457; conquered by Ecgberht, 150; sacked by the Wikings, 79, 150; Danes winter at, 105, note 2; doubtful story of Elfred's besieg- ing them there, ib.; becomes sub- ject to Guthrum, 124, 150; passes into Elfred's hands, 150; re- peopled by him, ib. and note 2; its walls restored, 197, 459; in- trusted to Ethelred of Mercia, 151, 171; its severance from Essex and formation of its dependent shire, 151, 152 and note, 237; its situation, 152, note; its men attack the Danes in Essex, 172, 173; taken from Mercia and an- nexed to Wessex by Eadward the Elder, 197; mint at, 228; pos- sibly included in the East-Saxon ealdormanry, 261; Ethelred II. gathers a fleet at, 377; repulses Swein and Olaf, 380 and note 1; successfully resists Swein, 411; sends hostages to him, ib. ; Ethel- red returns to, 413; Æthelred dies at, 415, 416; besieged by Cnut and Eadric, ib.; Eadmund chosen king in, 416; its defence against Cnut, ib.; ceded to Cnut, 418, note; Cnut crowned at, 425; ob- scurity of its early history, 452; disappearance of Roman life from, 452, 453, 458, note 1; its heathen- ism, ib.; its growth, 453; church and monastery of St. Paul at, ib.; its trade, 456, 459, 463, 464; sokes in, 454; churches in, ib., 456; its growth under Bishop Erkenwald, ib.; its oldest part, 456; site of its port, ib. ; its wic-reeve or port- reeve, ib., 461; Offa's vill in, 457 and note; East-cheap, 458; its bridge, 459, note 1; its geogra- phical position, 459; its importance under Ethelstan, 460; its frith- gild, ib.; its eight moneyers, ib., 228; cnichten-gild, 461; mer- chant-gild, ib., 480; connexion of its municipal with its ecclesias- tical life, 459, note 3, 461; its portmannimot, 461; its growth under Athelstan's successors, 462, 463; under Eadgar and Æthelred,
463-465; Danes settled in, 465; its taxation in Cnut's first year, ib.; becomes the centre of the kingdom under Cnut, 465, 466; its lithsmen, 462, 480; Flemish merchants in, 517; declares for Godwine, 534 ; Eadward the Ætheling dies at, 565; surrenders to William, 573; his charter to, ib.; witenagemots at, 425, 528, 534; bishops of, see Dunstan, Er- kenwald, Mellitus, Spearhafoc, Theodred, William, Wini Lorraine harried by the Wikings,
148; its loyalty to the Karoling- ian house, 267; becomes subject to Lewis From-beyond-sea, ib.; Lewis driven out of, 272 Lorraine, Lower, see Godfrey Lotharingians in royal chapel, 544-
Lothian, 470; possibly granted by Eadgar to Kenneth, ib.; granted by Cnut to Malcolm II., 471; re- sults of the cession, 471, 472 "Lunden-wara," the, 459, note 3 Lyderic, count of Flanders, 511 Lymne, Wikings land at, 170
Macbeth, Mormær of Moray,murders Duncan, 493; succeeds him as king of Scots, ib., 558; defeated by Siward, 559; his death, ib. Marleswegen, shire-reeve of Deira, joins revolt against Tostig, 562,
Magesætas, 417; join Edmund Iron- side, ib.; see Herefordshire Magnus, son of St. Olaf, king of Norway, 477; treaty with Hartha- cnut, ib.; claims throne of Den- mark, 493; drives Swein Estrith- son out, 502; threatens to invade England, ib.
Maine conquered by Geoffrey Martel, 508; by William, 554 Malcolm I., king of Scots, son of Constantine, 274; Cumbria granted to, 278
Malcolm II. defeated at Durham, 399; again invades Northumbria, 470; submits to Cnut, 471; re- ceives a grant of Lothian, ib. Malcolm III., son of Duncan, be- comes king of Scotland, 559; sworn brother of Tostig, 563; marries Margaret, 576; swears fealty to William, 577 Maldon fortified by Eadward the
Elder, 204; Danes defeated at, 205; victory of Norwegians at, 370
Malger, archbishop of Rouen,
Man, Isle of, colonized by the Nor- wegians, 276; Æthelred II. makes a descent upon, 383 Manchester (Mancunium) fortified by Eadward the Elder, 214 Manors, labour-rolls of, 331-333 Margaret, daughter of the Etheling
Eadward, 556; her marriage, 576 Matilda, daughter of Baldwin V., sought in marriage by William of Normandy, 516; marriage for- bidden, 521; it takes place, 551 Mellitus, bishop of London, his mis- sion-work, 452, 453; founds St. Paul's, 453
Melrose destroyed by the Danes, 93 Merchant-gild of Lincoln, 450; London, 461, 480; Nottingham, 439
Mercia, lingering heathenism in, 9, 10; earliest written law in, 20; its condition at the close of the eighth century, 44, 45; its five great ealdormen, ib., 121, note 3; its five regions, 235; its dependent relation to Wessex, 95, 143, 192; threatened by the Danes, 94; makes peace with them, 95; pays tribute to them, 96; conquered by them, 106; its division into Danish and English, ib., note 2, 121; Eastern or Danish Mercia, the district of the Five Boroughs, 121, 122; Western or English Mercia, its extent, 121, 142; its importance, 142; its union with Wessex under Ælfred, 143, 144; the intellectual revival
under him, 155-157; raid of the Wikings upon, 1195; ravaged by Danes, 196; part of it annexed to Wessex, 196, 197; wholly an- nexed, 208; traces of its separate existence in the election of Ethel- stan, 217, note 3; traces of its original divisions, 235, 236; its shire-organization, 235; deriva- tion of its shire-names, 236; Ead- gar chosen king of, 312; re- united to Wessex, 315; die- appearance of monasticism in, 343; ravaged by Cnut, 415, 416; kings of, called "Kings of the English" by the Franks, 44; their policy towards the Church, 72; their burial-place at Repton, 106; see Ethelstan, Beorhtwulf, Burhred, Ceolwulf, Eadgar, Offa, Wiglaf, Wulfhere; ealdormanry of, 144; created by Ælfred, 258; suppressed by Eadward, ib.; re- vived by Eadwig, 309; significance of its revival, 309, 310; its extent under Eadwig, 310 and note 2; suppressed, 357; revived in favour of Eadric, 401; called Myrcenarice" 408; ealdormen of, see Elfhere, Elfric, Æthelred, Eadric; earldom of, its extent under Leofric, 498; further re- duced, 500; again extended, 536, 557; earls of, see Ælfgar, Ead- wine, Leofric, Leofwine Meredydd, son of Owen, 375 Merse-wara, 78
Merton, victory of the Danes at, 104 Middlesborough, 117
Middlesex, its origin, 152 and note, 237; part of East-Saxon ealdor- manry, 261; joined with Essex, &c., under Leofwine, 565 Middleton, witenagemot note 2, 224 note 2 Mieczyslav, duke of the Poles, 369 Mildred, St., 438, note 2; church dedicated to her in Bristol, 444; Oxford, 438 and note 2: London, 457
Mills in Dorset, 7 and note Milton, Hasting winters at, 171 Mines, salt, in Cheshire, 7, note;
iron, in Kent, 336; lead, in the Severn Valley, ib. Mints, 228; at Bristol, 444; Glou-
cester, 440; Oxford, 144, 438 Monarchy, its character and growth, 302, 303; causes of its weakness, 257, 258, 303; its struggle with feudalism, 301, 302, 304, 305; see Ealdormanries, Ealdormen; its alliance with the Church, 70- 72, 317, 318; see Crown, King Monasticism, its decay, 13, 177, and note, 342, 343; revival of, 344; attitude of Dunstan towards it, 345 and note; of Eadgar, 344, 345; its local character, 345; causes of its failure, 346; its part in political contest, 352, 353, note 4; attitude of Godwine and Leofric towards, 514 Montacute, 575
Montreuil taken by Arnulf, 267 ; re- taken by William Longsword, ib. Moot, folk-, its decline, 36; answers to Thing," 57
Moray, Mormær of, see Macbeth Morcant, under-king of the North- Welsh, present in Ethelstan's witenagemots, 224 and note 1; in Eadred's, 298
Morkere, son of Elfgar, succeeds Tostig as earl of Northumbria, 567; submits to William, 573, 574; revolts against him, 576; joins Hereward, ib., 577 Mortain, counts of, 390 Mortemer, battle of, 553 "Mund," 22, note, 23, 24 "Mund-bryce," 22, note
Munster, Ivar the Boneless in, 91, 92 "Myrcenarice," for Mercia, 408
Nantes sacked by the Wikings, 76 Neal of St. Sauveur, 505 Nicæa, Robert the Devil dies at, 476 Nicolas II., Pope, 579; consecrates
Walter and Gisa, 580; Tostig's visit to, ib., 567, note 1 "Nithing," 523 Norfolk, 237, note 2 Norhamshire, 231
Normandy, its connexion with Eng- lish history, 244, 245; with the English Danelaw, 245, 246; its influence on French and English politics, 247, 249; claims to su- premacy over the Bretons, 250; attacked by Hugh the Great and the Bretons, ib.; its greatness under William Longsword, 272, 273; revolts against him, 388; its anarchy after his death, 273; mastered by Lewis, ib.; stirred up against him by Harald Blaa- tand, 280; its first treaty with England, 376 and note; its friendly relation to the northmen, 383, 386, note; its growth under Rich- ard the Fearless, 323, 387, 389, 390; under Richard the Good, 391; beginnings of its connexion with England, 391-393; Emma and her sons take refuge in, 411; and Ethelred, 412; the English Ethelings in, 413, 473; its anar- chy in William's early years, 476; the Truce of God, 490; Ead- ward's relations to, 491; revolts against William, 505, 506; its relations with Flanders, 516, 518; hatred of Godwine, 538; laid under interdict, 551; dukes of, see Hrolf, Richard, Robert, William Normans called "pirates" by the Franks, 247; their temper, 421, 473, 476; Norman chaplains, 545, 546; companions of the Ætheling Ælfred, their fate, 482; followers of Eadward, 492; their aims, 509, 510; outlawed, 535; take refuge in Scotland, 559 Northampton submits to Eadward, 204; burnt by Thurkill, 408 Northamptonshire, 236; part of East-Anglian ealdormanry, 261 and note 1; joined with North- umbria under Siward, 537; under Tostig, 565; feorm of, 404, note 2 Northmen, use and meaning of the name, 50, note, 65, note, 3, 68, note; see Danes, Norwegians, Wikings
Northumberland, 237, note 2 Northumbria, lingering heathenism
in, 9, 10; absence of written law in, 20; fall of its royal house, 40; civil wars in, 40, 41, 91; the Church in, during the anarchy, 41; its schools, 41, 42; submits to Ecgberht, 96 and note 2; first appearance of the Wikings in, 51; conquered by the Danes, 91, 92; ruin of its learning and civili- zation, 93, 94; divided by Half- dene, 115; its organization under the Danes, 120, 122; joins a league against Eadward, 216; submission to him, 217 and note 1; Ethelstan becomes king of, 221; rises against Ethelstan, 242, 253; descent of the Ostmen upon, 252; severed from Wessex, 257; its inhabitants in Ethelstan's day, 263 and note 2, 264; rises against Eadmund, 270; Olaf Sihtric's son king of, 289; its Witan swear allegiance to Eadred, ib.; receive Eric Hir- ing as king, 290, 291; Eric driven from, 290 and note, 291; ravaged by Eadred, 291; again submits to him, ib.; Olaf returns to, ib.; its second revolt under Eric, 292; its final submission, 293; Eadred becomes king of, ib. ; re- duced to an earldom, ib.; joins the revolt against Eadwig, 313 and note; absence of religious houses in, 345; submits to Cnut, 415; in- vaded by the Scots, 399, 435, 470 ; its northern part joined to Scot- land, 471; earldom of, divided, 373; re-united, 399; struggle of the rival earls in, ib., note; again divided, 495; re-united under Siward, ib.; its independence under him, 492; its wild con- dition, 495, note 1, 496, 497 and note, 562, note; Nottingham, &c. joined with it, 537; brought fully under the royal power, 561 and note; ravaged by William, 575; kings of, see Ethelred, Æthel- stan, Ethelwold, Alchred, Alf- wold, Bagsecg, Eadberht, Eadred, Eardwulf, Ecgberht, Ecwils, Eric, Guthferth, Halfdene, Olaf, Osred, Oswulf, Ragnald, Riesig, Sihtric;
earls of, see Elfhelm, Copsige, Eadwulf, Ealdred, Eric, Morkere, Oslac, Oswulf, Siward, Tostig, Uhtred, Waltheof; see also Ber- nicia and Deira Northweorthig, see Derby Norway, its beginnings, 62; its
physical character, 56; starting- point of the northmen's first at- tack, 65 and note 3; united under Harald Fair-hair, 169; Harald Blaatand overlord of, 364; ruled by Jarl Hakon, 369; attacked by Swein, ib.; claimed by Olaf Tryggvason, 378; revolts against Hakon, 380; under-kingdom of England, 424; ruled by Cnut's nephew Hakon, ib.; revolts against Cnut, 466, 468; Swein, son of Cnut, driven out of, 477; Tostig takes refuge in, 569; kings of, see Cnut, Eric, Harald, Magnus, Olaf, Swein
Norwegians, character of their coun- try, 53, 56, 178, 179; their temper, 54; their love of fighting, ib., 55; of home, 55 and note 1; of the sea, 56, 57; their usages, 57; their religion, 57, 58; their warfare, 58; their ships, 59 and notes, 88, note 2; causes of their move- ment to the south, 60 and note 3, 61, 62; their first coming to England, 50, 51; 50, 51; civil wars among, 63; alliance with the Welsh, 67, 75; their settlement in Shetland, 66; in the Hebrides, Orkneys, Caithness, Sutherland, and Ross, ib., 107, 170, 215; in Ireland, 65-67, 74, 76, note 2, 90; in Yorkshire, 117; in Westmor- inga-land, 274-275; in Man, 276; in Lancashire and the Lake district, ib. and note 2, 277; in Iceland, 131, 169; their settle- ments marked by the terminations "by," "thwaite," and "dale," 116; movement towards unity among, 168, 169; threaten the Scot-king- dom, 215, 216; their settlements in Northumbria in Ethelstan's day, 263 and note 2, 264; enmity of Eadmund to, 269; attack East-
Anglia, 369, 370; their victory at Maldon, 370; treaty made with them, 375; its policy, 377, note; plot to "betrap" them, ib. and note; sack Bamborough, ib.; ex- tent of their trade, 448, 450; see Northmen, Wikings Norwich, its position and import- ance, 397, 449 ; harried by Swein, 397; its dues to the king, ib. Nottingham, Danes winter at, 94; attacked by Ethelred and Burh- red, 95; one of the Five Boroughs, 122, 207; its situation and import- ance, 207-208, 439; fortified by Eadward, 208; his bridge and mounds there, 214, 439; duties of its burghers, 439; its merchant- gild, ib.; enichten-gild, 440 Nottinghamshire, 236; joined with Lincoln and Leicester under Beorn, 498, 500; with Northumbria, 537, 565
Odo, son of Robert the Strong, his defence of Paris, 243; becomes king of the West-Franks, ib.; struggle with Hasting, 170 Odo, bishop of Ramsbury, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, his Danish origin, 223 and note 2, 327 and note 1; negotiates a peace between Eadmund and Olaf, 272; crowns Eadwig, 308; sends Os- wald to Fleury, 344; denounces Eadwig's marriage, 311; with- draws from his court, ib. and note 2, 313; sentences Eadwig and Elfgifu to separation, 313; con- secrates Dunstan, 314 note 3; banishes Elfgifu, 314, 315, nole 1; returns to court, 315 and note 2; his death, ib.
Offa, king of Mercia, his efforts to secure the protection of pilgrims from Alpine robbers, 18; his laws, 21, note 1; gives Ethelwold Moll his daughter to wife, 40; his coinage, 228; his vill in London, 457 and note Ofer-hyrnesse," 140, note 2 Olaf, St., king of Norway, 466; driven out by Cnut, 468; his trading enterprises, 118; church of, in Chester, 442; London, 464, 465; York, 452, 560
Olaf the Fair, son of Ingialld, 90, note 1; attacks the Irish coast, 90 ; occupies Dublin, ib. ; attacks the Scot kingdom, 91
Olaf or Anlaf, king of Dublin, his escape from Brunanburh, 254, note 2; raises the Danelaw against Eadmund, 270; storms Tamworth and Leicester, 272; becomes Ead- mund's under-king, ib.; his death, 270, note
Olaf or Anlaf, Sihtric's son, takes refuge at the Scottish court, 252; marries the daughter of Constan- tine, 253; goes to Dublin, 242, 253; becomes the leader of the Ostmen, 253; raises the North against Ethelstan, 242, note, 253 ; his escape from Brunanburh, 254, note 2; succeeds the other Olaf as king of Dublin, 270, note; under- king of Northumbria beyond the Tees, 289; driven out by Eric, 290; returns, 291; account of him in the Saga, 293, note 1; rules in Dublin and becomes Eadgar's ally, 323 and note 2
Olaf Tryggvason, his childhood, 118, note 4; claims the throne of Norway, 378; his Wiking ad- ventures, 379; joins Swein in an invasion of England, ib.; his con- version and baptism, ib., note 1;
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