11. 13 m. S.E. of Glamis Church,m. N. W. of Arniefoul hamlet, in Hayston wood (now much cut down), fully 700 ft. above the sea, on the top of a lofty ridge commanding a fine view, is this circular little work (fig. 5), consisting of a flat-topped mound not more than 5 or 6 ft. high, 30 ft. in diameter on the top, sloping gently to a slight rampart, if it may be so-called, 12 ft. broad and only a foot or two in height, which environs it all round, the over-all diameter being about 120 ft. Many rounded pebbles of considerable size show in chance breaks of the mound, but no stones suitable for building. The ground for a great distance round about has been surfacequarried for slate.

12. At Canterland, 4 m. N.N.W. of the farm of that name, 1 m. E. of Marykirk, 4m. N. of Montrose, 406 ft. above the sea, on the level summit of a ridge at the very S.W. end of Garvock Hill, with a commanding view to the S. and W., stands a work (fig. 6) closely resembling the last, being nearly circular, and having a central mound 6 ft. high but only 20 ft. in diameter on the flat top, with sides sloping gently to an encircling mound not 2 ft. high, which differs from that at Arniefoul in being double with some compartments, perhaps changes due to digging. The central mound has also been much dug into, revealing the same composition as at Arniefoul.

(d) APPARENT EARTHWORKS THAT ARE PROBABLY FORTS AND NOT MOTES,

13. Beginning from the south and west, as under the previous head, the first in this class is the Fort of the O.M. and Post of Roy on the Grinnan Hill of Keir.-The site is less than Am. S.W. of Ardoch camp, 420 ft. above the sea, on the edge of a steep descent, 40 to 50 ft. high, to Keir Burn, but only slightly elevated above the field towards Braco village. It has apparently been an earthwork with a semioval triple line of defence (fig. 15), partly ramparted and trenched, partly terraced, the broad oval being rudely completed by the unfortified edge of the steep bank. The entrance, à, is along the narrow crest of a ridge, b, from the E., and it is likewise approached by a rude roadway, c, from the burnside below.

Roy's plan makes the work nearly complete, but the middle half of the lines no longer exists. He says that it may have been a work of the natives before the arrival of the Romans, but calls it a (Roman ?) post. There can be no doubt that it belongs to a common type of native fortresses. Its extreme length is about 320 ft,, and the interior may have been about 200 by 170,

14. 14 m. E.N.E. of Blackford Church, 180 yds, N.W, of the cross-roads at Loaninghead, opposite the mouth of Gleneagles, the easiest pass through the Ochils from Perth to Fife, is another Fort (fig. 16), 54 m. nearly due E. of the last, which it closely resembles, and marked · Roman Camp on the O.M. The site, m. W.S.W., of Crieff Junction, occupies the whole of an oval eminence, 520 ft. above the sea, rising about 25 ft. above a field on the N.E. side, and only 8 or 10 above one on the S, W, side. This eminence forms the central part of a little ridge, but is approached from it at each end by narrow necks, B and D. The entrance, 1 K, is not from either neck, but from the field to the S. E. The defences at the ends, A B and CD, consist of a steep rp from the interior, talling on a trench, beyond which is a rampart and second trench. The scarp and rampart are in some places 9 it, above the bottom of the trenches in their

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front. On the N.E. face, E, F, the trenches pass into terraces which have no parapets. On the S.W. face, where they are most required, the defences are entirely gone. The dimensions of this oval fort are about 380 by 200 ft, over all, the interior being about 230 by 120,1

15. On the edge of a steep wooded bank, 60 ft. high, which falls on a haugh enclosed to the S.E. and W. by a loop of the River Almond, 2 m. from its mouth, 100 ft. above the sea, at Pitcairngreen, is this semicircular work (fig. 7), the base being formed by the straight and unfortified edge of the bank. To the N. the semicircular lines face nearly level ploughed land and have been a good deal destroyed. Where most perfect, in a plantation at the W. end, they consist of a scarp 6 ft. high, with two mounds 5 and 3 ft. high beyond, on a pretty steep slope; but in the centre towards the N. there is a terrace 10 ft. wide in rear of the outer mound. The inner scarp is parapetted only at the entrance, which is from the N.W. The length of the base over all is 270 ft., and the width of the interior, which contains a rectangular foundation, from N. to S. 135. Apparently it is a pure earthwork,

16. The next on the list, within the grounds of Cultoquey, close to the high road, 2 m. N.E. of Crieff, m. E. of Gilmerton Church, 370 ft. above the sea, is marked Roman Outpost on the O.M., but there can hardly be a doubt that it belongs to a common class of native works, in which the extremity of a ridge or tongue of land, whether on the coast or inland, is converted into a fortress simply by drawing an intrenchment across the top of the ridge, the enceinte elsewhere showing in general no fortification, and having been probably defended by a palisade wherever the natural strength was insufficient. In this instance the ridge, about 30 ft. high, rises steeply on the N. side, but the ascent is generally gentler from the S. The intrenchment runs nearly straight for about 120 it. across the top of the ridge, and is carried partially down its slopes. It consists of two ramparts or mounds and two trenches covering a width of about 60 ft., and is peculiar in this respect, that it is apparently designed to defend, not the small extremity of the ridge to the E., but the main ridge, 200 yds, in length, to the W. The easterly mound in particular is massive, and at one poin' rises 9 ft, above the trench to the E. The straight course of the intrenchment is probably the only reason why it has been ascribed to the Romans.

17. Passing to the north and east side of the Tay we encounter two earthworks on the Sidlaw Hills, The first is at Erlick, 500 yds. W.S.W., of the rumed castle of that name, and 14 m. W. of Kilspindie Church. It is reared 200 ft. above the old castle and 890 ft above the sea, on one of several little rather flat-topped eminences which form the tableland summit of Pole Hill, the highest of which attains 940 ft. The green height on which the fort stands is conspicuous from below and looks down upon the castle, but the fort is invisible till the hill is climbed, as the works face N.E. and N.W, to the tableland, whence they are easily accessible. In strong contrast to the accessibility on that side, the ground tall- directly from the fort with extreme steyphess 200 it, to the S.E., 500 it, to the S., to the chasm of

By an unfortunate error in the figures of the scale, fro 30, p. 95, of my work on Lorie Fator dly as an S Hand, this fort and the preceding one, as well as all the others in the said fure, are given only half their proper size

Pitrodie Burn, and to the S.W. forms a deep and steep cleft in the hill, like a natural trench. As the position is a characteristic one I have given a general plan of it (fig. 17), while the fortifications are shown on the usual scale in fig. 18. A slight mound at the edge of the steep descents is sufficient protection for the sides that are so well defended by nature; but towards the E., where the ground is weakest, a scarp 7 ft. high falls on a terrace, and that again upon a second

terrace, with a wide trench and two slight ramparts or mounds beyond. To the W. there is a much longer scarp 10 ft. high, a single terrace 9 ft. wide and a trench and single mound beyond. The change from one system to the other takes place at what seems to have been the chief entrance, which passes obliquely through the lines, but there was probably another where the lines end eastward at the steep face. The broad pear-shaped interior measures 350 by an average of 200 ft. on the O.M. and the dimensions over all 460 by 280.

18. The second of the Sidlaw Hill earthen forts is at the E. end of the little

hamlet of Rait, m. N.E. of Kilspindie Church, about 100 ft. above the sea, and at the very foot of the Braes of Carse (of Gowrie). This fortress (fig. 8) is of the same type as No. 16. A narrow, steep-sided spit of land, a sudden contraction of a gently rounded little ridge that runs down to the Carse from the steep braes, is cut off by three slightly curved and massive

mounds, 30 to 40 ft. wide and rising 7 to 8 ft. above the two intervening trenches. A ramp entrance crosses the lines obliquely. The length of the cutoff spit is about 500 ft., its height 25 to 30 ft., and it end- by an abrupt descent to the highway at the very edge of the Carse. Its naturally scanty with has been much narrowed by the quarrying of sand and gravel from

Very steep 200**