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457; conquered by Ecgberht, 150;
sacked by the Wikings, 79, 150;
Danes winter at, 105, note 2;
doubtful story of Elfred's besieg-
ing them there, ib.; becomes sub-
ject to Guthrum, 124, 150; passes
into Elfred's hands, 150; re-
peopled by him, ib. and note 2;
its walls restored, 197, 459; in-
trusted to Ethelred of Mercia,
151, 171; its severance from Essex
and formation of its dependent
shire, 151, 152 and note, 237;
its situation, 152, note; its men
attack the Danes in Essex, 172,
173; taken from Mercia and an-
nexed to Wessex by Eadward the
Elder, 197; mint at, 228; pos-
sibly included in the East-Saxon
ealdormanry, 261; Ethelred II.
gathers a fleet at, 377; repulses
Swein and Olaf, 380 and note 1;
successfully resists Swein, 411;
sends hostages to him, ib. ; Ethel-
red returns to, 413; Æthelred dies
at, 415, 416; besieged by Cnut
and Eadric, ib.; Eadmund chosen
king in, 416; its defence against
Cnut, ib.; ceded to Cnut, 418,
note; Cnut crowned at, 425; ob-
scurity of its early history, 452;
disappearance of Roman life from,
452, 453, 458, note 1; its heathen-
ism, ib.; its growth, 453; church
and monastery of St. Paul at, ib.;
its trade, 456, 459, 463, 464; sokes
in, 454; churches in, ib., 456; its
growth under Bishop Erkenwald,
ib.; its oldest part, 456; site of
its port, ib. ; its wic-reeve or port-
reeve, ib., 461; Offa's vill in, 457
and note; East-cheap, 458; its
bridge, 459, note 1; its geogra-
phical position, 459; its importance
under Ethelstan, 460; its frith-
gild, ib.; its eight moneyers, ib.,
228; cnichten-gild, 461; mer-
chant-gild, ib., 480; connexion
of its municipal with its ecclesias-
tical life, 459, note 3, 461; its
portmannimot, 461; its growth
under Athelstan's successors, 462,
463; under Eadgar and Æthelred,

463-465; Danes settled in, 465;
its taxation in Cnut's first year,
ib.; becomes the centre of the
kingdom under Cnut, 465, 466;
its lithsmen, 462, 480; Flemish
merchants in, 517; declares for
Godwine, 534 ; Eadward the
Ætheling dies at, 565; surrenders
to William, 573; his charter to,
ib.; witenagemots at, 425, 528,
534; bishops of, see Dunstan, Er-
kenwald, Mellitus, Spearhafoc,
Theodred, William, Wini
Lorraine harried by the Wikings,

148; its loyalty to the Karoling-
ian house, 267; becomes subject
to Lewis From-beyond-sea, ib.;
Lewis driven out of, 272
Lorraine, Lower, see Godfrey
Lotharingians in royal chapel, 544-

545

Lothian, 470; possibly granted by
Eadgar to Kenneth, ib.; granted
by Cnut to Malcolm II., 471; re-
sults of the cession, 471, 472
"Lunden-wara," the, 459, note 3
Lyderic, count of Flanders, 511
Lymne, Wikings land at, 170

M

Macbeth, Mormær of Moray,murders
Duncan, 493; succeeds him as
king of Scots, ib., 558; defeated
by Siward, 559; his death, ib.
Marleswegen, shire-reeve of Deira,
joins revolt against Tostig, 562,

note

Magesætas, 417; join Edmund Iron-
side, ib.; see Herefordshire
Magnus, son of St. Olaf, king of
Norway, 477; treaty with Hartha-
cnut, ib.; claims throne of Den-
mark, 493; drives Swein Estrith-
son out, 502; threatens to invade
England, ib.

Maine conquered by Geoffrey Martel,
508; by William, 554
Malcolm I., king of Scots, son of
Constantine,
274; Cumbria
granted to, 278

Malcolm II. defeated at Durham,
399; again invades Northumbria,
470; submits to Cnut, 471; re-
ceives a grant of Lothian, ib.
Malcolm III., son of Duncan, be-
comes king of Scotland, 559;
sworn brother of Tostig, 563;
marries Margaret, 576; swears
fealty to William, 577
Maldon fortified by Eadward the

Elder, 204; Danes defeated at,
205; victory of Norwegians at,
370

Malger, archbishop of Rouen,

551

Man, Isle of, colonized by the Nor-
wegians, 276; Æthelred II. makes
a descent upon, 383
Manchester (Mancunium) fortified
by Eadward the Elder, 214
Manors, labour-rolls of, 331-333
Margaret, daughter of the Etheling

Eadward, 556; her marriage, 576
Matilda, daughter of Baldwin V.,
sought in marriage by William of
Normandy, 516; marriage for-
bidden, 521; it takes place, 551
Mellitus, bishop of London, his mis-
sion-work, 452, 453; founds St.
Paul's, 453

Melrose destroyed by the Danes, 93
Merchant-gild of Lincoln, 450;
London, 461, 480; Nottingham,
439

Mercia, lingering heathenism in, 9,
10; earliest written law in, 20;
its condition at the close of the
eighth century, 44, 45; its five
great ealdormen, ib., 121, note 3;
its five regions, 235; its dependent
relation to Wessex, 95, 143, 192;
threatened by the Danes, 94;
makes peace with them, 95; pays
tribute to them, 96; conquered
by them, 106; its division into
Danish and English, ib., note 2,
121; Eastern or Danish Mercia,
the district of the Five Boroughs,
121, 122; Western or English
Mercia, its extent, 121, 142;
its importance, 142; its union
with Wessex under Ælfred, 143,
144; the intellectual revival

under him, 155-157; raid of
the Wikings upon, 1195; ravaged
by Danes, 196; part of it annexed
to Wessex, 196, 197; wholly an-
nexed, 208; traces of its separate
existence in the election of Ethel-
stan, 217, note 3; traces of its
original divisions, 235, 236; its
shire-organization, 235; deriva-
tion of its shire-names, 236; Ead-
gar chosen king of, 312; re-
united to Wessex, 315; die-
appearance of monasticism in,
343; ravaged by Cnut, 415, 416;
kings of, called "Kings of the
English" by the Franks, 44;
their policy towards the Church,
72; their burial-place at Repton,
106; see Ethelstan, Beorhtwulf,
Burhred, Ceolwulf, Eadgar, Offa,
Wiglaf, Wulfhere; ealdormanry
of, 144; created by Ælfred, 258;
suppressed by Eadward, ib.; re-
vived by Eadwig, 309; significance
of its revival, 309, 310; its extent
under Eadwig, 310 and note 2;
suppressed, 357; revived in
favour of Eadric, 401; called
Myrcenarice" 408; ealdormen
of, see Elfhere, Elfric, Æthelred,
Eadric; earldom of, its extent
under Leofric, 498; further re-
duced, 500; again extended, 536,
557; earls of, see Ælfgar, Ead-
wine, Leofric, Leofwine
Meredydd, son of Owen, 375
Merse-wara, 78

66

Merton, victory of the Danes at, 104
Middlesborough, 117

at, 221

Middlesex, its origin, 152 and note,
237; part of East-Saxon ealdor-
manry, 261; joined with Essex,
&c., under Leofwine, 565
Middleton, witenagemot
note 2, 224 note 2
Mieczyslav, duke of the Poles, 369
Mildred, St., 438, note 2; church
dedicated to her in Bristol, 444;
Oxford, 438 and note 2: London,
457

Mills in Dorset, 7 and note
Milton, Hasting winters at, 171
Mines, salt, in Cheshire, 7, note;

iron, in Kent, 336; lead, in the
Severn Valley, ib.
Mints, 228; at Bristol, 444; Glou-

cester, 440; Oxford, 144, 438
Monarchy, its character and growth,
302, 303; causes of its weakness,
257, 258, 303; its struggle with
feudalism, 301, 302, 304, 305; see
Ealdormanries, Ealdormen; its
alliance with the Church, 70-
72, 317, 318; see Crown, King
Monasticism, its decay, 13, 177, and
note, 342, 343; revival of, 344;
attitude of Dunstan towards it,
345 and note; of Eadgar, 344,
345; its local character, 345;
causes of its failure, 346; its
part in political contest, 352,
353, note 4; attitude of Godwine
and Leofric towards, 514
Montacute, 575

Montreuil taken by Arnulf, 267 ; re-
taken by William Longsword, ib.
Moot, folk-, its decline, 36; answers
to Thing," 57

66

Moray, Mormær of, see Macbeth
Morcant, under-king of the North-
Welsh, present in Ethelstan's
witenagemots, 224 and note 1; in
Eadred's, 298

Morkere, son of Elfgar, succeeds
Tostig as earl of Northumbria,
567; submits to William, 573,
574; revolts against him, 576;
joins Hereward, ib., 577
Mortain, counts of, 390
Mortemer, battle of, 553
"Mund," 22, note, 23, 24
"Mund-bryce," 22, note

Munster, Ivar the Boneless in, 91, 92
"Myrcenarice," for Mercia, 408

N

Nantes sacked by the Wikings, 76
Neal of St. Sauveur, 505
Nicæa, Robert the Devil dies at, 476
Nicolas II., Pope, 579; consecrates

Walter and Gisa, 580; Tostig's
visit to, ib., 567, note 1
"Nithing," 523
Norfolk, 237, note 2
Norhamshire, 231

Normandy, its connexion with Eng-
lish history, 244, 245; with the
English Danelaw, 245, 246; its
influence on French and English
politics, 247, 249; claims to su-
premacy over the Bretons, 250;
attacked by Hugh the Great and
the Bretons, ib.; its greatness
under William Longsword, 272,
273; revolts against him, 388;
its anarchy after his death, 273;
mastered by Lewis, ib.; stirred
up against him by Harald Blaa-
tand, 280; its first treaty with
England, 376 and note; its friendly
relation to the northmen, 383,
386, note; its growth under Rich-
ard the Fearless, 323, 387, 389,
390; under Richard the Good,
391; beginnings of its connexion
with England, 391-393; Emma
and her sons take refuge in, 411;
and Ethelred, 412; the English
Ethelings in, 413, 473; its anar-
chy in William's early years, 476;
the Truce of God, 490; Ead-
ward's relations to, 491; revolts
against William, 505, 506; its
relations with Flanders, 516, 518;
hatred of Godwine, 538; laid
under interdict, 551; dukes of, see
Hrolf, Richard, Robert, William
Normans called "pirates" by the
Franks, 247; their temper, 421,
473, 476; Norman chaplains, 545,
546; companions of the Ætheling
Ælfred, their fate, 482; followers
of Eadward, 492; their aims, 509,
510; outlawed, 535; take refuge
in Scotland, 559
Northampton submits to Eadward,
204; burnt by Thurkill, 408
Northamptonshire, 236; part of
East-Anglian ealdormanry, 261
and note 1; joined with North-
umbria under Siward, 537; under
Tostig, 565; feorm of, 404, note 2
Northmen, use and meaning of the
name, 50, note, 65, note, 3, 68,
note; see Danes, Norwegians,
Wikings

Northumberland, 237, note 2
Northumbria, lingering heathenism

in, 9, 10; absence of written
law in, 20; fall of its royal house,
40; civil wars in, 40, 41, 91; the
Church in, during the anarchy,
41; its schools, 41, 42; submits
to Ecgberht, 96 and note 2; first
appearance of the Wikings in,
51; conquered by the Danes, 91,
92; ruin of its learning and civili-
zation, 93, 94; divided by Half-
dene, 115; its organization under
the Danes, 120, 122; joins a league
against Eadward, 216; submission
to him, 217 and note 1; Ethelstan
becomes king of, 221; rises against
Ethelstan, 242, 253; descent of
the Ostmen upon, 252; severed
from Wessex, 257; its inhabitants
in Ethelstan's day, 263 and note
2, 264; rises against Eadmund,
270; Olaf Sihtric's son king of,
289; its Witan swear allegiance
to Eadred, ib.; receive Eric Hir-
ing as king, 290, 291; Eric driven
from, 290 and note, 291; ravaged
by Eadred, 291; again submits
to him, ib.; Olaf returns to, ib.;
its second revolt under Eric,
292; its final submission, 293;
Eadred becomes king of, ib. ; re-
duced to an earldom, ib.; joins the
revolt against Eadwig, 313 and
note; absence of religious houses
in, 345; submits to Cnut, 415; in-
vaded by the Scots, 399, 435, 470 ;
its northern part joined to Scot-
land, 471; earldom of, divided,
373; re-united, 399; struggle of
the rival earls in, ib., note; again
divided, 495; re-united under
Siward, ib.; its independence
under him, 492; its wild con-
dition, 495, note 1, 496, 497 and
note, 562, note; Nottingham, &c.
joined with it, 537; brought fully
under the royal power, 561 and
note; ravaged by William, 575;
kings of, see Ethelred, Æthel-
stan, Ethelwold, Alchred, Alf-
wold, Bagsecg, Eadberht, Eadred,
Eardwulf, Ecgberht, Ecwils, Eric,
Guthferth, Halfdene, Olaf, Osred,
Oswulf, Ragnald, Riesig, Sihtric;

earls of, see Elfhelm, Copsige,
Eadwulf, Ealdred, Eric, Morkere,
Oslac, Oswulf, Siward, Tostig,
Uhtred, Waltheof; see also Ber-
nicia and Deira
Northweorthig, see Derby
Norway, its beginnings, 62; its

physical character, 56; starting-
point of the northmen's first at-
tack, 65 and note 3; united under
Harald Fair-hair, 169; Harald
Blaatand overlord of, 364; ruled
by Jarl Hakon, 369; attacked
by Swein, ib.; claimed by Olaf
Tryggvason, 378; revolts against
Hakon, 380; under-kingdom of
England, 424; ruled by Cnut's
nephew Hakon, ib.; revolts
against Cnut, 466, 468; Swein,
son of Cnut, driven out of, 477;
Tostig takes refuge in, 569; kings
of, see Cnut, Eric, Harald, Magnus,
Olaf, Swein

Norwegians, character of their coun-
try, 53, 56, 178, 179; their temper,
54; their love of fighting, ib., 55;
of home, 55 and note 1; of the sea,
56, 57; their usages, 57; their
religion, 57, 58; their warfare,
58; their ships, 59 and notes,
88, note 2; causes of their move-
ment to the south, 60 and note
3, 61, 62; their first coming to
England, 50, 51;
50, 51; civil wars
among, 63; alliance with the
Welsh, 67, 75; their settlement
in Shetland, 66; in the Hebrides,
Orkneys, Caithness, Sutherland,
and Ross, ib., 107, 170, 215; in
Ireland, 65-67, 74, 76, note 2, 90;
in Yorkshire, 117; in Westmor-
inga-land, 274-275; in Man, 276;
in Lancashire and the Lake
district, ib. and note 2, 277; in
Iceland, 131, 169; their settle-
ments marked by the terminations
"by," "thwaite," and "dale," 116;
movement towards unity among,
168, 169; threaten the Scot-king-
dom, 215, 216; their settlements
in Northumbria in Ethelstan's
day, 263 and note 2, 264; enmity
of Eadmund to, 269; attack East-

Anglia, 369, 370; their victory at
Maldon, 370; treaty made with
them, 375; its policy, 377, note;
plot to "betrap" them, ib. and
note; sack Bamborough, ib.; ex-
tent of their trade, 448, 450; see
Northmen, Wikings
Norwich, its position and import-
ance, 397, 449 ; harried by Swein,
397; its dues to the king, ib.
Nottingham, Danes winter at, 94;
attacked by Ethelred and Burh-
red, 95; one of the Five Boroughs,
122, 207; its situation and import-
ance, 207-208, 439; fortified by
Eadward, 208; his bridge and
mounds there, 214, 439; duties
of its burghers, 439; its merchant-
gild, ib.; enichten-gild, 440
Nottinghamshire, 236; joined with
Lincoln and Leicester under Beorn,
498, 500; with Northumbria,
537, 565

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Odo, son of Robert the Strong, his
defence of Paris, 243; becomes
king of the West-Franks, ib.;
struggle with Hasting, 170
Odo, bishop of Ramsbury, afterwards
archbishop of Canterbury, his
Danish origin, 223 and note 2,
327 and note 1; negotiates a peace
between Eadmund and Olaf, 272;
crowns Eadwig, 308; sends Os-
wald to Fleury, 344; denounces
Eadwig's marriage, 311; with-
draws from his court, ib. and note
2, 313; sentences Eadwig and
Elfgifu to separation, 313; con-
secrates Dunstan, 314 note 3;
banishes Elfgifu, 314, 315, nole
1; returns to court, 315 and note
2; his death, ib.

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Offa, king of Mercia, his efforts to
secure the protection of pilgrims
from Alpine robbers, 18; his
laws, 21, note 1; gives Ethelwold
Moll his daughter to wife, 40;
his coinage, 228; his vill in
London, 457 and note
Ofer-hyrnesse," 140, note 2
Olaf, St., king of Norway, 466;
driven out by Cnut, 468; his
trading enterprises, 118; church
of, in Chester, 442; London, 464,
465; York, 452, 560

66

Olaf the Fair, son of Ingialld, 90,
note 1; attacks the Irish coast, 90 ;
occupies Dublin, ib. ; attacks the
Scot kingdom, 91

Olaf or Anlaf, king of Dublin, his
escape from Brunanburh, 254,
note 2; raises the Danelaw against
Eadmund, 270; storms Tamworth
and Leicester, 272; becomes Ead-
mund's under-king, ib.; his death,
270, note

Olaf or Anlaf, Sihtric's son, takes
refuge at the Scottish court, 252;
marries the daughter of Constan-
tine, 253; goes to Dublin, 242,
253; becomes the leader of the
Ostmen, 253; raises the North
against Ethelstan, 242, note, 253 ;
his escape from Brunanburh, 254,
note 2; succeeds the other Olaf as
king of Dublin, 270, note; under-
king of Northumbria beyond the
Tees, 289; driven out by Eric, 290;
returns, 291; account of him in
the Saga, 293, note 1; rules in
Dublin and becomes Eadgar's ally,
323 and note 2

Olaf Tryggvason, his childhood,
118, note 4; claims the throne
of Norway, 378; his Wiking ad-
ventures, 379; joins Swein in an
invasion of England, ib.; his con-
version and baptism, ib., note 1;

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