taken, and the city plundered; "nor did the cathedral escape, but suffered as the other churches, for the legate had ordered the knights to treat all the clergy as excommunicated, inasmuch as they had been enemies to holy Church and to the king from the commencement of the war. When nothing remained in any corner of the houses, they each returned to their lords as rich men, and peace with King Henry having been proclaimed through the city, they ate and drank amidst mirth and festivity. This battle, in derision of Louis and the barons, they called 'the Fair.'"

The French flee toward London, many being cut off by the townspeople on the way. The castle of Mountsorrel is abandoned by its garrison, and is ordered to be demolished by the king.

The fleet sent to

Louis sends for succour to France. his relief is defeated by Hubert de Burgh, near Dover, Aug. 24; Eustace the Monk, its commander, is captured and put to death. The earl of Pembroke besieges Louis in London. A treaty is concluded between them, Sept. 11, and Louis leaves England.

The treaty stipulated for the restoration of all prisoners, the absolution of Louis and his adherents from spiritual censures, his immediate withdrawal from England, and his best endeavours to induce his father, the French king, to restore the English provinces; King Henry promising on his part to restore their estates to the barons,

He is said to have abandoned the cloister to seize the estate of his deceased brother, and when he had dissipated it he turned pirate. In 1205 he was captured by the Cinque Ports mariners, but was taken into the service of King John; in 1214, having joined the French, he commanded the fleet which brought over Louis to Sandwich, and did much damage to his former captors. Fearing their vengeance, he now hid himself in the hold of his vessel, but was dragged out and beheaded by Sir Richard, a natural brother of the king.

and to observe the provisions of Magna Charta. Roger of Wendover says that "Louis received £5,000 to meet his necessities, and then, under the conduct of the earl of Pembroke, went with all speed to the sea-coast, and thence, with lasting ignominy, crossed to France." It would seem, however, from a document on the Close Roll, dated Feb. 12, 1218, that his withdrawal was procured by at least the promise of a further sum, for in it the king says, “We owe a heavy debt unto Louis, the French king's son, by agreement made between us, that he would depart out of our realm, which at length the Lord hath marvellously and mercifully procured."

The evils of the civil war were, however, by no means over. The regent Pembroke had scarcely the power to keep the treaty with such of Louis's adherents as submitted, for Fulk de Breaute and other of the king's castellans held the castles that had fallen into their hands alike against him and the rightful owners; and many knights and nobles of both parties "whose chief delight had been to live by plunder," continued to pillage the people; the legate also, refusing to abide by the treaty, took the most vigorous measures against the clergy who had favoured Louis: he deprived many of their benefices, and bestowed them on foreigners; from others he extorted large sums; the cases of some he remitted to Rome; those who resisted were excommunicated, and by an order from the king (to be found on the Close Rolls), dated Stoke, Feb. 18, 1218, were directed to quit the realm before the following Midlent Sunday (March 25); the sheriffs being commanded to seize and imprison all clerks whom they might find abiding in excommunication on that account after the day named.

A.D. 1218. Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, becomes guardian of the king on the death of the earl of Pembroke, and Hubert de Burgh, justiciary; great rivalry springs up between them.

The earl of Winchester, Robert Fitz-Walter, and other leaders of the barons, go to the crusade, at Damietta. Trial by ordeal formally abolished.

Gualo, the papal legate, withdraws, and is succeeded by Pandulph".

A.D. 1219. Damietta is captured by the crusaders. Reginald of Man formally surrenders the isle to the pope, and also acknowledges himself the vassal of the king of Englandi.

A.D. 1220. The king is a second time crowned, at Canterbury, on Whitsunday, May 17.

The castles of Rockingham and Salcey recovered out of the hands of the earl of Albemarle, June 29.

The remains of Thomas Becket translated, July 7.

A.D. 1221. The earl of Albemarle plunders the country around Burlington, and carries off the spoil to the castle of Biham; he is supplied with men by Fulk de Breaute and other of the king's castellans, and seizes the castle of Fotheringhay. He is besieged in Biham, by the justiciary, and obliged to surrender, Feb. 8, but is pardoned on account of his former services.

Peace is made with Scotland, and the king's sister Joan married to Alexander II. at York, June 25.

h Pandulph about the same time received the see of Norwich, though he was not consecrated till May 29, 1222; he died in August or September, 1226, and was buried in his own cathedral.

The documents are dated at the Temple in London, Sept. 22. Reginald was the natural son of Godred, the last king, and had expelled Olaf, the true heir, who, under the style of King of the Isles, protested against the submission, and avowed his feudal dependance on Norway (see p. 215).

The king marches against the Welsh in September, raises the siege of Builth, and builds a new castle at Montgomery.

A.D. 1222. A tumult between the citizens of London and the people of the abbot of Westminster, Aug. 1; Constantine, the leader of the Londoners, raises the cry "Monjoie," (the cry of the French party); he is seized and hung, with several of his friends, others are mutilated, and the city magistrates displaced.

A.D. 1223. The archbishop of Canterbury (Stephen Langton) and the nobles claim the full execution of the charter, January.

Philip, king of France, dies, July 14; he is succeeded by Louis, his son, who refuses to restore the English provinces in France, alleging that the terms granted to his adherents had not been kept, particularly mentioning the case of Constantine and the Londoners.

A council held at Northampton, in December, where it is determined to force de Breaute and others to give up the royal castles. The earls of Chester and Albemarle attempt to resist, but being threatened with excommunication they submit,

A.D. 1224. The French king seizes on Poitou.

De Breaute, having attacked the king's justiciaries, who had given judgments against him, imprisons one of them, Henry de Braybroke, in his castle of Bedford.

The castle is besieged by the king and the justiciary, Hubert de Burgh, from June to August; it is defended by William de Breaute, but being surrendered, Aug. 15, he and many of his knights are hanged; Fulk

The baron who defended Mountsorrel against the king. See

p. 300.

de Breaute, who had fled towards Wales, gives himself up, when he is deprived of all his possessions and banished, and his wife is, at her own request, divorced from him.

A.D. 1225. Magna Charta and the Charter of the Forests confirmed by the king, Feb. 11, and a fifteenth of all movables in the kingdom granted to him to enable him to recover the English possessions in France.

Earl Richard, the king's brother, is sent to Bordeaux, where he defeats the French, and establishes the English power in Gascony.

A.D. 1226. The pope (Honorius III.) demands two prebends from each cathedral church, and a similar contribution from every monastery.

Death of Louis VIII. of France, at the siege of Avignon, September.

A.D. 1227. At a council held at Oxford in February, the king declares himself of age, and refuses to abide by the charters1; he also dismisses Des Roches, who goes on a pilgrimage, and puts himself entirely under the guidance of Hubert de Burgh.

Earl Richard, having a quarrel with the king about the manor of Berkhampstead, joins the discontented nobles, who force the king to do him justice.

A.D. 1228. The king marches against Llewelyn,

She was the widow of the son of the earl of Devon, and had been forcibly married to him. Fulk went to France, and endeavoured to excite Louis to attempt another invasion; he also appealed to the pope regarding his divorce, but while the cause was pending he died of poison.

1 He issued a declaration which says, "Whensoever and wheresoever, and as often as it may be our pleasure, we may declare, interpret, enlarge, or diminish the aforesaid statutes and their several parts, by our free will, and as to us shall seem expedient for the security of us and our land."

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