antiquities. An excavation has been made on the north-east side of the Parthenon, and continued down to the original rock; by this was disclosed many fragments of the former Parthenon, destroyed by the Persians, and which had been used in forming the foundation of the present structure in its re-erection by Pericles. The excavations at the Propyleion produced the small Temple of Victory almost entire, except the portions in the British Museum. Between October 1835 and 1836 the north-west side of that structure was cleared of its modern masonry, and steps were discovered. In 1837 the Erectheion was cleared, and portions rebuilt, rendered necessary in consequence of the alterations made in its structure on the conversion of the temple to the purposes of a church. The fifth Cariatide was discovered, which has hitherto been supposed to be contained in the Vatican, proving the statue in that museum to have belonged to some other building; it was broken into pieces, and the whole has not yet been found. Two of the columns of the western portico have also been erected, and an erroneous opinion of Stuart on the level of the ancient floor has been corrected. A curious discovery of an entasis existing on the floor of the portico of the Erectheum was noticed, and it was remarked that the convexity of the ground was met by a corresponding concavity in the architrave. Mr. Donaldson called the attention of the students of Greek architecture to this feature, and also remarked that from admeasurements of the columns of Grecian temples he had ascertained that the axes of columns in the flanks were not strictly perpendicular, an arrangement which undoubtedly held some connexion with the entasis.

Mr. Griffiths proceeded with his series of lectures on chemistry.

July 23. Earl de Grey, President, in the chair. A letter was read by his lordship from Col. M'Lean, British Resident at the Court of the Rajah of Tanjore, accompanying several drawings and plans made by order of the Rajah, of ancient buildings in his dominions. A Map of the island of Sheevas Moodram, by a native artist, excited great attention. This island was a sacred spot, and contains various pagodas, with a religious community of Brahmans. A letter was also read from the Rajah conveying his thanks to the Institute, and containing some particulars of the structures represented: one of these, the pagoda on the fort of Tanjore, appeared by inscriptions on its base, to have been erected about 522 years ago. His lordship solicited the consent of the Institute to write fully to the Rajah in

reply, and also to allude to the ingenious artist who had made the plan, who, although his name was unknown, was highly eulogized by the noble chairman as an intelligent and worthy man.

Mr. Donaldson described a drawing of a Turkish Bath at Bergamo, and illustrated it with a plan of the Bath of Caracalla. His object was to shew that the ancient Roman system of bathing existed without change, either in the manner of administering or in the construction of the requisite buildings, in the Turkish dominions at the present time.

Mr. Griffiths concluded his course of lectures on chemistry.

The noble President proceeded to take a retrospect of the proceedings of the Institute during the season. He spoke with feelings of satisfaction on its improved state, and the degree of consequence and respect it was attaining. He urged the members to active exertion with the view of raising the Institute to the highest degree of excellence. His lordship announced that a negotiation had been commenced with the Architectural Society for the union of the two bodies, and he had the warmest hopes that an event so desirable would take place before the ensuing session. On his vacating the chair, a vote of thanks by acclamation was carried; to which his lordship responded in a brief but very neat speech. The Institute then adjourned for the season.

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

June 5. At the concluding meeting for the season, the President, W. B. Clarke, Esq. F.S.A. distributed the following prizes:

To Mr. Thomas Morgan, for the best measured drawing of the gateway on each side the quadrangle of Somerset House, Sir W. Chambers's Civil Architecture, 2 vols.

To Mr. George Rutherford, for the best essay on the History of the Arch, Hope's Architecture, 2 vols. ; to the same gentleman was likewise presented the work annually given by Mr. Muir, V. P., for the greatest number of approved sketches during the season.

To Mr. Wm. Nunn, for the most approved drawings of the garden front of the Travellers' Club-house, Mr. Owen Jones's work on the Alhambra; and to Mr. G. B. Williams, another copy of the same, his drawings being considered nearly equal to Mr. Nunn's.

R. R. Reinagle, R.A. communicated to the society the formation of a society for supplying London with water, and the erection of fountains in various parts of the metropolis and its environs.

For the first prize offered in the class of design there was no competition.

The President afterwards delivered an excellent address, in which he particularly directed the attention of the students to a more careful study of correct and chaste geometrical drawing; censuring those

factitious shadows, and artificial effects, which he attributed to the union of the schools of architecture and painting in the halls of the Royal Academy, and to which he ascribed a perverted taste in architectural drawing, conducive to still more material evils.

ROMAN REMAINS AT CIRENCESTER.

Some important additions have recently been made to the relics of Roman art discovered at Cirencester (see the sepulchral monuments engraved in our Magazine for June 1837, p. 586, and the last volume of the Archæologia). On

the 22d of last June some labourers in Mr. Gregory's extensive nursery discovered, about a foot below the surface of

the ground, two large and finely-sculptured stones, which had evidently formed parts of two capitals of the Corinthian order. One of them, with the abacus, is a freestone, of grayish colour, forming the lower part of a capital, and exhibiting the usual tiers of acanthus-leaves boldly sculptured, eight in each tier, and above them, at the top of the stone, indications of hands and breasts of a human figure. The diameter of this stone at the bottom is two feet, and its height two feet two inches. The other stone is a grained shell-limestone, one foot nine inches high, in form of the abacus or top of another capital; the diagonal of the top from corner to corner is four and a

cross

half feet; and it is, therefore, probable that it was supported on a shaft more than two feet in diameter, and about 22 feet high. The four corners are a little bevelled downwards from the horizontal top, so as to leave a circular bearing. In the centre of each of the four concave sides of the abacus is the upper part of a human figure briefly described below. This stone is now fixed upon the other, which is placed upon a plain pedestal in front of Mr. Gregory's residence. On its north side is a face, with smooth forehead, and with drapery hanging across the breast from a button on each shoulder; the hair is parted on the forehead and curled close, and a sort of flat cap is close over the hair, and ornamented at each temple. A semicircular flat object appears in front of the left shoulder. The figure on the east side is supposed to be Bacchus as a beardless youth, holding a bunch of grapes with the right hand, over his right shoulder, and having a little below the shoulder a bracelet round the naked arm. A bunch of grapes also appears over the left shoulder, besides the handle of some instrument

or top of a sceptre. The drapery of this figure hangs from the left shoulder. The male figure on the south side supports a curved horn with his right hand in supination; the small end, which is formed like the head of some animal with ears, is placed to the right corner of the mouth, which is partly open, and the large end of the horn is shown in perspective. face has an ample beard and a low forehead, with deep horizontal furrows. The male figure on the west side holds in his left hand an olive branch, the hand being on a level with the shoulder. Above the

The

right shoulder appears a bipennis, or handle of which descends obliquely in double battle-axe, crescent-shaped, the front of the shoulder; the face is likewise amply supplied with beard and with mustachios, and has great expression. The length of these bearded faces is nine, and the greatest breadth six inches. Every one of the heads has an ornament nearly as wide as the face in place of a crown, with the top on a level with the upper surface of the abacus. Mr. Gregory deserves great praise for his taste and care in preserving these and other curious antiquities.

TOMB IN PHOENIX PARK, DUBLIN.

May 23. A Cromlech, or ancient tomb, was opened in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, near the Hibernian School. It consists of a large lime-stone slab, rough as if just taken from a quarry, supported by six lesser stones, and surrounded on all sides by lesser stones, which had evidently been removed from the bed of the Liffey. When the earth was withdrawn, it was found to contain two nearly perfect human skeletons, with a portion of another skeleton, and one bone, supposed to be that of a dog. All these remains were in a high state of preservation, the teeth nearly perfect. The molars of one skull were much more worn than those of the other. Both were the skulls of persons advanced in years.

Under each skull was discovered a heap of shells common to the coast; the nerita littoralis was rubbed down on the valve with a stone, to make a second hole, apparently with a view to their being strung as a necklace. Some were strung with the root of a tree; a sin

The

gle trochus shell was likewise observed, the pearly covering of which was as perfect as if just picked up on the sea-shore; near that lay a flint-headed arrow. tomb was discovered in making a new road under the apex of a mound of earth, 15 feet high, forming the segment of a sphere, one hundred and twenty feet diameter. The interior of the Cromlech measures six feet by five. It is of an irregular hexicon form. The original structure of that mound is supposed to have been conical, but owing to the operations of nature and the treading of cattle, it had assumed the form of a segment of a sphere. There was also discovered in this place a white soft substance, phosphate of lime, part of the decomposed bones.

CROMLECH NEAR BOMBAY.

At the meeting of the Royal Irish Academy, held on the 9th of April, Sir William Betham read a letter from Dr. Hibbert Ware, describing a cromlech discovered near Bombay, by his son, and which very much resembles the cromlech of Kits Coty House in Kent. Into the composition of each of these monuments four stones enter, which incline towards one another, and are surmounted by one large horizontal stone. From an inquiry of the natives, including information received upon the spot, Mr. Ware learned that these remains are tombs of ancient date; and hence he infers that from analogy it is probable that such piles in England were erected more as sepulchral stones than for other uses. It is affirmed, that the present structures were never. raised for religious purposes. The cromlech has been found in the north of Europe, placed on the very summit of a sepulchral cairn, as Sjöborg, in his systematic work, has pointed out, and in this case, it appears more like an occasional appendix to the cairn, destined, from its peculiar structure, to the celebration of sacrifices in honour of the dead. Mr. Ware is satisfied, however, that the cromlech originally subsisted most frequently independently of any cairn whatever; and if, in this isolated state, human ashes have occasionally been discovered in connexion with it, other instances might be cited, in which very careful excavations have not afforded any evidence that this monument had a sepulchral use. He is therefore of opinion that the cromlech was most frequently connected with purposes of interment, although not necessarily so; and that in general it was raised for sacrificial objects.

ROMAN ROAD AT LINCOLN.

In pursuing the excavation in Highstreet, Lincoln, for the purpose of laying

a tunnel from the Butchery to the river, the workmen bared a portion of the old Roman road. It is nearly a yard below the present surface of the street, and great difficulty was experienced in breaking through it. It was about 10 to 14 inches thick, formed or bedded upon a layer of gravel about 6 inches thick; the material of which the pavement is formed appears to be clean stone rubble, gravel, many shells, and ferruginous ashes, run together with hot lime, as a concrete or grouting. The mass was so thoroughly compact, that its gravity was heavier than the granite paving stones of modern days; and a large mass, when rubbed down smooth, presented a surface not dissimilar to compact marble. In the midst of some of the lumps, fragments of manufacturers' waste were found; in one a piece of a horseshoe, no doubt brought with the ashes; a fragment of leather was sticking in another piece.

A fine and perfect specimen of a Roman sword was lately ploughed up in a field at Litlington, Cambridgeshire. It is formed of the celebrated bronze metal, is about 18 inches in length, two-edged, and of elegant form, and in an extraordinary state of preservation, considering the long period it has been buried. Mr. Deck, chemist, of Cambridge, possesses this curious relic.

As Mr. William Shanks, of Brandesburton, Yorkshire, was excavating in his outground, he lately dug up a large-sized ring of sterling gold. The top part of it is square, with a beautiful representation of the Virgin Mary and the child Jesus in her arms; on the round part of it are engraven several words, with roses at a regular distance.

A workman lately employed in pulling down an old house in St. Margaret'sstreet, Rochester, belonging to Mr. Hedgcock, grocer, found in the brickwork of the chimney a wash-leather bag, containing 158 pieces of silver coin, of various sizes and thicknesses, some of them being no bigger than a sixpence, and others as broad as a half-crown. Some of them are of the reign of Philip and Mary, bearing the date 1554; others bear the names of Elizabeth, James, Edward VI. and Charles ; and the weight of the whole is one pound and a half. The bag is as fresh in colour and appearance as when it was first deposited in the place, in which it must have been concealed for near two hundred years. Inside the bag is a small pocket, probably intended as a receptacle for gold.

ROMAN COINS

FOUND NEAR HUDDERSFIELD.

As a labouring man was lately digging in a field not far from Thurstonland, a few miles from Huddersfield, he met with a large collection of Roman coins; but, as is often the case in such discoveries, being a stranger to their value, he was induced to part with them for a trifling remuneration. They amounted in number to about 500, and were principally copper, though a few were silver. As far as can be ascertained from detached portions of them, they appear to have consisted chiefly of coins of the lower empire, a considerable number bearing the heads of Constantine, Constantius, Licinius, and, in the opinion of some, of Victorinus. But the coins of Carausius, who possessed himself of Britain as Emperor under Dioclesian, are the most numerous. The inscription in many of them is as follows, IMPERATOR CARAUSIUS PIUS FELIX AUGUSTUS; and on the reverse, PAX AUGUSTI. These were probably stamped after he had cleared the British sea of the pirates.

A few years ago, a splendid gold Roman coin, bearing an impression of the head of Carinus, was found at Holmfirth, within a few miles of the same place. This is one of the few gold coins of that emperor discovered in Britain. The monarch whom it represents, it is well known, was one of the most worthless in history. The coin is in a state of excellent preservation, and the inscription as follows: on the obverse, MARCUS AURELIUS CARINUS NOBILIS CÆSAR, with the head of Carinus with a fillet round it; and on the reverse, TORIA AUGUSTI," with an image of Victory standing upon a globe, in the act of presenting a laurel crown.

" VIC

It is remarkable that in the township of Lingards, about four miles from Huddersfield, a large quantity of coining moulds, or impressions upon clay of Roman emperors, were discovered some time ago, principally representing the same emperors as those above described at Thurstonland. It does not appear that any other Roman remains have been recently found near Thurstonland, though, above forty years ago, several Roman coins were found near Henley, which is at no great distance. No urns or tiles have been dug up, and no vestiges of a Roman road have been traced. But though there is no probability of there having been any Roman town near the spot, yet it is extremely probable that it has been an auxiliary station, subordinate to the main station at Cambodunum, which we now know was within the modern parish of Huddersfield. It was usual with that people to have minor

sta ions at convenient distances from the principal one; and it has been sufficiently shewn by Dr. Walker of Huddersfield, in an essay on this subject, read before the Philosophical Societies both at Leeds and Sheffield, that there were various such stations within six or eight miles of Cambodunum. It is rather remarkable that though Roman coins have been found in many places within a few miles of Cambodunum, so few have been found on the site of the place itself. Dr. Whitaker was of opinion that the Romans very soon abandoned Cambodunum, in consequence of its bleak and barren situation; but in this opinion the doctor was incorrect, as inscriptions of a very late date have been discovered there, which shew that it was garrisoned by the imperial troops at a very late period. Within a few months back, some tiles were discovered by Dr. Walker, on the site of the ancient Cambodunum, bearing the inscription of "COH. IV. BRET.' ." the fourth cohort of the Britons, which there is every reason to believe formed at least a part of the garrison of Cambodunum, as many native troops were in the pay of Rome. It is hoped, however, that the late discovery at Thurstonland will rouse a spirit of inquiry on this subject, that may lead to further discoveries interesting to the antiquary, and calculated to throw additional light on the history of this important district. J. K. W.

SCULPTURE IN ILLOGAN CHURCH.

Some workmen employed in repairing the interior of Illogan Church, Cornwall, have discovered a piece of sculpture, supposed to represent an abbot, abbess, and nuns habited in the vestments of their orders. They are kneeling before an altar covered with drapery, and on which a book lies open. Three of the figures are on one slab of Bath stone, about four feet in length and about three feet wide; the other is on a slab of the same stone, of about 18 inches long, and of a corresponding width with the above. The figures are elegantly formed, and their vestments, with the drapery of the altar and the book, sculptured in a chaste and elegant manner. There can be no doubt but that they have occupied their present position ever since the church was built. For a long time they have been covered by a large marble slab, dedicated to the memory of Dr. John Collins, who had been for several years the incumbent of the rectory. This slab will now be removed, and the figures left exposed to view.

HOUSE OF COMMONS, June 18. Lord John Russell moved the third reading of the PLURALITIES AND BENEFICES Bill, which, after the discussion of various amendments, was finally passed.

The PARLIAMENTARY BURGHS (SCOTLAND) Bill was read a second time, after a division on the motion by Sir W. Rae; when there appeared for the second reading, 88; against it, 59.

Sir Robert Bateson then moved the second reading of the PARTY PROCESSIONS (IRELAND) Bill. He proceeded to make observations on the alleged partiality shown by the Irish government towards the Liberal party, and the rigour with which the Protestants were treated when they met for public purposes. The House divided. There appeared for the second reading, 74; against it, 10: majority 64.

June 20. Mr. F. Baring, in moving the second reading of the NEW ZEALAND Bill, entered into a history of the proceedings of the New Zealand Colonization Society. It was a matter of indifference, he said, to the society whether the government of the colony remained for 7, 14, or 21 years in their hands; and as to those who said that government itself should undertake the colonization of New Zealand, he would only observe that it was not likely that the house would grant a sum of 200,000l. for such a purpose. Whatever might be the fate of this Bill, nothing could stop the current of emigration to New Zealand. Sir G. Grey begged leave to move as an amendment, that the Bill should be read a second time that day six months. There appeared for the second reading 32, against it 92: majority 60.. The bill was consequently lost. Mr. Sergeant Talfourd postponed till that day three months the further consideration of his COPYRIGHT Bill.

Mr. Plumptre moved the re-committal of the SABBATH OBSERVANCE Bill.-Mr. Ward moved that it be read again that day three months, but on a division it was re-committed by a majority of 75 to 53. On the first clause Mr. John Jervis moved, as an amendment, that the following words be inserted

That no person shall do, or cause to be done, any manner of work whatever on the Lord's day."Mr. Plumptre must oppose the introduction of these words, as they would destroy the principle of the bill. Mr. Vernon

The mea

Smith should oppose the bill in all its stages, and every clause of it. sure was levelled solely against the poor. It was absurd to say that no refreshment should be purchased on the Sunday.—Mr. Goulburn said the bill was a bill solely for the suppression of Sunday trading. Lord Dungannon observed that he could not support this bill, because he considered that it was a subject that could not be legislated upon.-On Mr. Jervis's amendment, the numbers were-for, 39; against, 68. Other divisions on motions to report progress took place, but on both occasions the majority was in favour of proceeding.

June 22. Lord J. Russell having moved that the order of the day for the second reading of the IRISH TITHES Bill have precedence of the other orders of the day,

He

-Lord Ashley proposed as an amendment, that the House proceed with the first order of the day-the second reading of the FACTORIES REGULATIONS Bill. He had no other opportunity but the present of calling the attention of the House to the statement which he was requested to make on behalf of the children employed in the factories-to the repeated violations of the provisions of the bill which had been suffered to pass unnoticed, and to the total neglect and contempt with which the Government had treated all the representations and remonstrances which had been made to them upon this subject. hoped that the House would be convinced of the pressing necessity of providing some remedy this session. Lord J. Russell defended his own conduct, and that of his colleagues. The postponements were all of them inevitable; and the questions to be settled are, in themselves, of the most formidable character. The friends of the factory children are anxious to shorten the hours of labour for adults, as well as for children; whilst the manufacturers again represent, that interference with "supply and demand," in the case of labour, must destroy our sources of trade.-Mr. Goulburn condemned the course of argument adopted by the Home Secretary. What had the difficulties of the subject to do with the conduct of Ministers? If they felt the difficulties of the subject to be overwhelming, why did they not leave it to his noble friend (Lord Ashley)? Why did they prevent him from bringing for