the Gascons, are defeated, and John St. Johni, their commander, captured.

The king's exactions causing much discontent, the earls and barons resolve on a meeting in the marches to enforce a redress of their grievances. The constable and marshal place themselves at their head, and refuse to discharge the duties of their offices, or to serve in the war j.

iHe was the king's lieutenant in Gascony, and being after a time exchanged for John Baliol, the ex-king of Scotland, returned to England, when he was actively employed in the Scottish wars, and is spoken of in the poem of the Siege of Caerlaverock as entrusted with the special charge of the Prince of Wales, and regarded as the most experienced of the leaders of the army. The custody of the marches of Cumberland and Annandale was given to him, and he died in the year 1302.

j Roger Bigod, earl of Norfolk and earl marshal, was the nephew of the preceding earl. He served against Llewelyn, and long had the custody of the castles of Bristol and Nottingham, but at length was deprived of them. He received a pardon for his conduct on the present occasion, but after the death of his confederate, the earl of Hereford, he was obliged to surrender both his office and lands to the king, (by a deed dated at Colchester, April 12, 1302,) in exchange for a pension; he died in 1307, when the office of marshal was given to the king's son, Thomas of Brotherton.

Humphrey de Bohun, earl of Hereford and Essex, and lord constable, succeeded his grandfather (who had been an active partisan of De Montfort) in 1275. He served in Wales, France, and Scotland, withstood the arbitrary proceedings of the king, and died in 1298, shortly after Magna Charta had been confirmed, mainly by his efforts. His son, also named Humphrey, married the king's daughter, Elizabeth, but met his death in the

Arms of Lord St.John.

Arms of Bigod, earl Marshal.

field while opposing the proceedings of Ed-Arms of Bohun, earl of Hereford. ward II. and his favourites.

The king solemnly offers the regalia of Scotland at the shrine of Edward the Confessork, June 18.

Several of the Scottish nobles submit to Warrenne at Irvine, July 9; Wallace, a simple knight, keeps the field.

The king promises to renew Magna Charta, and sails for Flanders, Aug. 22, with a large fleet, leaving his son Edward as regent.

Warrenne, the guardian, is defeated at Cambuskenneth, near Stirling, Sept. 101; Wallace also ravages the north of England.

The earls of Hereford and Norfolk prohibit the sheriffs to levy any taxes until Magna Charta is again confirmed.

Prince Edward sends it and the Charter of the Forests to the king, who confirms them at Ghent, Nov. 5m.

A.D. 1298. A two years' truce with France is concluded, and the king returns to England, landing at Sandwich, March 21.

Edward marches towards Scotland, which he enters in June, while his fleet proceeds to the Frith of Forth. He defeats the Scots at Falkirk, July 22, and after ravaging the west of Scotland returns to England.

Peace is concluded with France, Nov. 19o.

He also placed there the "stone of destiny" from Scone, on which the Scottish kings were seated at their coronation. The stone is still at Westminster, but the regalia were restored in the reign of Edward III.

1 Hugh Cressingham, the treasurer, who had been guilty of much wanton oppression in the discharge of his office, was among the killed; his body was horribly mutilated by the victors.

A formal pardon was at the same time granted to the earls of Hereford and Norfolk, "at the special request of our dear son Edward" and his council.

" Edward soon after married Margaret, the sister of the king of France.

A.D. 1299. John Balio is released from confinement in July, at the intercession of the pope, and retires to France".

The Scots appoint a regency, placing Bruce and Comyn at its head, and continue the war; they capture the strong castle of Stirling.

The importation of false money prohibited, and foreign exchanges regulated [27 Edw. I. st. 3].

The king of France overruus Flanders.

A.D. 1300. The king seizes a large sum of money in the hands of the Minorites P.

Magna Charta again confirmed, March 28.

The royal army assembles at Carlisle, June 24; it enters Scotland early in July, ravages Galloway, and returns to England in November.

The pope (Boniface VIII.) claims the supremacy of Scotland, and demands the release of the Scottish ecclesiastics in the king's hands, and the withdrawal of his troops.

A.D. 1301. A parliament assembles at Lincoln, Jan. 20, to consider the pope's demands; it agrees to a letter asserting the feudal dependence of Scotland, and refusing

• He died there, at his castle of Bailleul, in 1315.

P He told them that the rule of St. Francis, their founder, rendered poverty obligatory on them, and he could not, as a Christian king, allow it to be violated.

One of the castles taken was that of Caerlaverock, on the Nith, the siege of which forms the subject of a curious cotemporary poem. Robert, bishop of Glasgow, and Mark, bishop of Sodor, are named; many clerks are also alleged to have perished through the hardships of their imprisonment.

The pope's bull was dated at Anagni, June 27, and it was forwarded to the archbishop of Canterbury, who delivered it to the king in his camp near New Abbey, in Galloway, August 24, and returned to his manor at Otford, in Kent, on or before October 1.

to allow the king to send ambassadors to justify his conduct, Feb. 12t.

The king also replies in a similar strain, May 15.

The king again invades Scotland, in July; he meets little opposition, and passes the winter there.

A.D. 1302. A truce concluded with the Scots, Jan. 26, until St. Andrew's day, (Nov. 30.)

The Flemings defeat the French at Cambray, July 11. Proposals are made for peace with France, but they refuse to treat unless the Scots are included, and also require the king to pass over in person to negotiate.

The parliament refuses to allow the king to go to France, treating the demand as an insult.

A.D. 1303. Stirling castle is taken by the Scots, Feb. 18. The English defeated at Roslin by Comyn, the regent, Feb. 24.

Peace is made with France, Gascony being restored, and the Scots abandoned to the vengeance of Edward, May 20.

The king again invades Scotland, in June, and advances as far as the Murray Frith; he captures Brechin, Aug. 9; burns Dunfermline, and passes the winter in that country.

William de Geynesburg, bishop of Worcester, is fined 1,000 marks for an alleged contempt of the king's authority".

Two copies of this remarkable document still exist among the public records.

The pope (Boniface VIII.) had promoted him to the see on the refusal of the archbishop of Canterbury (Robert Winchelsey) to consecrate the king's nominee, and in his bull professed to grant him the temporalities as well as the spiritualities. The bishop was

Robert Bruce and many other nobles submit.

A.D. 1304. Comyn, the guardian, concludes a treaty with the king, Feb. 4.

A parliament held at St. Andrew's, by which the garrison of Stirling castle are declared outlaws.

Stirling is besieged by the king, in April; it surrenders, July 20.

The king returns to England, leaving John de Segrave as governor of Scotland*.

A.D. 1305. The writ of Trailbâton issued. This writ sets forth that murderers, incendiaries, thieves, and other violators of the king's peace abound, and directs the sheriffs of each county to call to their aid good and legal men to make inquiry as to all such offenders and their abettors. The parties discovered were tried before a kind of special commissioners who visited each district, and promptly and rigorously punished.

Wallace is captured near Glasgow, in August, brought to London, and executed as a traitor, Aug. 24.

A council held at London, in September, when reguobliged to renounce the so-called grant, and paid the above heavy fine for "his transgression in admitting that the pope had power to dispose of the said temporalities." Patent Roll, 31 Edw. I., m. 39. John de Segrave was one of the king's most experienced commanders, and was constable of his army in

the expedition to Scotland in 1296. He was also governor of Berwick; and under Edward II. he was made keeper of the forests north of Trent, which included the custody of the castles of Nottingham and Derby. He was taken prisoner at Bannockburn, but soon exchanged, and received a large grant as compensation for his services. In 1323, being suspected of having favoured the escape of Roger Mortimer from the Tower, he was sent in disgrace to Gascony, where he shortly after died, in the 70th year of his age.

Arms of Lord Segrave.