2; under Cnut, 10, 11; strife of
Christianity with, 9-11; survival
of its customs, 11, 12
Hebrides, the, Wiking settlements
in, 66, 215; conquered by the
Orkney jarls, 558
Heca, bishop of Selsey, 546
Hecanas, their land becomes Here-
fordshire, 235
Helinandus, chaplain to Eadward
the Confessor, 548
Heming, king of South Jutland, 63';
peace with the Franks, 63, 64
Hengestdun, battle of, 67
Henry the Fowler defeats Gorm the
Old, 363
Henry III., Emperor, betrothed
to Cnut's daughter, 468; his
marriage, 493; his character
and policy, 514; his ecclesiastical
reforms, 515, 519; revolt against,
516; the rebels excommunicated
by Leo IX., 519; calls on Eng-
land for help, 521; the rebels
submit, 521, 522
Henry, king of France, restored by
Robert the Devil, 474; fights at
Val-ès-Dunes, 506; his war with
Geoffrey of Anjou, 508; joined
by William, 508, 509; favours
Godwine, 533; his policy, 552;
his invasion of Normandy, ib.;
its failure, 553
Heorstan, father of St. Dunstan, 282
Herebriht, ealdorman, slain by the
Wikings, 78
Hereford, the North-Welsh chiefs
submit to Ethelstan at, 220;
bishops of, see Walter; earls of,
see Harold, Ralf, Swein
Herefordshire, the land of the
Hecanas, 235; and of the Mage-
sætas, 418, 498; severed from
the Mereian earldom, 498; fight-
ing between Normans and English
in, 527; raid of Elfgar and Gruf-
fydd upon, 564
Heretha-land, 50, note
Hereward heads a revolt in the
fens, 577
Herfast, brother of Gunnor, 390
Herlouin, founder of Bec, his re-
ception of Lanfranc, 504
Herlwin, count of Ponthieu, attacked
by Flanders, 267
Hermann, bishop of the Wilsetas
(Ramsbury), 545, 546
Hertford founded by Eadward the
Elder, 197
Hertfordshire, its origin, 237; forms
part of the East-Anglian ealdor-
manry, 261, note 1; joined with
Essex, &c., under Leofwine, 565;
William marches into, 572
Hexham, see of, its extinction, 93
Hildebrand, counsellor of Pope Le›
IX., 515; of Nicholas II. and
Alexander II., 579
High-reeve or High-thegn, office
created by Ethelred, 394, 429,
543; becomes permanent under
Cnut, ib.; developes into the
"Secundarius Regis" and the
justiciar, ib.; see Efic, Eadric,
Wulfgeat
attacks upon Rouen, 244; his
settlement in Frankland, ib.;
probably of Norse blood, 245,
note; supports Charles the Simple
against the dukes of Paris, 246;
receives grant of the Bessin, ib.
Hubba, brother of Ivar, 91, note 1,
96; conquers East-Anglia, ib. ;
commands a Wiking fleet in the
Bristol Channel, 98; joins Guth-
rum in the Severn, 109; defeated
by the fyrd of Devon, 111
Hubert, St., his hermitage, 276)
Hugh the Great, son of Odo of
Paris, 246; marries Ethelstan's
sister Eadhild, 250; attacks Nor-
mandy, ib.; brings back "Lewis
From-beyond-sea," 265; leagues
with William Longsword and
Arnulf of Flanders against Lewis,
268; makes peace with Lewis,
272; joins Harald Blaatand and
the Normans against him, 280;
receives him as a captive, ib. ; his
defiance to Eadmund, ib.
Hugh, Norman reeve of Exeter,
396; surrenders it to Swein, ib.
Hundred, division of the shire, pos-
sibly instituted by Elfred, 141,
note 6; first appears by name
under Eadgar, 349, note 3; names
of hundreds in Dorset, 5 and
note
Huntingdon occupied and fortified
by Eadward the Elder, 205;
Danes of, attack Bedford, ib.;
encamp at Tempsford, ib.; swear
allegiance to Eadward, 211
Huntingdonshire represents North-
Gyrwa-land, 236; forms part of
the East-Anglian ealdormanry,
261, note 1; joined to Northum-
bria under Siward, 537
Hungary, Eadmund Ironside's
children take refuge in, 420, 472;
conquered by the Emperor Henry
III., 514
Hurstbourn, its labour-roll, 331
Huscarls instituted by Cnut, 425,
432; remain with Emma at
Winchester, 480, 481; their de-
velopement under Harold, 493,
Huscarl-tax, its probable origin, 404,
note 2
Husting, the Danish, 465
Hwiccas, land of the, one of the five
regions of the Mercian kingdom,
235; divided into the shires of
Gloucester and Worcester, ib.;
their clearings in the south of
Arden become Warwickshire,
235, 236; earldom of, severed
from Mercia by Cnut, 498; given
to Odda, 536, 557; ealdormen of,
see Leofric, Leofwine; earls of,
see Odda
Iceland, emigration from the Dane-
law to, 131 and note 1; colo-
nized by the northmen, 169
Icknield Way, 201
India, Alfred sends alms to, 105
Ine, king of Wessex, his pilgrimage
to Rome and death, 17; his laws,
21 and notes 1 and 4; their pro-
visions concerning the Welsh, 22;
concerning slaves, 334; concern-
ing chapmen and trade, 337, note
1; extent of the shire-organiza-
tion in his time, 233
Ingelram, count of Ponthieu, marries
the sister of William the Conque-
ror, 519; excommunicated by the
Council of Rheims, 520
Inguar, see Ivar
Ireland, advance of the Wikings
upon, 62, 65, 66; their settle-
ments in, 74; its earliest towns
founded by them, ib.; first appear-
ance of the Danes in, 76, note 2,
90; see Dublin, Ostmen
Iron supplied by Scandinavia to
Britain, 447
Ipswich plundered by Norwegian
Wikings, 370; its importance,
Islandshire, survival of the ancient
divisions of Deira, 231
"Itene Wood," 174
Ittingford, the frith of Wedmore
renewed at, 191
Ivar or Inguar the Boneless, leader
of the Wikings, attacks Munster,
90, 91; brother of Hubba, 91,
note 1, 96; attacks East-Anglia, 91;
conquers it, ib., note 1, 96; returns
to Deira, 98; his race become
kings of Northumbria, 122
Jarrow burnt by the Wikings, 51
"Jarl" corresponds to the English
"Etheling," 57
Jedburgh, Wulfstan prisoner at,
Jelling, burial-mounds of Gorm and
Thyra at, 363
Jeothwel, king of the North-Welsh,
becomes subject to Eadward the
Elder, 208, note 2
John XII., Pope, gives the pallium
to Dunstan, 317
John the Old-Saxon made abbot of
Athelney, 158, 178 and note 1
Jomsborg, Harald Blaatand's strong-
hold on the Baltic, 366; Harald
dies there, ib.; its independence
under Palnatoki, 367; Swein's
dealings with, 367, 368; its jarls
defeated by Jarl Hakon, 407; see
Palnatoki, Sigwald
Judith, daughter of Charles the
Bald, her marriage with Æthel-
wulf and coronation, 82 and note,
83; her marriage with Baldwin
Iron-arm, 183
Judith, sister or daughter of Bald-
win of Lille, marries Tostig, son
of Godwine, 522
Judwal, king of North-Wales, story
of his tribute to Eadgar, 324,
note 1; present in Ethelstan's
witenagenots, 224 and note 1
Jurisprudence, early English, 22
Justice, public, its original ground-
work, 22; earliest conception of,
23; re-organized by Elfred, 139,
140; difficulty of enforcing, 29,
140, 141; its regulation under
Ethelstan, 225, 226; folk's justice,
28; king's justice, 29, 30
Justiciar, his office, 101, 429, 493,
note 543
Jutland, settlement of the Danes in,
88; conquered by Gorm, 363
Jutland, South, the original Engle-
land, 62; its kings dependent on
the kingdom of Westfold, 62-64;
kings of, see Godfrid, Harold,
Heming
Kenneth MacAlpin, king of the
Scots of Dalriada, succeeds to the
Pictish throne, 185; Edinburgh
ceded to him, 324; and perhaps
Lothian, 470; his "raids upon
Saxony," ib.
Kent, lingering heathenism in, 9;
its Witan petition Ethelstan to
enforce justice, 30; revolts against
Offa and Cenwulf, 45; its relation
to Wessex under Ecgberht, 69;
its wealth and importance, 77, 78;
its fyrd defeated by the Wikings
in Thanet, 79; its eastern shores
ravaged by pirates from Gaul, 86;
united to Wessex at the accession
of Ethelred, ib., note 2; invaded
by Hasting, 170, 171; early use
of coin in, 227, 228; kingdom of,
its shires perhaps represented by
the lathes, 231; becomes a shire
of the West-Saxon realm, 234;
called "Kent-shire," ib., note 1;
iron-mines in, 336; salt-works in,
ib. and note 1; harried by pirates
from Ireland, 382; by Thurkill,
407; supports Godwine, 532, note
2; joined with Essex, &c., under
Leofwine, 565; revolts against
Odo of Bayeux, 574; kings of,
see Ethelbald, Ethelberht, Ethel-
stan, Ethelwulf, Eadric, Hlothere
Kesteven, 261 and note 1
Kettleside, 277
King, the, his judicial powers, 30:
appeals to, ib.; his justice super-
sedes the folk's justice, ib.; his
court, 31; his "grith," 32; his
progresses and their results, 32,
33; growth of his dignity, 33,
34, 303; his consecration, 34, 307,
308; organization of his house-
hold, 34, 180; change in the con-
ception of his position, 139; be-
comes the source of justice, ib. ;
his supreme jurisdiction, 140 and
note 1; principle of personal al-
legiance, 208, 209; his territorial
character, 210; importance of his
presence and personal action, 258,
303; weakness of his position,
301, 302; his share in the appoint-
ment of bishops, 347, 524; growth
of the royal administration, 542;
his writ, 544
"King's Court," 544
Kingdoms, the Three, 1, 2, 39; their
influence on the kingship, 33, 34;
on social classes, 34, 45; on folk-
moot and witenagemot, 36-38;
weakness of Northumbria and
Mercia, 38-45; their break-up,
45-49
Kings, tribal, their relation to the
Æthelings, 34; number of, in the
earlier states, 39; their extinction,
ib. and note 1
Kingston, crowning of Ethelstan
at, 217, note 3; of Eadred, 287
and note 2; of Ethelred II., 356,
note 1
Kirbyshire, survival of the ancient
divisions of Deira, 231
Kirkshire or parish, 13, 231
Kirtlington, witenagemot at, 353
Kyle in Ayrshire, 275
Kynesige, bishop of Lichfield, kins-
man of Dunstan, 282, note 1;
sent with Dunstan to bring Ead-
wig back to the coronation-feast,
308
Labour-rents at Hurstbourn, 331;
at Dyddenham, ib., 332-
Lake district, Norwegian settlements
in, 276 and note 2, 277
Lambay Island, 66, note 3
Lambeth, Harthacnut dies at, 487
Lancashire, its origin, 237, note 2;
Norwegian settlers in, 276, 277
Lancaster, 276
Land, its possession the test of free-
dom, 209
Land's End, Æthelstan at, 220
Land-tax, its beginning, 405 and
note; its assessment, 405, 406;
the basis of English finance, 431;
its effects, ib.; its amount, 465;
see Danegeld
Land-wehr, the, 133
Lanfranc, a citizen of Pavia, at Av-
ranches, 504; his school at Bec,
505, 506; opposes William's mar-
riage, 551; reconciled with him,
ib.; negotiates at Rome, 552
Laon, city of the West-Franks, 266
Lastingham destroyed by Danes, 93
Lathes of Kent, 231
Law, early conception of, 19, 20;
written law, its limited sphere,
20; criminal law, Eadmund's
reform of, 27, 278, 279
Lawmen at Cambridge, 461, note 2;
Chester, 442; Lincoln, 122, 450,
461, note 2; Stamford, 122, 461,
note 2
Laws of Elfred, 145, 146 and note
1; Æthelberht, 20, 21 and notes
1 and 2; Æthelstan, 225 and
note 4, 234 and note 2 ; Cnut, 444 ;
Eadgar, 425, 426; Hlothere and
Eadric, 21, notes 1 and 3; Wiht-
ræd, ib.; Ine, 21 and notes 1
and 4
Legates sent by Alexander II.,
580; their share in Wulfstan's
elevation, ib.
Leicester, 235; one of the Five
Boroughs, 122; taken by Æthel-
flæd, 207; date of its submission,
191 note 4; stormed by the Ost-
men, 273; recovered by Ead-
mund, ib.
Leicestershire, 235; Danish set-
tlements in, 123; severed from
Mercia and joined with Notting-
ham, &c., under Beorn, 498, 500
Leo IX. becomes Pope, 515; his
reforms, 519; excommunicates the
rebel princes, ib. ; quashes Spear-
hafoc's appointment to London,
526; taken prisoner by the Nor-
mans, 551; lays Normandy under
interdict, ib.
Leofa, slayer of Eadmund I., 280
Leofric, son of Leofwine, ealdorman
of the Hwiccas, 427; earl of
Mercia, 480; opposes Godwine's
policy, ib.; supports the claims of
Harald, ib.; demands a division
of the realm, ib.; his royal des-
cent, 497; his influence, ib., 498;
opposes Godwine, 502; his share
in the religious revival, 514;
joins the king at Gloucester, 527;
his death, 564
Leofric, chancellor to the Confessor,
545; bishop of Crediton, ib.,
546
Leofsige, ealdorman of Essex, 373
and notes 4 and 5; his jurisdiction
over the reeves of Oxford and
Buckingham, 261, note 1; sent
to buy a truce with the pirates,
394; his "pride and daring," ib.
and note 3; slays Efic, 395 and
note 1; banished, ib., note 2
Leofwine, bishop of Lichfield, 579
Leofwine, ealdorman of the Hwiccas,
372, note 1, 373; of Mercia, 420,
426
Leofwine, son of Godwine, flies to
Dublin, 529; his earldom, 565
Leominster, the abbess of, 501
Leonaford, 159
Lethra, 362 and note
Lewes, mint at, 228; tolls of, 333
Lewis the Gentle, Emperor, sup-
ports Harold in Jutland, 64
Lewis the German, his struggle
with pirates, 147, 148; his death,
Lewis III., king of the West-
Franks, defeats Guthrum at Sau-
court, 148; his death, ib.
Lewis "From over sea," son of
Charles the Simple and Eadgifu,
at the court of Athelstan, 265; re-
called by the West-Franks, ib. ;
breaks with Hugh of Paris and the
Normans, 266; recalls his mother,
ib.; his alliance with Ethelstan
and Arnulf of Flanders, 267
break-up of their league, 267,
268; his war with Otto, ib;
league of Hugh, William, and
Arnulf against, 268; driven from
Lorraine, 272; reconciled with
William, Otto, and Hugh, ib.;
master of Normandy, 273; taken
prisoner by Harald Blaatand and
the Normans, 280; his liberation
demanded by Eadmund, ib.
Lewton, witenagemot at, 221, note
2, 224, notes
Lichfield, bishops of, see Kynesige,
Leofwine
Liège, a priest of, his Life of St. Dun-
stan, 281, note
Limerick founded by Wikings, 74
Limoges pillaged by Wikings, 77
Lindisfarne plundered, 51, 93;
Bishop Eardulf expelled from,
Lincoln, one of the Five Boroughs,
122; its law-men, ib., 450, 461,
note 2; submits to Eadward the
Elder, 208; its growth, 449; con-
nexion of its merchants with the
North, ib.; its merchant-gild,
Lincolnshire, 235, 236; trithings and
wapentakes in, 122; Danish set-
tlements in, ib. ; attached to the
Mercian earldom, 557; joined
with Leicester and Nottingham
under Beorn, 498, 500
Lindiswaras, land of, becomes Lin-
colnshire, 235, 236
Lindsey, kings of, 39, note 1; de-
scents of the Wikings on, 77; its
bishop expelled by the Danes,
93; submits to Swein, 410;
negotiates with Cnut, 413
Literature under Ælfred, 154-158;
English prose, its birth, 160; its
character, 161 and notes; Elf-
red's translations, 162-164, 168;
the Chronicle, 165-167, and notes;
literature under Ælfred's succes-
sors, 296 and note 2; influence of
the Glastonbury school on, 297,
298; difference between the first
and second schools of, ib.; its re-
vival under Dunstan and Eadgar,
339, 342
Lithsmen of London, 462; support
Harald Harefoot's claims, 480
Lochlann, White, 65, note 3
London, the mother-city of Essex,
149; under Mercian rule, 455-
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