the nearest pass over the broad sæstuary which then lay above and below it.

The many ancient camps still to be seen on the Downs are an evidence that scarcely any part escaped being a scene of war. Near Chichester, towards the western limits of the county, we find the Broile on the west side of the city, about half a mile in length, and a quarter in breadth; of an oblong square figure, with a single ditch and a strong rampart. On the same side, but at the distance of a mile and a half, is the second, called Gonshill, of the same form as the preceding; and about three miles northward, on Saint Roche's, or Saint Rook's-hill, is a circular encampment, the diameter exceeding two furlongs, whence it is inferred to have been a work of the Danes. On the northern brow of the Downs, which overlooks the Weald, proceeding from west to east, we meet with the following :--Chenkbury, two miles west of Steyning, is circular, its circumference being about two furlongs. At the distance of eight miles from Chenkbury, above Poynings, is a very large camp, of an oval form, not less than a mile round, accessible at one narrow neck only, and that fortified with a deep broad ditch and a very high bank. Three miles farther is Wolstenbury, on a hill projecting beyond the rest of the Downs like a bastion; it is nearly circular, and about a furlong in diameter. Ditchling, three miles from Wolstenbury, occupies the highest hill in that quarter, and is nearly square, being about sixty rods in length, and fifty in breadth. The north side is secured by the precipice of the hill, which is steep and very abrupt; the other three sides have each their porta, after the manner of the Romans. The ditch seems to have been eleven feet broad; but the ground having been plowed, the bank is but low. A mile and a half from Lewes, on Mount Caburn, is the last of these camps on the northern edge of the Downs. It is round, scarcely three furlongs in circuit; the ditch very broad and deep, and the rampart within of considerable height. About a quarter of a mile westward of this there is another strong work much larger, but not so perfect.

The The camps on the southern border of the Downs are, St. Rook's, already mentioned; High Down, a small square, four miles eastward of Arundel; Cissbury, four miles south-west of Steyning. The only one in the middle of the Downs is Hollingbury, two miles north of Brighton: it is a square, the porta still remaining, and contains about five acres. A mile east of the same place, on the top of a hill near the sea, is a camp, which has a triple ditch and bank: this is also a square, only the corners are rounded, and measures on the outside about three quarters of a mile. In the parish of Tellescomb, above five miles from the last, are two camps, both imperfect: the cliff is a south fence to one; the other is about a mile distant. Their west sides are both finished with very able works; they were designed for squares, and to contain from twelve to fifteen acres. At Newhaven, on the point of a hill which overlooks the harbour's mouth from the west, is a fortification called The Castle; the banks are very high; the shape near half an oval, containing about six acres, but formerly probably more, as the cliff which forms the diameter is yearly mouldering away and falling into the sea. Near a mile east of Seaford is another work also known by the name of The Castle, bounded by the cliff on the south; of a semicircular form; the trench and rampart large, and inclosing twelve acres. Three miles east of Cuckmere Haven, near Burling Gap, is the last, inclosing a hill of a half oval shape; the works have the same figure and measure, about three quarters of a mile in circuit.

The roads from Portsmouth, Midhurst, and Arundel, to Chichester, are generally considered to be of Roman construction. From the last mentioned city the Roman road, commonly called the Stane Street, proceeded in a north eastern direction towards Dorking in Surrey, and may still be traced in its progress in many parts of this county.

In 1717, a tesselated pavement, bath, and other antiquities, were discovered near Eastbourne. Similar remains have been found at Chichester and at Bignor, very near the Roman road from

from that city; and coins of the Lower Empire have been dug up in different places.

THE RAPE OF CHICHESTER

lies on the west side of the county, being bounded on the north by Surrey, on the west by Hampshire, on the south by the English Channel, and on the east by the Rape of Arundel. The upper division comprehends forty-five parishes, and the lower twentyfour.

CHICHESTER,

which, as the see of a bishop, is dignified with the appellation of a city, and forms a county of itself, gives name to the rape of which it is the capital. It is seated on a gentle eminence, surrounded on all sides except the north by the little river Lavant; and sheltered from the north and north-east winds by part of a range of hills which runs from the Arun to the borders of Hampshire.

Few places in Britain can boast of higher antiquity than this city. Its origin is supposed to date back beyond the invasion of Britain by the Romans, when, as some antiquaries assert, it was the capital of the Regni. Horsley adopting this idea, places here, with every appearance of justice, the Regnum of the Itinerary. So much at least is certain from inscriptions, coins, and other remains discovered at this place, that it was a considerable station of the Romans. Its destruction towards the conclusion of the fifth century by Ella has been already mentioned, as also the rebuilding of the town by his son, Cissa, the second king of the South Saxons, who named it after himself, and made it the royal residence and capital of his dominions. As such it is reasonable to suppose that it was a flourishing and populous city, when Egbert united in his own person the sovereignty of all the kingdoms of the heptarchy. From that period, however, it appears to have declined; perhaps not only from the removal of the court, VOL. XIY. but

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