ben mingled wit honey and oil of roses. Nu-cept in the case of near relatives' were to be ar merous other medical virtues were ascribed to them, which, like the preceding, were purely fabulous, although Guettard, in modern times, recomiends them in hysterical cases.' companied with certain formalities." The object of the law, according to Savigny, was to prevent foolish and hasty gifts to a large amount, and, consequently, was intended, among other things, to prevent fraud. This was effected by declaring that certain forms were necessary to make the gift valid, such as mancipatio and in jure cessio, both of which required some time and ceremony, and so allowed the giver opportunity to reflect on what he was doing. These forms, also, could not be observed, except in the presence of other persons, which was an additional security against fraud. It is true that case of the most valuable of things, nec mancipi, namely, money, for the transferring of which bare tradition was sufficient; but, on the other hand, a gift of a large sum of ready money is one that people of all gifts are least likely to make. The lex, however, was a complete protection against simple stipulations; that is, mere promises to give without an actual completion of the promise at the time. *CIMOLIA_TERRA (Kyohia yn), Cimolian Earth, so called from the island Cimolus, one of the Cyclades, whence it was principally obtained, although found also in other of the adjacent islands, particularly Siphnus. It was used by the ancients in cleaning their clothes, pretty much in the same way as fuller's earth is now employed. The ancients ased it likewise in medicine: Galen speaks of it as good in St. Anthony's fire; and Dioscorides high-this advantage was not secured by the law in the ly commends it, mixed with vinegar, in swellings, inflammations, and many other external affections. The ancient writers mention two kinds of Cimolian Earth, a white and a purplish. Galen says that the white kind was dry, and the purple fattish, and that the purple was accounted the better of the two. Dioscorides says that the purple kind was cold to the touch, a particular very observable in steatites. "Many authors," remarks Sir John Hill, "have ranked Cimolian Earth among the clays, and Tournefort makes it a chalk; but it appears to me to have been neither of these, but properly and distinctly a marl. Many have imagined our fuller's earth to have been the Cimolian of the ancients, but erroneously; the substance which comes nearest it of all the now known fossils, is the steatite of the soap rock of Cornwall." *CIN'ARA (kevápa), the Artichoke. The Cinara scolymus, our common artichoke, is described in distinct terms in Columella, and he is the only ancient author that has done so.' 8 CINCIA LEX, or MUNERA LIS. This lex was a plebiscitum passed in the time of the tribune M. Cincius Alimentus (B.C. 204), and entitled De Donis et Muneribus. One provision of this law, which forbade a person to take anything for his pains in pleading a cause, is recorded by Tacitus," Ne quis ob causam orandam pecuniam donumve accipiat." In the time of Augustus, the lex Cincia was confirmed by a senatus consultum, and a penalty of four times the sum received was imposed on the advocate. This fact of confirmation will explain a passage in Tacitus.' The law was so far modified in the time of Claudius, that an advocate was allowed to receive ten sestertia; if he took any sum beyond that, he was liable to be prosecuted for repetundæ (repetundarum tenebatur1). (Vid. REPETUNDE) It appears that this permission was so far restricted in Trajan's time, that the fee could not be paid till the work was done."1 Savigny concludes, and principally from a passage in Pliny's letters,' that the Cincian law originally contained no exception in favour of relatives, but that all gifts above a certain amount required the formalities already mentioned. The Emperor Antoninus Pius introduced an exception in favour of parents and children, and also of collateral kinamen. It appears that this exception was subsequently abolished, but was restored by Constantme (A.D. 319) so far as it was in favour of parents and children; and so it continued as long as the provisions of the Cincian law were in force. As to the amount beyond which the law forbade a gift to be inade, except in conformity to its provisions, see Savigny, Zeitschrift, &c., iv., p. 36. The matter of the lex Cincia is also discussed in an elaborate essay by Hasse,' which, together with the essay of Savigny, will furnish the reader with all the necessary references and materials for investigating this obscure subject. Anything farther on the matter would be out of place here. In every system of jurisprudence, some provisions seem necessary on the subject of gifts. In our own system gifts are valid as against the giver ; and though the general rule be that an agreement to give cannot be enforced, this rule is subject to exceptions in the case of persons standing in a certain relation to the giver. It might be conjectured that one object of the Cincian law was to prevent debtors from cheating their creditors by gifts of their property, or by pretended gifts; but perhaps it would be difficult to establish this point satisfactorily in the present state of our knowledge on this subject. CINCTUS GABIÑUS. (Vid. Toes.) CI'NIFLO. (Vid. CALAMISTRUM.) So far the Cincian law presents no difficulty; but it appears that the provisions of the law were not limited to the case already stated. They applied, also, to gifts in general; or, at least, there were enactments which did limit the amount of what a person could give, and also required gifts to be accompanied with certain formalities; and it does not seem possible to refer these enactments to any other than the Cincian law. The numerous contradictions and difficulties which perplex this subject are, perhaps, satisfactorily reconciled and removed by the following conjecture of Savigny : "Gifts which exceeded a certain amount were only valid when made by mancipatio, in jure cessio, or by tradition: small gifts, consequently, were left to person's free choice, as before; but large gifts (ex-same thing with the Greeks." Adams thinks that 1. (Plin., ed. Panckouck. vol. xvii., p. 346.)-2. (Galen, De Simpl., ux.)-3. (v., 175.) 4. (History of Fossils, &c., p. 36.)$ (Dioscor, iii., 10.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-6. (Cic., De Orat., ., 71-Ad Att., i., 20.)—7. (Ann., xi., 5.)—8. (Dion Cass., Itv., 18.)-9. (Ann., xiii., 42.)-10. (Tacit., Ann., xi., 7.) - 11. (Plm., Ep., v., 21.)—12. (Ueber die Lex Cincia, Zeithrift &c., iv.) *CINNAB'ARIS (kivvabápis, or -1), Cinnabar Martyn writes thus concerning it: “ Minium is the native Cinnabar, or ore out of which the quicksilver is drawn. Minium is now commonly used to designate red lead; but we learn from Pliny that the Minium of the Romans was the Miltos or Cinnabari of the Greeks." Woodville says of it, "the Cinnabaris and Sanguis Draconis seem to have signified the the ancients had three kinds of Cinnabar: 1st, the Vegetable Cinnabar, or Sanguis Draconis, being the resin of the tree called Dracana Draco; 2d, the Na tive Cinnabar, or Sulphuret of Quicksilver; and, 3d 1. (x., 3.)-2. (Cod. Hermog., vi., 1.)-3. (Rheinisches M um, 1827.)-4. (ad Virg., Eclog., x., 27.) On several cippi we find the letters S. T. T. L., that is, Sit tibi terra levis, whence Persius, in the passage already referred to, says, “Non levior cip pus nunc imprimit ossa.” It was also usual to place at one corner of the burying-ground a cippus, on which the extent of the burying-ground was marked, towards the road (in fronte), and backward to the fields (in agrum1). CIRCE'NSES LUDI. (Vid. CIRCUS.) the Sil Atticum, or Factitious Cinnabar, which was | who died at the age of eighteen years, one monta, very different from ours, being a preparation of a and twenty-four days. Below the tablet, a festoo shining arenaceous substance.1 of fruits and flowers is suspended from two rams' *CINNAMOMUM (κívváμwμos), the Cinnamon-heads at the corners; and at the lower corners are tree, and also Cinnamon itself. It is supposed by two sphinxes, with a head of Pan in the area beany that the Kivváμwμos of the ancients was the tween them. Laurus Cinnamomum. The only objection. to this opinion, as Adams remarks, is, that the latter is a native of Ceylon (the ancient Taprobane), and that it is scarcely to be believed that they could have been so familiar with a production of that island, as it appears they were with their own Cinnamon. Yet, notwithstanding this, many of the authorities, as, for example, Sprengel and Dierbach, hold it to be the Laurus Cinnamomum. It is probable, however, that the Laurus Cassia was often confounded with it. Various kinds of cinnamon are mentioned by ancient writers, such as the μóovλov, which was the best, of a dark wine colour, sometimes of a dark gray, the bark smooth, the branches small and slender, and having many knots; pungent in taste, and, when warmed, somewhat saltish: the opɛivóv, or mountain Cinnamon; the μéλav, or "black;" the Levkov, or "white;" the vπóκippov, or "yellowish ;" to which some add the xylo-cinnamomum and the pseudo-cinnamomum. The main difference between the kiváμwμos and xaoσía appears to have been, that the former far surpassed the latter in odour and aste; and, in fact, Galen remarks that the highest tind of cassia did not differ much from the lowest CI'RCINUS (diabýτnç), a Compass. The compass used by statuaries, architects, masons, and carpenters, is often represented on the tombs of such artificers, together with the other instruments of their profession or trade. The annexed woodcut is cop kind of cinnamon. The best cinnamon was ob-ied from a tomb found at Rome. It exhibits twe ained from the nest of a species of thrush (Turdus Zeilonicus), which always built with it, and hence was called kivvaμwhoyos, or "cinnamon-collector." ¡Vid. CABIA.) CIPPUS was a low column, sometimes round, but more frequently rectangular. Cippi were used for various purposes; the decrees of the senate were sometimes inscribed upon them; and, with distances engraved upon them, they also served as milestones. They were, however, more frequently employed as sepulchral monuments. Several of such cippi are in the Townly collection in the Britist. Museum, one of which is given in the woodcut annexed. The inscription is to the memory of Viria Primitiva, the wife of Lucius Virius Helius, kinds of compasses, viz., the common kind used for CIRCITO RES. (Vid. CASTra, p. 222.) CIRCUS. When Tarquinius Priscus had takeL the town of Apiolæ from the Latins, as related in the early Roman legends, he commemorated his success by an exhibition of races and pugilistic contests in the Murcian valley, between the Palatine and Aventine Hills; around which a number of tem porary platforms were erected by the patres aud equites, called spectacula, fori, or foruli, from their resemblance to the deck of a ship; each one raising a stage for himself, upon which he stood to view the games. This course, with its surrounding scaffoldings, was termed circus; either because the spectators stood round to see the shows, or because the procession and races went round in a circuit. Previously, however, to the death of Tarquin, a permanent building was constructed for the purpose, with regular tiers of seats, in the form of a theatre. To this the name of Circus Maximus was subsequently given, as a distinction from the Flaminian and other similar buildings, which it sur passed in extent and splendour; and hence, l'ke the Campus Martius, it is often spoken of as the Circus, without any distinguishing epithet. Of the Circus Maximus scarcely a vestige now 1. (Dioscor., v. 109.-Paris Pharm., vol. i., p. 72.-Adams, 1. (Hor., Sat., L., viii., 12.). (Gruter, Corp. Inscript., t. i Append., s. v.)-2. (Dioscor., i., 13.-Galen, De Simpl., vii. part ii., p. 644.). (Nub., 178.)-4. (Ovid, Met., viii., 241-251 Theophr., 17., 4.)-3. (Adams, Append., s. 4. (Plin., H. N.,5. (Liv., i., 35.--Festus, s. Forum.-Dionys., iii., p. 192 1., 33.-Aristot., H. A., iz., 13.-Elian, N. A., ii., 34; xvii., &c.)-6. (Varro, De Ling Lat., v., 153, 154, ed. Müller)-7 1- Billerbeck, Flora Classica, p. 104.)-5 (Pers., Sat., i., 36.) (Compare Liv. and Dunvs. ~) remains beyond the palpable evidence of the site it | ground-plan of which, together with much of the occupied, and a few masses of rubble-work in a cir- superstructure, remains in a state of considerable cular form, which may be seen under the walls of preservation. The ground-plan of the circus in some houses in the Via de' Cerchi, and which retain question is represented in the annexed woodcut, traces of having supported the stone seats' for the and may be safely taken as a model of all others spectators. This loss is, fortunately, supplied by since it agrees in every main feature, both of gen the remains of a small circus on the Via Appia, eral outline and individual parts, with the descrip Bommonly called the Circus of Caracalla, the tion of the Circus Maximus given by Dionysius.' Around the double lines (A, A) were arranged | inent part of the circus. In the opposite branch is the seats (gradus, sedilia, subsellia), as in a theatre, observed another interruption to the uniform line termed, collectively, the cavea, the lowest of which of seats (C), betokening also, from its construction, were separated from the ground by a podium, and a place of distinction, which might have been asthe whole divided longitudinally by præcinctiones, signed to the person at whose expense the games and diagonally into cunei, with their vomitoria at- were given (editor spectaculorum). tached to each. Towards the extremity of the upper branch of the cavea, the general outline is broken by an outwork (B), which was probably the pulvinar, or station for the emperor, as it is placed in the best situation for seeing both the commence. mont and end of the course, and in the most prou In the centre of the area was a low wall (D), running lengthways down the course, which, from its resemblance to the position of the dorsal bone in the human frame, was termed spina. It is represented in the woodcut subjoined, taken from an ancient bas-relief. At each extremity of the spina were placed, upon | one annexed, copied from a marble in the British a base (E,E), three wooden cylinders, of a conical Museum. shape, like cypress-trees (metasque imitata cupress), which were called meta-the goals. Their situation is distinctly seen in the preceding woodout, but their form is more fully developed in the 726475 The most remarkable object upon the spina were two columns (F) supporting seven conical balls, which, from their resemblance to eggs, were called ova. These are seen in the woodcut representing the spina. Their use was to enable the spectators to count the number of rounds which had been run; for which purpose they are said to have been first introduced by Agrippa, though Livy speaks of them long before. They are, therefore, seven in number, such being the number of the circuits made in each race; and, as each round was run, one of the ova was put up or taken down, according to Varro.' An egg was adopted for this purpose in honour of Castor and Pollux. At the other extremity of the spina were two similar columns (G), represented also in the woodcut over the second chariot, sustaining seven dolphins, termed delphine, or delphinarum columna," which do not appear to have been intended to be removed, but only placed there as corresponding ornaments to the ova; and the figure of the dolphin was selected in honour of Neptune." In the Lyons mosaic, subsequently to be noticed, the delphina are represented as fountains spouting 1. (iii., p. 192.)-2. (Suet., Claud., 4.)-3. (Cassiodor., Var. Ep., iii., 51.) 4. (Chamber I., No. 60.)-5. (Varro, De Re Rust., i.,,11.-Liv., xli, 27.)-6. (Dion Cass., xlix., p. 600.)-7. (xli., 27.)-8. (Cassidor., Var. Ep., iii., 51.)-9. (De Re Rust, 1. Dionys, Lc.)-2. (Ovid, Met., I., 106.-Compare Plin., i., 2, 11.)-10. (Tertull., De Spectac., c 8.)-11. (Juv., Sat.. vi., 590.)-12 (Tertull., 1. c) E. N., xvi., es) water, but in a bas-relief of the Palazzo Barberi- | apparently in the act of letting go the rope (boxAs 15, ai,' a ladder is placed against the columns which in the manner described by Dionysius. The cur support the dolphins, apparently for the purpose of below, which is from a marble in the British Mu ascending to take them up and down. Some wri-seum,' represents a set of four carceres, with their ters suppose the columns which supported the ova Herma and cancell open, as left after the chariots and delphine to be the phala or fala which Juvenal mentions. But the phala were not columns, but towers, erected, as circumstances required, between the meta and euripus, or extreme circuit of the area, when sham-fights were represented in the circus.' Besides these, the spina was decorated with many other objects, such as obelisks, statues, altars, and temples, which do not appear to have had any fixed locality. It will be observed in the ground-plan that there is a passage between the meta and spina, the extreme ends of the latter of which are hollowed out into a circular recess and several of the ancient sculptures afford similar examples. This might have been for performing the sacrifice, or other offices of religious worship, with which the games commenced; particularly as small chapels can still be seen under the meta, in which the statues of some divinities must have been placed. It was probably under the first of these spaces that the altar of the god Consus was concealed, which was excavated upon each occasion of these games. had started, in which the gates are made to open inward. The preceding account and woodcuts will be sufficient to explain the meaning of the various words by which the carceres were designated in poetical language, namely, claustra, crypta, fauces, ostia, fores carceris,' repagula, limina equorum. It will not fail to be observed that the line of the carceres is not at a right angle with the spina, ba forms the segment of a circle, the centre of which is a point on the right hand of the arena; the reason for which is obviously that all the chariots might have, as nearly as possible, an equal distance to pass over between the carceres and mouth of the course. Moreover, the two sides of the circus are not parallel to each other, nor the spina to either of them; but they are so planned that the course diminishes gradually from the mouth at (J), until it reaches the corresponding line at the opposite side of the spina (K), where it is narrower by thirty-two feet. This might have proceeded from economy. or be necessary in the present instance on acccant of the limited extent of the circus; for as all the four or six chariots would enter the mouth of the course nearly abreast, the greatest width would be required at that spot; but as they got down the course, and one or more took the lead, the same width would be no longer necessary. At the extremity of the circus in which the two horns of the cavea terminate, were placed the stalls for the horses and chariots (H, H), commonly called carceres at, and subsequently to, the age of Varro; but more anciently the whole line of buildings which confined this end of the circus was termed oppidum, because, with its gates and towers, it resembled the walls of a town, which is forcibly illustrated by the circus under consideration, where the two towers (I, I) at each end of the carceres are still standing. The number of carceres is supposed to have been usually twelve,' as they are in this plan; but in the mosaic discovered at Lyons, and published by Artaud, there are only eight. This mosaic has several peculiarities. Most of the objects are double. There is a double set of ova and del phina, one of each sort at each end of the spina; and eight chariots, that is, a double set for each colour, are inserted. They were vaults, closed in The carceres were divided into two sets of six front by gates of open woodwork (cancelli), which each, accurately described by Cassiodorus as biswere opened simultaneously upon the signal being sena ostia, by an entrance in the centre (L.), called given, by removing a rope (bonλny) attached to Porta Pompa; because it was the one through pilasters of the kind called Herma, placed for that which the Circensian procession entered, and which, purpose between each stall; upon which the gates it is inferred from a passage in Ausonius," was alwere immediately thrown open by a number of ways open, forming a thoroughfare through the cir men, probably the armentarii, as represented in the cus. Besides this entrance, there were four others, following woodcut, taken from a very curious mar-two at the termination of the seats between the cable in the Museo Borgiano at Velletri; which also represents most of the other peculiarities above mentioned as appertaining to the carceres. In the mosaic of Lyons the man is represented vea and the oppidum (M, M.), another at (N), and the fourth at (O), under the vault of which the fresco decorations are still visible. This is supposed to be the Porta Triumphalis, to which its situation seems adapted. One of the others was the Porta Libitinensis, so called because it was the one through which the dead bodies of those killed in the games were carried out.1 Such were the general features of a circus, as far as regards the interior of the fabric. The area had also its divisions appropriated to particular purpos es, with a nomenclature of its own attached to each The space immediately before the oppidum was termed circus primus; that near the meta prima circus interior or intimus, which latter spot, in the Circus Maximus, was also termed ad Murcima ad 1. (1. c.)-2. (Chamber XI., No. 10.)-3. (Stat., Theb, vi. 399.-Hor., Epist., I., xiv., 9.)—4. (Sidon., Carm. xxiii., 319. 1. (Fabretti, Syntagia. de Column. Trajani, p. 144.)-2. (1. c.) 8. (Compare Festus, s. v. Phala.-Servius, ad Virg., En., ix., 706.-Ruperti, ad Juv., 1. c.)-4. (Tertull., De Spectac., c. 5.) 5. (Dionys., ii., p. 97.)-6. (Festus, a. v.-Varro, De Lang. Lat.,5. (Cassiodor., Var. Ep., iii., 51.)-6. (Auson., Epist., xviii. 153-7. (Cassiodor., Var. Ep., ., 51.)-8. (Description d'un Mosaique, &c., Lyons, 1806.)-9. (Dionys., iii., p. 192. Cassiodor., I. c.-Compare Sil. Ital., xvi., 316.)-10. (Dionys., 1. -Compare Schol. ad Theoct t., Idyll., viii., 57.) 11.)-7. (Ovid, Trist., V., ix., 29.)-8. (Id., Met., ii, 155.-Sil Ital., xvi., 318.)-9. (Id., xvi., 317.)-10. (1. c.)-11. (Epist. xviii., 12)-12. (Lamprid., Commod., 16.)-13. Dion Ca lxxi, p. 1222.)-14. (Varro, De Ling Lat., v., 154) CIRCUS. Asciam, from the altar of Venus Murtia or Murcia, placed there. The term arena belongs to an amphitheatre and it is therefore probable that it was applied in the circus to the large open space between the carceres and prima meta, when the circus was used for the exhibition of athletic games, for which the locality seems best adapted; but in Silins Italicus' it is put for the part down the spina. When the circus was used for racing, the course was termed spatium or spatia, because the match included more than one circuit. It is also called campus, and poetically æquor. CIRCUS. depth of the buildings occupied half a stadium, which is mcluded in the measurements given by Dionysius,' and thus exactly accounts for the vari ation in his computation. When the Circus Maximus was permanently formed by Tarquinius Priscus, each of the thirty curiæ had a particular place assigned to it; which separation of the orders is considered by Nieb: ar to account for the origin and purpose of the Circus Flaminius, which he thinks was designed for the games of the commonalty, who in early times chose their tribunes there, on the Flaminian Field. Be that as it may, in the latter days of the Republic these invidious distinctions were lost, and all classes sat promiscuously in the circus. The seats were then marked off at intervals by a line or groove drawn across them (linea), so that the space included between the two lines afforded sittingroom for a certain number of spectators. Hence the allusion of Ovid : "Quid frustra refugis? cogit nos linea jungi.” As the seats were hard and high, the women made use of a cushion (pulvinus) and a footstool (scamnum, scabellum), for which purpose the railing which ran along the upper edge of each præcinctio was used by those who sat immediately above it. But under the emperors, when it became necessary to give an adventitious rank to the upper classes by privileges and distinctions, Augustus first, then arated the senators and equites from the commons.' At the entrance of the course, exactly in the direction of the line (J, K), were two small pedestals (hermuli) on each side of the podium, to which was attached a chalked rope (alba linea'), for the purpose of making the start fair, precisely as is practised at Rome for the horse-races during Carnival. Thus, when the doors of the carceres were thrown open, if any of the horses rushed out before the others, they were brought up by this rope until the whole were fairly abreast, when it was loosened from one side, and all poured into the course at once. In the Lyons mosaic the alba linea is distinctly traced at the spot just mentioned, and one of the chariots is observed to be upset at the very place, while the others pursue their course A second alba linea is also drawn across the course, exactly half way down the spina, the object of which has not been explained by the publisher of the mosaic. It has been observed that this is a double Claudius, and finally Nero and Domitian, again seprace; and as the circus represented was probably too narrow to admit of eight chariots starting abreast, it became necessary that an alba linea should be drawn for each set; and, consequently, one in advance of the other. The writer has often seen the accident alluded to above happen at Rome, when an over-eager horse rushes against the rope and gets thrown down. This line, for an obvious reason," was also called calz and creta, from whence comes the allusion of Persius,10 cretata ambitio. The meta served only to regulate the turnings of the course; the alba linea answered to the starting and winning post of modern days: "1 : "peracto legitimo cursu ad cretam stetere."""" Hence the The exterior of the Circus Maximus was surmetaphor of Cicero,1 "quasi decurso spatio ad car-rounded by a portico one story high, above which ceres a calce revocari ;" and of Horace," "mors Within the portico were ranges of dark vaults were shops for those who sold refreshments." ultima linea rerum. 9714 which supported the seats of the cavea were let out to women of the town.15 The seat of the emperor, pulvinar, cubiculum," was most likely in the same situation in the Circus Maxinus as in the one above described. It was generally upon the podium, unless when he presided himself, which was not always the case; but then he occupied the elevated tribunal of the president (suggestus), over the Porta Pompe. The consuls and other dignitaries sat above the carceres," indications of which seats are seen in the first woodcut on page 254. The rest of the oppidum was probably occupied by the musicians and persons who formed part of the pompa. These From this description the Circus Maximus differed little, except in size and magnificence of embellishment. But as it was used for hunting wild The Circensian games (Ludi Circenses) were first beasts, Julius Cæsar drew a canal, called Euripus, instituted by Romulus, according to the legends, ten feet wide, around the bottom of the podium, to when he wished to attract the Sabine population to protect the spectators who sa there," which was with wives, and were celebrated in honour of the Rome, for the purpose of furnishing his own people removed by Nero," but subsequently restored by other princes." It possessed also another variety god Consus, or Neptunus Equestris, from whom in three open galleries or balconies, at the circular they were styled Consuales. But after the conend, callel meniana or mæniana.18 The numbers struction of the Circus Maximus they were called which the Circus Maximus was capable of contain-indiscriminately Circenses, Romani, or Magni." ing are computed at 150,000 by Dionysius, 260,000 They embraced six kinds of gaines: I. CURSUS by Pliny," and 385,000 by P. Victor," all of which II. LUDUS TROJE; III. PUGNA EQUESTRIS; IV are probably correct, but have reference to different CERTAMEN GYMNICUM; V. VENATIO; VI. NAUMAperiods of its history. Its very great extent is in- CHIA. The last two were not peculiar to the circus, dicated by Juvenal.** Its length in the time of Ju. but were exhibited also in the amphitheatre, or in hus Cæsar was three stadia, the width one, and the buildings appropriated for them. 19 The games commenced with a grand procession (Pompa Circensis), in which all those who were about to exhibit in the circus, as well as persons of 1. (Compare Apuleius, Met., vi., p. 395, ed. Oudendorp. Tertull., de Spectac., 8.-Müller, ad Varron., 1. c.)-2. (xvi., 415.)-3 (Juv., Sat., vi., 582.)-4. (Virg., En., v., 316, 325, 327-Georg., i., 513.-Stat., Theb., vi., 594.-Hor., Epist., I., 1. (Plin., L. c.)-2. (iii, p. 192.)-3. (Dionys., iii., p. 192. )—– iv., 9.-Compare Sil. Ital., xvi., 336.)-5. (Sil. Ital., xvi., 391.) 4. (Hist. Rom., vol. i., p. 426, transl.) -5. (Suet., Octav., 44.) -6. (Ed., 414.)-7. (Cassiodor., 1. c.)-8. (Plin., H. N., xxxv.,6. (Amor., III., ii, 19. Compare Ovid, Art. Amat., i., 141.) 58.) 9. (Cic., De Am., 27.-Seneca, Epist., 108.)-10. (Sat., 7. (Ovid, Art. Amat., i., 160, 162.)-8. (Ovid, Amor., III, ii, 177.)-11. (Plin., H. N., viii. 65, and compare xxxv., 58.)-64.)-9. (Suet., Octav., 44.-Claud., 21.-Nero, 11.-Domit., 9) 12. (Senect., 23.) 13. (Epist., I., xvi., 79.) — 14. (Compare-10. (Suet., Octav., 45.-Claud., 4.)-11. (Id., Nero, 12.)-12 Lucret., vi., 92.)-15. (Dionys., iii., p. 192.-Suet., Jul., 39.) (Suet., Nero, I. c.)-13. (Sidon., Carm., xxi., 317.)-14. (Dro16. (Plin., H. N., vin., 7.)-17. (Lamprid., Heliogab., 23.)-18. nys., iii., p. 192.)-15. (Juv., Sat., iii., 65.- Lamprid., Heliogab., (Snet.. Cal. 19.)-19. (i., p. 192.)-20 (H. N., xxxvi., 24.)-26.)-16 (Val. Max., ii., 4, ◊ 3.)—17. (Liv., i., 9.)—18. (Servius " Regio n.)22. (Sat., xỉ., 195 ) ad Virg., Georg., iii., 18.)-19. (Liv., i., 35.) |