, ib., 320, note 1 Ordmær, ealdorman, 320, note 1 Orkneys, Wikings in, 66, 170, 215; Harald Fairhair sets up a Norse earldom in, 170 and note 3, 215; starting-point of attacks on the Scot kingdom, 215; jarls of, masters of Caithness, 107, 558; of the western isles, 558, 559; see Sigurd
66 Orosius," "Elfred's translation of, 161, note 4, 162, 164; first account of Denmark, 362, note Osbeorn, son of Ulf, 487 Osbeorn, son of Siward, 559 Osbern, jarl, joins Guthrum, 98;
slain at Ashdown, ib. and note 1 Osbern, his life of St. Dunstan, 281, note; his account of the revolt against Eadwig, 313 note Osbern, chaplain to Eadward, 546 Osburga, mother of Ælfred, 180 Osgar, clerk of Glastonbury, sent to Fleury, 343, note 2, 344 Oslac, the "great earl" of North- umbria, 325; date of his elevation, ib., 316, note 1; banished, 354 Osred, son of Alchred, king of North-
umbria, 41; revolt against, ib.; takes refuge in Man, ib.; slain, ib. Ostmen, the name, 75, 90, note
2; alliance with the Welsh, 66, 67, 80; their quarrels, 76 and note 2; attack the Scot kingdom, 91; their alliance with the Danes of Northumbria, 213, 242, 252, 253; stir up the Danelaw to re- volt, 253, 270; invade Mid-Britain, 272; their alliance with the Eng- lish kings, 323; with Godwine, 529; their trade with Chester, 440; with Bristol, 444 Oswald, nephew of Archbishop Odo,
344; his northern blood, 327 and note 1; at Fleury, 344; bishop of Worcester, ib. ; his work on the Chronicle, 341; his share in the monastic revival, 344, 345; arch- bishop of York, 345; joins Dun- stan in crowning Eadgar, 351; crowns Eadward, 353; his death, 341, note
Oswine, king of Cumbria, 252, note 4 Oswini, last king of Deira, 39, note 1 Oswulf, king of Northumbria, suc-
ceeds Eadberht, 40; slain, ib. Oswulf, high reeve of Bernicia, 293; made earl of Northumbria, ib. Oswulf, son of Eadwulf of Bernicia, revolts against Tostig, 562, note ; his rivalry with Copsige, ib.; slain, ib. Othere, earliest authority for the settlements of the Danes, 88, note 1; his account of the northman's land, 178, 179; his description of Denmark, 362
Otto, son of the German king Henry, marries Eadgyth, daughter of Ead- ward the Elder, 249; crowned at Aachen, 267; his war with Lewis From-over-sea, ib.; drives Lewis from Lorraine, 272; makes peace with him, ib.; revival of the Empire under him, 299, 513; his claim to supremacy, ib. ; its limits, 513; sends ambassadors to Ead- mund, 285 and note 1; receives envoys from Eadred, 299, note 1; his wars with Harald Blaatand, 323, 365; his alliance with Eadgar, 328, note 3; his death, ib. Owen, under-king of the North Welsh, submits to Æthelstan, 220; present in his witenagemots, 224 and note 1; in those of Eadred, 298
Oxford, earliest evidence for its ex- istence, 144, note 1; Ælfred's mint at, 144 and note 1, 438; founda- tion of St. Frideswide's, 437; border-town of the Mercian ealdor- manry, 124, 438; annexed to Wessex by Eadward the Elder, 197; its extent, 438; its portman- nimot, ib.; its parishes, ib.; its
traffic along Thames, 439; its deal- ings with Abingdon, ib. ; burnt by Thurkill, 407; thegns slain at, 414; Eadgar's law renewed at, 425; witenagemots at, 414, 425, 480; Harald Harefoot dies at, 484 Oxfordshire, its origin, 237; its feorm, 404, note 2; taken from Mercia and joined with Hereford, &c., 500; with East-Anglia, 565
Pallig, brother-in-law of Swein, serves under Ethelred II., 383 Palnatoki, a noble of Fünen, Swein brought up in his house, 365; gives Harald Blaatand his death- wound, 366; seizes Jomsborg and founds a state there, 367 Papacy, rival claimants of, 515; its revival under Leo IX., ib. Paris sacked by the Wikings, 76; its defence against Hrolf, 243; duchy of, its creation, ib.; policy of Charles the Simple towards, 244; dukes of, see Hugh, Odo, Robert Parish, the, growth of, 13; its rela-
tion to the township, 14-16; priest of, his dues, 14; supersedes the tun-reeve, 15 Patrick, St., the younger, his tomb at Glastonbury, 283, note 1 Paul, St., church and monastery in London, 453; portmannimot and muster of the citizens in its churchyard, 459, note 3, 461 Pavia, birth-place of Lanfranc, 504 Peada, 39, note 1
Pen, battle of, 417
Peter, chaplain to Eadward the Confessor, 546, 547 Peterborough sacked by Danes, 96; Chronicle of, 341, note 2 Pevensey, Godwine and his sons at, 523; William lands at, 569 Picts, the, spoiled by Halfdene, 115; take Alclwyd, 275; rise of their kingdom, 184, 185; its extinction, ib.; name superseded by that of the Scots, ib.; kings of, see Kenneth
Pilgrimages, 16; their route, 17; their danger, 17, 18; their popu- larity, 18; efforts for their protec- tion, ib.; enjoined as penances, 19; their evil consequences, ib. ; pilgrimage of Ethelwulf, 81; of Ceadwalla, 16, 17; of Ine, 17; of Mercian and East-Saxon kings, ib.; of Cnut, 467; of Robert the Devil, 475; of Swein, 532 Plegmund, a Mercian, archbishop of Canterbury, 156 Poetry, English, see Songs Poitou, 508
Ponthieu, its relation to Flanders and Normandy, 267; war between Arnulf of Flanders and William Longsword in, ib.; subject to William the Conqueror, 553; Harold wrecked at, 567; counts of, see Guy, Herlwin, Ingelram Popes, see Alexander, John, Leo, Nicolas
Porlock, Harold at, 533 Portmannimot of Oxford, 438; of London, 461; the "husting," 465 Port-reeve of London, 461 “Primarius,” 286 and note 3 Progresses, royal, 32; their effects in creating the great officers of the household, 33; on the system of justice, ib.; their extension under Eadgar, 350; under Cnut, 426 Pucklechurch, Eadmund slain at, 280
Races, mixture of, in Britain, 3; its results, 3, 4
Ragnald, king of Northumbria, 274, note 1; under-king of Deira, 289
Ralf of Mantes, nephew of Eadward the Confessor, 492; strife of his followers with the English, 527; joins Eadward against Godwine, 528; receives part of Swein's earldom, 530; his forces routed by Elfgar and Gruffydd, 564; his death, 565
Ralf of Wacey, 489 Ralf of Toesny, 553
Ramsbury, bishops of, see Hermann, Odo
Ramsey, Cnut's gifts to, 433; Wyth- mann abbot of, 545 Randolf of Bayeux, 505 Rapes of Sussex, 231
Reading, Danes at, 98, 102, 103 Rechru, 66, note 3
Reeve, the king's, his duties, 238; see High-reeve, Wic-reeve, Shire- reeve, Port-reeve, Tun-reeve Reginbold, chancellor, 546, 547 Repton, burial-place of the Mercian kings, 106; Danes winter at, ib. Revenue, the royal, its distribution under Elfred, 181, 182; its sources, 403, 404, note 2 Rheims, council of, 519; its political results, 520, 521
Richard the Fearless, son and suc- cessor of William Longsword, 273; reared in the Bessin, 388; his accession followed by a civil war, 273; his alliance with Harald Blaatand, 364; Normandy under him, 323, 389, 390; treaty with Ethelred, 376 and note Richard the Good, son of Richard the Fearless, 391; his alliance with Ethelred, 391, 392; gives a re- fuge to Ethelred and his house, 411, 412
Richard III., son and successor of Richard the Good, 473; betrothed to Adela of France, 521 Richard, son of Scrob, 492 Richmondshire, 231
Ricsig, king of Northumbria, 115; his death, ib Ridings, see Trithings
Ripon, Wilfrid's abbey at, destroyed by the Danes, 93; the church destroyed by Eadred, ib., note 2, 292; Ethelstan's grants to, 222 Riponshire, 231
Roads, their dangers in the tenth century, 337; Roman, see Watling Street, Fosse, Icknield
Robert the Devil succeeds Richard III. as duke of Normandy, 474; subdues Brittany, ib.; restores King Henry of France, ib.; supports Baldwin of Flanders, ib. ; prepares
to invade England, ib.; his fleet wrecked, 475; names William as his successor, ib.; pilgrim to the Holy Land, ib.; his death, 476 Robert, abbot of Jamièges, chaplain of Eadward the Confessor, 492, 546, 547; his influence over the king, 501; made bishop of London, ib., 547; archbishop of Canterbury, 525; his quarrel with Godwine, 525, 526; his visit to William, 531, note; his flight, 534, 537; outlawed, 537; protests against Stigand's intrusion, 538, 579; his deposition held invalid, ib.
Robert the Strong, duke of Paris, 243 Rochester attacked by the Wikings,
78, 148, 382; relieved by Elfred, 149; mint at, 228; see of, its lands ravaged by order of Ethelred II., 357, 358; bishops of, see Siward Roderic Mawr, king of North Wales, pays tribute to Mercia, 80; alli- ance of his house with the north- men, 183; its submission to El- fred, ib. Rodward, archbishop of York, 221 and note 2; his death, 222 Roeskilde, Harald Blaatand builds a church and castle at, 365; Cnut appoints an English bishop to, 433 Roger of Toesny, 421, 473 Rognwald, son of Harald Fair-hair, burnt by Eric Bloody-axe, 263 Rollo, see Hrolf
Rome, Alfred's visit to, 99; Ælfred sends alms to, 105 and note 2; his intercourse with, 183; Saxon school at, 18, 468
Romney secured by William, 572 Ross, Wikings in, 66, 215 Rouen sacked by the Wikings, 76: attacked by Hrolf, 244; loyal to William, 506
Rudolf of Burgundy claims the West-Frankish Crown, 249; be- comes king, 250; defeats the northmen of the Loire, ib.; re ceives the homage of William Longsword, 251; his death, 265 Runcorn fortified by Ethelflæd, 202
Saintes pillaged by the Wikings, 77 Salt-works in Dorset, 7 and note; Cheshire, ib., note; Worcestershire, 335; Kent, 336 and note 1 Sandwich, raid of the Wikings on, 78; its early importance as a sea- port, ib. and note 1; Ethelred's fleet assembles at, 403, 446, note 1; Swein lands at, 409; becomes the main port of the Channel, 446; its "butsecarls," ib. and note 1; its ferry-dues and port- tolls granted by Cnut to Christ- church, Canterbury, ib. and note 2; seized by Harald Harefoot, ib. and note 3; its possession disputed between Christchurch and St. Augustine's, ib.; its herring- fisheries, 447; Harthacnut lands at, 484; Eadward gathers a fleet at, 502, 522, 533 Saxony, duchy of, attacked by Harald Blaatand, 364 Scale How, 277
Scandinavia, its dependent position under Cnut, 424; supplies iron to Britain, 447; see Danes, Northmen, Norwegians, Swedes, Wikings
Scargate fortified by Ethelflæd, 198 Schools, see Abingdon, Ælfred, Bec, Glastonbury, Rome, Winchester, Worcester, York
Scots subject to the Picts, 185; their name supersedes that of Picts, ib.; join a league against Æthelstan, 220, 253; defeated at Brunanburh, 254, 255; their alliance with Eadred, 289; in- vade Northumbria, 435; defeated at Durham, 399, 470; kingdom of, attacked by the Ostmen, 91; by Thorstein and Sigurd, 107; its extent in the time of Elfred, 184; its alliance with him, 186; its danger from the northmen, 215, 216; its relations with Ead- gar, 324; its acquisition of Edin- burgh, ib., 470; of Lothian, 471; its altered relations to England, ib., 472; its decline under Dun-
can, 558; Norman refugees from England in, 559; invaded by Siward, ib.; the Ætheling Eadgar takes refuge in, 574, 576; kings of, see Constantine, Duncan, Ken- neth, Macbeth, Malcolm
Seal, its use under Eadward, 486, 493 "Secundarius," 86, note 2; office
held by Elfred, ib., 101; by God- wine, 429; instituted by Cnut, 493 note; continued under the Con- fessor, ib.; its use, 544
Selsey, bishops of, see Ethelric, Heca
Selwood, the thegns of Wessex con-
spire at, 83; boundary of East and West-Wessex, 233 "Selwoodshire," the diocese of Eald- helm, 231, note Semland, 290, 363
Senlac, battle of, 570-572 Serf, see Villein
Seterington, Carl's sons slain at, 496 Seven Boroughs, two chief thegns
of, slain by Eadric at Oxford, 414 Severn, river, fisheries in, 440 and note; lead-works in valley of, 336 Shaftesbury, abbey founded by Elf- red at, 133; mint at, 228; Ead- ward the Martyr buried at, 357 Sherborne, see of, 46; bishops of, see Ealdhelm, Ealhstan Sherstone, battle of, 417 Sheppey ravaged by the Wikings, 64; they winter in, 79, 80; the Danes in Kent driven thither by Eadmund Ironside, 416, 417 Shetland, Wikings in, 66, 170; ex- pelled by Harald Fair-hair, 170 Ship-money, 404, note 2
Ships of the Wikings, 59 and notes, 88, note 2
Shires, their West-Saxon origin,
141, note 6, 231; uses of the word, 231, 232; instances of shires in Cornwall, Kent, Sussex, York- shire, 231, 232; in York, 230, 231, 451, note 4, 461, note 2; later shires preserve the administrative forms of the "folk," 231; first named in the laws of Ine, 232, 233; use of the word by Asser and Elfred, 233, note 2; early
formation in Wessex, 231-233; Hampshire and Wiltshire, 232; difference in names of earlier and later shires, 234; extended to the eastern dependencies of Wessex, ib.; established throughout Wes- sex by Ethelstan's time, ib. and note 2; their introduction into Mercia, 233-236; into the Dane- law, 236; their late introduction into East-Anglia and the north, 237, note 2; organization of the whole kingdom in, its date, ib.; difference of their organization in Wessex and in Mid-Britain, 238; sums due to the king from, 239; financial use of the system,
Shire-man, see Shire-reeve
Shire-moot the sheriff's court, 240 Shire-reeve, his office and duties,
233, 239; his importance in the shire moot, ib., 240, note 1; growth of his authority, 240; its executive character, ib., note 2 Shoebury, Wikings encamp at, 172 Shrewsbury, castle at, 575 Shropshire, 237
Sidroc the Old and Sidroc the Young, jarls, join Guthrum, 98; slain at Ashdown, ib., note 1 Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury, negotiates a treaty with the Nor- wegians, 375, note 1; position in the councils of Ethelred, 429 Sigurd, jarl of Orkneys, 107 Sigwald, jarl at Jomsborg, 368,
407; his vow at Harald Blaatand's funeral feast, 368
Sihtric, king of Dublin, driven out, becomes king at York, 242; marries a sister of Ethelstan, 219; his death, ib. Silver How, 277 Silverside, 277
Siward becomes earl of Northumbria, 487, 495; of Nottingham, North- ampton and Huntingdon, 537; his independent position, 492; his character, 495; his surname of "Digera," ib.; slays Eadwulf, ib., 496, note; marries Ealdred's daughter, ib.; joins the king
against Godwine, 527; his in- fluence, 557, 558; Duncan's sons take refuge with him, 558; invades Scotland, 559; establishes Malcolm as its king, ib.; his death, 560; his burial-place, ib., 452 Siward, bishop of Rochester, 579 Siward, descendant of Earl Uhtred, revolts against Tostig, 562, note Skeggles Water, 277 Skiringsal, centre of northern trade, 118, note 3
Slaves, the English, answer to the Scandinavian thralls, 57; tolls on the sale of, 333; efforts of the Church in their behalf, 334; Æthelstan's reform, ib.; not bound to work on Sundays, ib.; allowed to purchase their free- dom, ib. and note 3; forms of manumission and emancipation, 335; enactment of the Synod of Chelsea concerning, ib.
Slave-trade among the Danes, 118 and note 4; at Chester, 443; Bristol, 444; London, 456; vain attempts to abolish, 445 Sleswick, 63
Sokes, growth of, 30; the soke a privilege of the thegn, 136 Somerset, origin of its name, 234; victory of its fyrd at the Parret, 75; Eadmund Ironside raises troops in, 416; detached from Wessex and joined with Hereford, &c., under Swein, 500; ealdormen of, 233, note 2; see Æthelnoth Somerton, 234
Songs, national, preserved among the gleemen, 338; by William of Malmesbury, 297, note 1; in the Chronicle, 254, note 1, 218, note 2, 341; Northumbrian songs pre- served in West-Saxon versions, 298 Southampton gives its name Hampshire, 231; mint at, 228; Swein and Olaf winter at, 380; Eadward the Confessor makes an unsuccessful descent at, 480; ealdormanry of, see Wessex (Cen- tral) Southwark, Godwine encamps at, 528; burnt by William, 572
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