the anarchy, 40; its schools, 40, 41 ;
submits to Ecgberht, 91 and note 4;
first appearance of the Wikings in,
49; conquered by the Danes, 87,
88; ruin of its learning and civiliza-
tion, 89, 90; divided by Halfdene,
110; its organization under the
Danes, 115, 117; joins a league
against Eadward, 208; submission
to him, 208 and note 1; Æthelstan
becomes king of, 212; rises against
Æthelstan, 232, 243; descent of the
Ostmen upon, 242; severed from
Wessex, 246; its inhabitants in
Æthelstan's day, 252 and note 2,
253; rises against Eadmund, 259;
Olaf, Sihtric's son, King of, 277; its
Witan swear allegiance to Eadred,
277; receive Eric Hiring as king,
278, 279; Eric driven from, 278, note
1, 279; ravaged by Eadred, 279;
again submits to him, 279; Olaf re-
turns to, 279; its second revolt un-
der Eric, 280; its final submission,
280; Eadred becomes King of, 281;
reduced to an carldom, 281; joins
the revolt against Eadwig, 300 and
note; absence of religious houses
in, 330; submits to Cnut, 398; in-
vaded by the Scots, 383, 417, 451;
its northern part joined to Scotland,
452; earldom of, divided, 357; re-
united, 383; struggle of the rival
earls in, 383, note; again divided,
477; reunited under Siward, 477,
note I; its independence under him,
474; its wild condition, 477 and note
1, 478 and note, 479, 541, note 2;
Nottingham, etc., joined with it, 518;
brought fully under the royal power,
540, 541 and note 1; ravaged by
William, 555; kings of, see Æthel-
red, Æthelstan, Ethelwold, Alch-
red, Alfwold, Bagsecg, Eadberht,
Eadred, Eardwulf, Ecgberht, Ecwils,
Eric, Guthferth, Halfdene, Olaf, Os-
red, Oswulf, Ragnald, Ricsig, Siht-
ric; earls of, see Alfhelm, Copsige,
Eadwulf, Ealdred, Eric, Morkere,
Oslac, Oswulf, Siward, Tostig, Uht-
red, Waltheof; see also Bernicia and
Deira.

Northweorthig, see Derby.
Norway, its beginnings, 60; its phys-
ical character, 53; starting-point
of the Northmen's first attack, 63
and note 1; united under Harald
Fairhair, 162; Harald Blaatand

over-lord of, 349; ruled by Jarl
Hakon, 354; attacked by Swein,
354; claimed by Olaf Tryggvason,
363; revolts against Hakon, 365;
under kingdom of England, 407;
ruled by Cnut's nephew Hakon,
407; revolts against Cnut, 448, 450;
Swein, son of Cnut, driven out of,
458; Tostig takes refuge in, 548;
kings of, see Cnut, Eric, Harald,
Magnus, Olaf, Swein.

Norwegians, character of their coun-
try, 51, 53, 54, 171; their temper,
52; their love of fighting, 52, 53;
of home, 52 and note; of the sea,
54; their usages, 54, 55; their re-
ligion, 55; their warfare, 56; their
ships, 56 and notes, 84, note; causes
of their movement to the south, 57,
58 and note, 59; their first coming
to England, 48, 49; civil wars among,
60; alliance with the Welsh, 64, 72;
their settlement in Shetland, 63; in
the Hebrides, Orkneys, Caithness,
Sutherland, and Ross, 63, 103, 163,
207; in Ireland, 62-65, 71, 73, note
1, 86; in Yorkshire, 111, 112; in
Westmoringa-land, 263; in Man,
265; in Lancashire and the Lake
district, 265 and note 2; in Iceland,
125, 162; their settlements marked
by the terminations "by," "thwaite,"
and "dale," 111; movement towards
unity among, 161, 162; threaten the
Scot kingdom, 207; their settlements
in Northumbria in Æthelstan's day,
252 and note 2, 253; enmity of Ead-
mund to, 258; attack East Anglia,
354; their victory at Maldon, 354;
treaty made with them, 359; its
policy, 362, note 1; plot to "be-
trap" them, 361, 362, note 1; sack
Bamborough, 363; extent of their
trade, 430, 431, 432; see Northmen,
Wikings.

Norwich, its position and importance,
381, 431; harried by Swein, 381; its
dues to the king, 431.
Nottingham, Danes winter at, 90; at-
tacked by Ethelred and Burhred,
90; one of the Five Boroughs, 117,
199; its situation and importance,
199, 421; fortified by Eadward, 199;
his bridge and mounds there, 206,
421; duties of its burghers, 422; its
merchant - gild, 422; cnichten - gild,

422.

Nottinghamshire, 227; joined with

479, 482; with Northumbria, 518,
544.

Oath, its use in folk-moot, 24; see Al-
legiance.

Odda, Ealdorman of Devon, 106.
Odda or Odo, kinsman of Eadward
the Confessor, 474; his earldom,
511, 518, 537; his death, 544.
Odin's ring, 103.

Odo, son of Robert the Strong, his
defence of Paris, 234; becomes king
of the West Franks, 234; his strug-
gle with Hasting, 163.
Odo, Bishop of Ramsbury, afterwards

Archbishop of Canterbury, his Dan-
ish origin, 214 and note 2, 313 and
note 2; negotiates a peace between
Eadmund and Olaf, 260; crowns
Eadwig, 295; sends Oswald to
Fleury, 329; denounces Eadwig's
marriage, 299; withdraws from his
court, 298, note 2, 299; sentences
Eadwig and Ælfgifu to separation,
299; consecrates Dunstan, 301, note
3; banishes Elfgifu, 301, 302, note
I; returns to court, 302 and note 2;
his death, 302.

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, half-brother
of William the Conqueror, 485; Re-
gent of England, 553; Kent revolts
against him, 553.

Odo, brother of Henry, King of France,
533-

Olaf, St., King of Norway, 448; driven
out by Cnut, 450; his trading enter-
prises, 113; church of, in Chester,
425; London, 446; York, 434, 540.
Olaf the Fair, son of Ingialld, 86 and
note 1; attacks the Irish coast, 86;
occupies Dublin, 86; attacks the
Scot kingdom, 87.

Olaf or Anlaf, King of Dublin, his es-
cape from Brunanburh, 244, note 1;
raises the Danclaw against Ead-
mund, 259; storms Tamworth and
Leicester, 260; becomes Eadmund's
under-king, 260; his death, 259,

note.

uge at the Scottish court, 242; mar-
ries the daughter of Constantine,
243; goes to Dublin, 233, 243; be-
comes the leader of the Ostmen,
243; raises the north against Æthel-
stan, 243; his escape from Brunan-
burh, 244 and note 1; succeeds
the other Olaf as King of Dublin,
259, note; under-king of Northum-
bria beyond the Tees, 277; driven
out by Eadric, 278; returns, 279;
account of him in the saga, 281,
note; rules in Dublin and becomes
Eadgar's ally, 310 and note 1.
Olaf Tryggvason, his childhood, 113,
note 4; claims the throne of Nor-
way, 363; his Wiking adventures,
363; joins Swein in an invasion of
England, 364; his conversion and
baptism, 363, note 3; treaty with
Ethelred and withdrawal, 365;
saga of his death, 368–370.
Olaf, King of Sweden, 368.
Olaf, called "Tree-feller," 51, note.
Olney, treaty of, 401.
Onund, the "Road-maker," 51, note.
Ordgar, Ealdorman of the Wealhcyn,
303; father-in-law of Ethelwold,
303, note 2; of Eadgar, 303, note 1,
307, note I.

Ordmær, Ealdorman, 307, note 1.
Orkneys, Wikings in, 63, 163, 207;
Harald Fairhair sets up a Norse
earldom in, 163 and note 3, 207;
starting point of attacks on the
Scot kingdom, 207; jarls of, masters
of Caithness, 102, 538; of the west-
ern isles, 538, 539; see Sigurd.
Ormside, 265.

'Orosius," Elfred's translation of,
155, note, 156, 157; first account of
Denmark, 347, note.

Osbeorn, son of Ulf, 469.
Osbeorn, son of Siward, 539.
Osbern, Jarl, joins Guthrum, 93; slain
at Ashdown, 93 and note 1.
Osbern, his "Life of St. Dunstan," 269,
note 2; his account of the revolt
against Eadwig, 300, note.

Osbern, chaplain to Eadward, 526.
Osburga, mother of Ælfred, 173.
Osgar, Clerk of Glastonbury, sent to
Fleury, 329 and note 2.

Oslac, the "great earl" of Northum-
bria, 311; date of his elevation,
303, note 1, 311; banished, 339.
Osred, son of Alchred, King of North-

umbia, 40; revolt against, 40;
takes refuge in Man, 40; slain, 40.
Ostmen, the name, 71, 86, note 2; alli-
ance with the Welsh, 64, 77; their
quarrels, 72, 73, note 1; attack the
Scot kingdom, 86; their alliance
with the Danes of Northumbria,
205, 232, 242; stir up the Danelaw
to revolt, 243, 259; invade Mid-
Britain, 260; their alliance with the
English kings, 310; with Godwine,
510; their trade with Chester, 423 ;
with Bristol, 426.

Oswald, nephew of Archbishop Odo,
329; his northern blood, 313 and
note 2; at Fleury, 329; Bishop of
Worcester, 330; his work on the
Chronicle, 326; his share in the
monastic revival, 330: Archbishop
of York, 331; joins Dunstan in
crowning Eadgar, 336; crowns Ead-
ward, 338; his death, 327, note.
Oswine, King of Cumbria, 242, note 4.
Oswini, last king of Deira, 38, note 1.
Oswulf, King of Northumbria, suc-
ceeds Eadberht, 39; slain, 39.
Oswulf, High Reeve of Bernicia, 281;
made Earl of Northumbria, 281.
Oswulf, son of Eadwulf of Bernicia,
revolts against Tostig, 542, note; his
rivalry with Copsige, 542, note;
slain, 542, note.

Othere, earliest authority for the set-
tlements of the Danes, 83, note 3;
his account of the Northman's land,
171, 172; his description of Den-
mark, 347, note.

Otto, son of the German king Henry,
marries Eadgyth, daughter of Ead-
ward the Elder, 239; crowned at
Aachen, 256; his war with Lewis
from over-sea, 256; drives Lewis
from Lorraine, 261; makes peace
with him, 261; revival of the Em-
pire under him, 286, 494; his claim
to supremacy, 286, 494; its limits,
495; sends ambassadors to Ead-
mund, 273 and note; receives envoys
from Eadred, 286, note 2; his wars
with Harald Blaatand, 309, 349; his
alliance with Eadgar, 314, note 4;
his death, 349.

Owen, under-king of the North Welsh,
submits to Æthelstan, 211; present
in his Witenagemots, 215 and note
I; in those of Eadred, 286.
Oxford, earliest evidence for its ex-
istence, 138, note 1; Ælfred's mint

597

at, 138 and note 1, 421; foundation
of St. Frideswide's, 419; border-
town of the Mercian ealdormanry,
119, 421; annexed to Wessex by
Eadward the Elder, 188; its extent,
421; its portmannimot, 420; its
parishes, 420, 421; its traffic along
Thames, 421; its dealings with
Abingdon, 421; burned by Thur-
kill, 390; thegns slain at, 397; Ead-
gar's law renewed at, 408; Wite-
nagemots at, 397, 408, 462; Harald
Harefoot dies at, 466.

Oxfordshire, its origin, 228; its feorm,
387, note 3; taken from Mercia and
joined with Hereford, etc., 481; with
East Anglia, 544.

P

Pallig, brother-in-law of Swein, serves
under Æthelred II., 367.
Palnatoki, a noble of Fünen, Swein
brought up in his house, 350; gives
Harald Blaatand his death-wound,
351; seizes Jomsborg and founds
a state there, 351.

Papacy, rival claimants of, 496; its
revival under Leo IX., 497.
Paris sacked by the Wikings, 73; its
defence against Hrolf, 233; duchy
of, its creation, 233; policy of Charles
the Simple towards, 234; dukes of,
see Hugh, Odo, Robert.

Parish, the, growth of, 13; its relation
to the township, 14, 15; priest of,
his dues, 13; supersedes the tun-
reeve, 15.

Patrick, St., the younger, his tomb at
Glastonbury, 271, note 2.

Paul, St., church and monastery in
London, 435; portmannimot and
muster of the citizens in its church-
yard, 441, note 3, 443.
Pavia, birth-place of Lanfranc, 485.
Peada, 38, note 1.
Pen, battle of, 400.

Peter, chaplain to Eadward the Con-
fessor, 526, 527.
Peterborough sacked by Danes, 91;
Chronicle of, 327, note.
Pevensey, Godwine and his sons at,

504; William lands at, 549.
Picts, the, spoiled by Halfdene, 110;
take Alclwyd, 263; rise of their
kingdom, 177; its extinction, 178;
name superseded by that of the
Scots, 178; king of, see Kenneth.
Pilgrimages, 15; their route, 17; their

danger, 17, 18; their popularity, 18; |
efforts for their protection, 17; en-
joined as penances, 18; their evil
consequences, 18; pilgrimage of
Æthelwulf, 77; of Ceadwalla, 16;
of Ine, 16; of Mercian and East-
Saxon kings, 16; of Cnut, 449; of
Robert the Devil, 456; of Swein, 513.
Plegmund, a Mercian, Archbishop of
Canterbury, 150.

Poetry, English, see Songs.
Poitou, 489.

Ponthieu, its relation to Flanders and
Normandy, 255; war between Ar-
nulf of Flanders and William Long-
sword in, 255; subject to William
the Conqueror, 533; Harold wrecked
at, 547; counts of, see Guy, Herlwin,
Ingelram.

Popes, see Alexander, John, Leo, Nico-

las.

Porlock, Harold at, 514.

Portmannimot of Oxford, 420; of
London, 443; the "husting," 446.
Port-reeve of London, 443.
"Primarius," 275 and note 4.
Progresses, royal, 31; their effects in
creating the great officers of the
household, 32; on the system of
justice, 32; their extension under
Eadgar, 335; under Cnut, 409.
Pucklechurch, Eadmund slain at, 269.

R

Races, mixture of, in Britain, 3; its re-
sults. 3, 4
Ragnald, King of Northumbria, 262,
note; under-king of Deira, 277.
Ralf of Mantes, nephew of Eadward
the Confessor, 474; strife of his fol-
lowers with the English, 508; joins
Eadward against Godwine, 509; re-
ceives part of Swein's earldom, 511;
his forces routed by Elfgar and
Gruffydd, 544; his death, 544.
Ralf of Wacey, 471.

Ralf of Toesny, 533.
Ramsbury, bishops of, see Hermann,
Odo.

Ramsey, Cnut's gifts to, 416; Wyth-
mann Abbot of, 525.
Randolf of Bayeux, 486.
Rapes of Sussex, 222.
Reading, Danes at, 94, 97, 98.
Rechru, 63, note 4.

Reeve, the king's, his duties, 229; see
High-reeve, Wic-reeve, Shire-reeve,
Port-reeve, Tun-reeve.

Reginbold, Chancellor, 527.
Repton, burial-place of the Mercian
kings, 101; Danes winter at, 101.
Revenue, the royal, its distribution
under Ælfred, 174; its sources, 387,
note 3.

Rheims, Council of, 500; its political
results, 501, 502.

Richard the Fearless, son and succes-
sor of William Longsword, 261;
reared in the Bessin, 372; his ac-
cession followed by a civil war, 262;
his alliance with Harald Blaatand,
348; Normandy under him, 309, 373,
374; treaty with Ethelred, 361, 362,

note.

Richard the Good, son of Richard the
Fearless, 375; his alliance with
Æthelred, 376; gives a refuge to
Æthelred and his house, 395-
Richard III., son and successor of
Richard the Good, 455; betrothed
to Adela of France, 502.
Richard, son of Scrob, 474.
Richmondshire, 221.

Ricsig, King of Northumbria, 110; his
death, 110.

Ridings, see Trithings.
Ripon, Wilfrid's abbey at, destroyed
by the Danes, 89; the church de-
stroyed by Eadred, 89, note 1, 279;
Æthelstan's grants to, 213.
Riponshire, 221.

Roads, their dangers in the tenth cen.
tury, 323; Roman, see Watling
Street, Fosse, Icknield.

Robert the Devil succeeds Richard
III. as Duke of Normandy, 455;
subdues Brittany, 455; restores
King Henry of France, 455; sup-
ports Baldwin of Flanders, 455;
prepares to invade England, 456;
his fleet wrecked, 456; names Will-
iam as his successor, 457; pilgrim
to the Holy Land, 456; his death,
457-
Robert, Abbot of Jumièges, chaplain
of Eadward the Confessor, 474, 526,
527; his influence over the king,
482; made Bishop of London, 482,
527; Archbishop of Canterbury, 506;
his quarrel with Godwine, 507; his
visit to William, 512, note; his flight,
515, 518; outlawed, 517; protests
against Stigand's intrusion, 519,
558; his deposition held invalid,
519,558.

Robert the Strong, Duke of Paris, 233.