almost all the castles and the chief men in that land were subdued."

Robert Belesme comes to England to re-obtain his lands, but is unsuccessful.

A body of Flemings settled in Pembrokeshire by the king.

A.D. 1106. Robert comes to Henry at Northampton, in Lent; "and because the king would not give him back that which he had taken from him in Normandy, they parted in hostility, and the earl soon went over sea again."

Henry passes into Normandy, and gains the battle of Tinchebrai, Sept. 28, where Robert, Edgar Atheling, the earl of Mortaigne and others, are taken prisoners, and subdues the whole country.

A council held at London, Aug. 1, in which it is agreed that bishops shall do homage to the king, but not receive investiture from him. In consequence, the bishops of Winchester, Salisbury, and Hereford, who had before received their sees, and new bishops of Exeter and Llandaff, are consecrated by Archbishop Anselm, August 11.

A.D. 1107. Ralph, bishop of Durham, returns from exile.

Cardigan conquered by Gilbert Strongbow".

Jorwerth, being considered an English partisan", is killed by his son and nephew.

"This year died the king Edgar of Scotland, on the

The earl of Mortaigne died in prison; his earldom was given to the king's nephew, Stephen of Blois.

He also overran West Wales, and received the title of earl of Pembroke; his son Richard was the successful invader of Ireland in the time of Henry II.

⚫ See p. 220.

ides of January, [Jan. 8,] and Alexander his brother succeeded to the kingdom, as the king Henry granted him.” A.D. 1108. The see of Ely founded. Its first bishop was Hervey, who had been driven from his see of Bangor by the Welsh; he was consecrated July 27, 1109. A.D. 1109. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, dies, April 21.

A.D. 1110. Philip Braiose, William Mallet, and ɔthers, deprived of their lands.

Henry's daughter Maud is married to the emperor of Germany, Henry V.

A.D. 1111. Henry passes over into Normandy, on account of troubles caused by the succession of Fulk of Anjou to the earldom of Maine.

Griffin, the son of Rhys ap Tudor, returns from Ireland, where he had found an asylum on the death of his fathers; he captures Carmarthen from the Normans, but is also opposed by Griffin ap Conan and Owen ap Caradoc.

Owen is treacherously slain by the Normanst.

A.D. 1112. Henry passes the whole year in Normandy; he restores the lands of Philip Braiose, but drives out the earl of Evreux, William Crispin, and others, and imprisons Robert Belesme.

A.D. 1113. Henry makes an inroad in Wales, in April, and forces some of the chiefs to promise submission; he also allows the Marchers to build fresh castles. Henry passes over to Normandy in September.

Owen had long been connected with the Normans; he had some time before carried off Nesta, the wife of Stephen of Windsor, governor of Pembroke, and he was now killed by him, while employed in concert against Griffin, although, by the king's command, they had been formally reconciled. + See p. 208.

A.D. 1114. Thurstan, elected archbishop of York, Aug. 15, refuses to receive consecration from the archbishop of Canterbury".

A.D. 1115. The Normans do homage and promise fealty to William, the son of Henry.

A.D. 1116. Henry assists his nephew, Theobald of Blois, against the king of France; in consequence, "there were many conspiracies and robberies, and castles taken in France and in Normandy."

The whole monastery of Peterborough burnt, Aug. 3.

A.D. 1117. Henry passes into Normandy, and remains there for three years" on account of the war with the king of France and the earls of Anjou and Flanders. "By this war was the king a great loser both in land and money. And his own men grieved him most, who often turned from him and betrayed him; and going over to his foes, surrendered to them their castles."

A.D. 1118. Death of Queen Maud at Westminster, May 1.

The order of Knights Templars founded; their standard called Beauseant, "per fess, sable and argent ;" and their badge a cross patriarchal, gules, fimbriated or."

66

A.D. 1119. Henry defeats the

king of France at Brenville.

The earl of Flanders (Charles I.) dies of wounds received at Arques,

in Normandy.

+

Badge of the Templars.

He was eventually consecrated by the pope, Oct. 19, 1119 Brother of Stephen, afterwards king, and of Henry, bishop of Winchester.

W

Roger, bishop of Salisbury, governed in his absence.

William's son Henry marries Matilda, the daughter of the earl of Anjou, in June, and does homage to the king of France for Normandy.

Pope Calixtus endeavours to prevail on Henry to set at liberty his brother Robert, as a pilgrim and soldier of the Holy Sepulchre, but without effect.

A.D. 1120. David is appointed bishop of Bangor by Griffin, prince of North Wales, after the see had been vacant eleven years, and is consecrated by the archbishop of Canterbury, April 4.

Peace is made with the king of France, and Henry returns to England.

William, his son, and two of the king's illegitimate children, with many young nobles, perish by shipwreck, Nov. 25.

A.D. 1121. Henry marries Adelais of Louvain, Feb. 2.

Henry marches against the Welsh; "and after the king's will they agreed with him."

*

Cross of the Hospitallers.

The hospitallers of Jerusalem become a military body, called the knights of St. John; their standard is "gules, a cross argent," their badge a white cross of peculiar form.

A.D. 1123. Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln, dies, while

hunting with the king, Jan. 9.

The earl of Anjou demands the dower of his daughter, the widow of William, which the king refuses.

The earl of Anjou, angry at Henry's detaining the dower of his daughter, gave her younger sister in marriage to William, the son of

Several barons in Normandy take arms in favour of William, the son of Robert. The king passes over in June, and strengthens many castles.

A.D. 1124. Henry remains in Normandy, contending with the king of France and the earl of Anjou, "but most of all with his own men."

Alexander of Scotland dies, April 27, and is succeeded by his brother David, who is also earl of Huntingdon in England.

"Full heavy year was this: the man that had property was bereaved of it by violence, the man that had not was starved"."

A.D. 1125. Severe punishment inflicted on the moneyers for issuing base coin, so that a man that had a pound could not lay out a penny at a market a." Henry the emperor (husband of Maud) dies, May 22. A council held at London, in which the marriage of priests is condemned.

A.D. 1126. Henry returns to England in September, bringing with him his new queen and his daughter Maud, and many Norman prisoners, "whom he ordered to be kept in strong bonds."

David, king of Scotland, visits the king, and remain with him for some time.

Robert of Normandy, and supported him with all his power for a while; at length he deserted him, when William divorced his wife, and married the sister of the queen of France, which procured him the aid of Louis.

He obtained the earldom by marriage with Maud, widow of Simon de St. Liz, and daughter of Waltheof.

2

Statements in substance the same occur in almost every year of this and the following reign.

a

They were summoned to Winchester at Christmas, and there mutilated.