Many of the Bishops of Carlisle have been interred in the Cathedral, but it is uncertain to which of them the few ancient monuments remaining were erected. In the middle of the choir, on the pavement, is a fine brass monument to the memory of Bishop Bell. There is a brass plate to commemorate Bishop Henry Robinson, found while making some repairs near the high altar.

A. West entrance-BB. Transept-C. Entrance to
the Choir-D. Consistory Court-E. Choir -F. St.
Catherine's Chapel-GG. Aisles of the Choir-
H. Pulpit-I. Bishop's Throne-K. Vestry.

This Cathedral has no crypt; its dimensions are as follows: -length of the choir 137 feet; of the transept 124; breadth of the choir and its aisles 71 feet, of the transept 28. Height of the choir from the pavement 75 feet; of the tower to the top of the parapet 127 feet. The Honourable and Right Rev. Dr. H. Montagu Villiers was appointed to this see in 1856, with an annual income of £4,500. The Dean, the Very Rev. Dr. Francis Close, appointed in 1856, receives £1,000 per annum. Carlisle are the churches of St. Mary, P.C., value £179, representing a population of 7658; Holy Trinity, Caldewgate, P.C., value £196, population 8347; St. Cuthbert, P.C., value £150, population 3095; Christ Church, P.C., value £150, population 7966; besides Upperby, P.C., value £60, population 1822, and Wreay, P.C., value £86, population 149.

In

Another object of peculiar interest in Carlisle is the CASTLE, built by William Rufus, and now used for a barracks and armoury. It stands

on an eminence in the north-west corner of the city. This celebrated fortress has been connected with many stirring events in border history. The attack upon it by William Scott of Buccleuch, in 1576, was remarkable for its boldness and success. William Armstrong, a noted

borderer, celebrated in song by the name of Kinmont Willie, having been taken prisoner to Carlisle in a day of truce, his release was demanded, but denied. Meantime Scott came, with a party of 200 horse, before break of day, made a breach in the walls, and carried off Armstrong in triumph before the astonished garrison was prepared for defence.

In the reign of Elizabeth, the Castle of Carlisle consisted of a donjon, the walls of which were twelve feet in thickness; those of the outer ward, nine feet thick, and eighteen feet high; the inner walls, twelve feet, having a half-moon bastion, a tower called the captain's tower, and two gates, one to each ward. In the castle was a great chamber and hall, but no storehouses.

It was here that the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots, was con

veyed. Her flight from Scotland was in May, 1568, when she landed, with Lord Herries and other friends, at Workington, on the coast of Cumberland. On the 17th, she wrote from this village to Elizabeth, entreating the Queen to send for her as soon as possible. Captain Lowther, an ancestor of the distinguished family since ennobled by the title of Lonsdale, as lieutenant of the frontiers, conducted Mary from Cockermouth to Carlisle with all the honours due to her rank. "What

must have been Mary's sensations when she ascended the dark stone staircase, and walked through the low-roofed, desolate rooms, with high, narrow windows, scarcely admitting the light, which heightened the melancholy stillness that pervaded the place!"*

Passing through a narrow door, is a small apartment into which Queen Mary is said to have been conducted. This portion of the Castle is now in ruins, but it is not long since the castle was to have been seen. Mary, who had lived in all the splendour and gaiety of the French court, to be received into such a terrible place, without a welcome, without a friend!

"I was the Queen o' bonnie France,

Where happy hae I been;
Fu' lightly rose I in the morn,

As blythe lay down at e'en ;

And I'm the Sovereign of Scotland,
And mony a traitor there;
Yet here I lie in foreign lands,

And never ending care!"

Queen Mary's Lament. Burns.

From Carlisle, Mary was conducted to Bolton Castle, in July, 1568. Carlisle Castle, now no longer a place of importance, is still regarded as a venerable place of antiquity, and a memorial of English and Scottish history. The donjon still remains, strengthened by a drawbridge over a wide ditch, and defended by modern works. The well in this tower, said to be of Roman workmanship, and as old as the Castle itself, supplied the garrison with abundance of water, which could not be cut off by an enemy. This extraordinary well is very like that in Bamborough Castle, Northumberland, supposed also to have been of Roman origin. From the battlements of Carlisle the scenery is grand and imposing. The foreground is formed of level meads, washed by the Eden, and in one part insulated by a separation of that river. This spot is orna

* Mackie's Castles, Palaces, and Prisons of Mary, Queen of Scots.

mented by the two fine bridges mentioned in our account of the city. The hanging banks are crowned with the village and church of Stanwix, and the more distant prospect is occupied by the mountains of Bew Castle. To the south lie the plains of Penrith, shut up on either side by a vast chain of mountains, over which Crossfell and Skiddaw lift their colossal heads.

On the east, a varied tract of cultivated country presents itself, studded with villages and hamlets, mingling harmoniously with woodland scenery; while the distant horizon, bounded by the heights of Northumberland, completes the noble spectacle.

To the west, the frith spreads out her shining expanse of waters, margined on this side by a cultivated territory, on the other by the rugged coast of Scotland, whereof Creffel and a chain of mountains stretch towards the ocean.

After the recovery of Carlisle Castle from the Pretender's forces, by the Duke of Cumberland, the walls of that ancient garrison and the gates of the town were disfigured with the dismembered limbs of those who had espoused the Stuart cause. The following beautiful fragment, written by a nameless bard, deplores, in language singularly plaintive and impressive, the sufferings of his unhappy countrymen in that enterprise :

"White was the rose in his gay bonnet,

As he faulded me in his broached plaidie;
His hand, whilk clasped the truth o' Luve,
Oh! it was aye in battle readie!

His lang, lang hair, in yellow hants,

Waved o'er his cheeks sae sweet and ruddie;

But now they wave o'er Carlisle yetts,

In dropping ringlets clotting bloodie."

My father's blood, in that flower-tap

My brother's, in that hare-bell's blossom;
This white rose was steeped in my luve's blood,
An I'll aye wear it in my bosom.

"

There's ae drap of bluid atween my breasts,

An' twa in my links o' hair sae yellow :

The tane ill n'er wash, and the tither ne'er kame,

But ill sit and pray aneath the willow:

Wae, wae upon the cruel hearts,

Wae, wae upon the hand so bloodie
Which feasts in our rich Scottish blude.

An' makes so mony dolefu' widows!"

Happier times," observes Mr. Mackie (from whose delightful souvenir of Queen Mary of Scotland we have gleaned the above particulars of Carlisle Castle), "have been reserved for this once distracted country. The feelings of dislike, hatred, and prejudice, which so long existed in the bosoms of people divided only by the Tweed, are now buried in oblivion; and the union of the Crowns, at one time so revolting to the Scottish nation, has proved one of its mightiest blessings. Commerce, trade, and manufactures expand; wealth and population increase; and the luxuries of life abound. The sword has been converted into the ploughshare; and, instead of being the seat of war and carnage, ancient Carlisle now swarms with a large population, as peaceful, happy and industrious as that of any other city in the empire."

The port of Carlisle nominally extends from the mouth of the Sark to Bankend, near Maryport; but large vessels cannot discharge their cargoes nearer than within twelve miles of the city. A canal, however, has been executed between the city and the Solway Frith, by which vessels of eighty tons can come up to the west side of the city. This canal is twelve miles in length, and is supplied with water from the Eden, which is pumped into it by a steam-engine, delivering 763,200 cubic feet every twelve hours, The water is raised to a height of about fifty-six feet.

The manufacture consist chiefly of cotton goods for the West India market. The fisheries on the Eden are extensive. The assizes for the county are held at Carlisle, and two members are returned to Parliament. The right of election was formerly vested in freemen who had been admitted into any of the eight fraternities or guilds, resident or non-resident, whose total number is said to have been one thousand, but of whom only 280 were resident. Carlisle gives the title of Earl to a branch of the Howard family. From the comprehensive table of mortality prepared by Mr. F. Bailey for a Committee of the House of