Head and Eskdale; Broad Crag on the Wasdale side, and Broad Crag on the Eskdale side, of Scawfell Pikes; Paveyark, in Langdale; Rainsbarrow Crag, in Kentmere; Saint Sunday Crag, in Patterdale; Wallow Crag, near Keswick, and Wallow Crag, near Hawes Water: Wallowbarrow Crag, in the vale of Duddon; Castle Crag, in Mardale, Castle Crag, in Borrowdale (said to have been a Roman station), and Castle Head, near Keswick; Green Crag, in Legberthwaite, sometimes called the Enchanted Castle, or Castle Rock of St. John's; Gait Crag [Goat Crag], in Borrowdale, Gait Crag and Iron Crag, near Shoulthwaite, and Gait Crag, in Langdale; Dow Crag [Dove Crag], in Coniston Fells, Dove Crags, in Patterdale, and Dow Crag, in Eskdale; Bull Crag and Littledale Crag, in the vale of Newlands; Eagle Crag, in Borrowdale, Eagle Crag, in Buttermere, and Eagle Crag, in Patterdale : Falcon Crag, near Derwent Lake; and a Raven Crag in almost every vale: one of the most conspicuous of which is that overlooking Leathes Water. The ANTIQUITIES of the Lake District may be briefly mentioned, as we have already alluded to most of them in our description of Lake scenery. Besides the monumental stones called Long Meg and her Daughters, near Penrith, to which we have already alluded, is the Druidical Circle, 100 feet by 108 in diameter, in a field adjoining the old Penrith road, at the top of the hill, a mile and a-half from Keswick. It is formed by rough cobble stones, of various sizes, similar to what are scattered over the surface, and imbedded in the diluvium of the adjacent grounds. The largest stands upwards of seven feet in height, and may weigh about eight tons. On the common called Burnbanks, near the foot of Hawes Water, there are five tumuli of earth, called Giants' Graves. King Arthur's Round Table, "Red Penrith's table round, For feats of chivalry renown'd," is a circular plot of ground, about fifty-two yards in diameter, encompassed by a trench and bank of earth, with places of entrance on two opposite sides. It is situated between the rivers Eamont and Lowther, G rather more than a mile from Penrith, in an angle between the road to Kendal and that to Pooley Bridge. Mayburgh lies about a quarter of a mile distant from the last, between the river Eamont and the road to Pooley. An area of near one hundred yards in diameter is circumscribed by a mound, formed of an enormous quantity of pebble-stones, apparently gathered from the adjoining lands-surmounted by a fence-wall of more modern date, and shaded by lofty trees. There is an entrance on one side, and near the centre stands a rough porphyritic stone about ten feet in height, and sixteen in circumference. The dates and purposes of these two interesting pieces of antiquity are left entirely to conjecture. A plot of ground near the foot of Devoke Water exhibits traces of numerous buildings in the form of streets. It is called the city of Barnscar. Upon the summits of Grasmoor, Binsey, and Carrock Fells, there are remains of basin-shaped cavities, walled round, and apparently intended as Beacons. The Beacon, standing in the centre of a large plantation on Penrith Fell, is a more modern erection of hewn stone, having been rebuilt in 1719, and commands extensive views of the country. On the west side of the mountain Hardknot, a space about two acres is encompassed by the remains of a wall, with places of entrance on each of the four sides. There seem to have been towers at the different gates and corners, and several interior erections. Stations, retaining the name of Castles, when scarcely a vestige of their works remains, are found in several places upon the mountains. They are generally characterized by pieces of freestone, which must have been brought from a distance of several miles, at a time when the roads were very imperfectly formed. Remains of Castles of a more permanent construction are to be seen at Kendal, Cockermouth, Egremont, Brougham, Penrith, and Dacre. Part of that at Cockermouth has been repaired, and is inhabited; the one at Dacre is used as a farm house; the rest are in various stages of decay. Furness Abbey, in Low Furness, we have already described. Calder Abbey lies about four miles south of Egremont. It was founded by the second Ranulph de Meschines, about seven years after that of Furness, on which it was dependent, and on a much smaller scale. Some of the walls, with the arches which supported the tower, and a part of the colonnade, are still in good preservation. Shap Abbey, on the banks of the Lowther, we have already mentioned in our description of the Lake scenery. OURNEYING ON FROM PENRITH BY RAILWAY, after these brief sketches of the Lake District, we reach, at the distance of four miles, PLUMPTON STATION, two miles south-west of which is Hutton Hall, the seat of Sir H. R. Vane, Bart.; and Hutton Park, Plumpton, is the ancient Veridoe, where a Roman altar has been found; and at a castle in the neighbourhood is an inscribed stone, with a bust thereon. Four miles eastward, is Kirk Oswald, which derives its name from St. Oswald, the canonized King of Northumberland. It belonged, in the reign of John, to Hugh Demoville, one of the murderers of Thomas à Beckett. Kirk Oswald was burnt by the Scots in 1314, since which period it has not been distinguished by any events of historical importance. Eight miles west, is Herket Newmarket, a small and neat, compact, market-town, situated in a secluded and romantic district on the western side of the river Calder. The surrounding country is mountainous, and contains mines of lead, copper, and manganese. Near the town is a petrifying spring, issuing from a rock on the margin of a river. Two miles north, at Seburgham, is Warnell Hall, a seat of the Earl of Lonsdale, and two miles further, Clay Hall. Six miles from Plumpton, the train arrives at SOUTHWAITE STATION. Situated on a wooded eminence overlooking the beautiful vale of the river Petteril, is Barrack Lodge; a little further, Armathwaite Castle. This mansion, which is a modern erection, is situated in a deep vale close to the river Eden, which here spreading itself into a broad lake, is hemmed in at the southern extremity by Barrow Wood and Cat Glen. At a short distance another branch of the Eden forms a furious cataract on this side. The prospect terminates with a handsome little stone bridge, which harmonizes well with the other features of the landscape. One mile and a half further are the ruins of Castle Lewin and Petteril Bank. Four miles west of Southwaite is Rose Castle, the residence of the Bishop of Carlisle, delightfully situated on a gentle elevation, commanding a number of fine views; to the south-east, the remains of a gateway and two towers: the north side shows that at one time it must have had a fine castellated appearance. King Edward I. held his court here, while engaged in an expedition against the Scots, before it was burnt by Robert Bruce, temp. Edward II. It was again fortified in the following reign; and in the year 1400, Bishop Strickland rebuilt one of the principal towers, and almost every succeeding bishop has contributed, in a more or less degree, towards restoring it to its former beauty. Four miles from Southwaite, we reach BRISCOE STATION, near to which are the residences of Woodside, Woodhall, and the Red House. Briscoe is a township in that part of the parish of St. Cuthbert which is in Cumberland ward, county of Cumberland. The first wheat that grew in the county was produced here, about the year 1700. About four miles east, strictly speaking on the Newcastle and Carlisle line, is Corby Castle, the seat of Philip Henry Howard, Esq. Corby occupies the site, but no longer possesses the character of an ancient castle. It consists, however, in part of the very walls of a large square tower, such as was not an unfrequent object upon the Marches in early times. Its present appearance, on the summit of a precipitous cliff overhanging the east side of the river Eden, with the richly wooded plantation below, attracts the admiration of every beholder. Hume, the historian, when on a tour through Cumberland, wrote on a pane of glass these lines: "Here chicks in eggs for breakfast sprawl, Here godless boys, God's glories squall, While Scotsmen's heads adorn the wall, The mansion was made uniform, and entirely cased in stone, after the Grecian Doric order, in 1813. The picture gallery is rich in family portraits, and possesses besides, some valuable specimens of the old masters. There are at Corby two curiosities worthy of notice: a square tablet in the hall, dug out of the ruins of Hyde Abbey, near Winchester, inscribed "Alfredus Reg. 881," and the claymore of Major Macdonald, the Feargus McIvor of " Waverley." East of the station are Harber Lodge, Houghton House, Houghton Hall, Scaleby Castle, and Scaleby Hall. Three miles from Briscoe, the train reaches ARLISLE, the capital of the county of Cumberland, a city, parliamentary borough, and river-port. The origin of this city is, by some, supposed to have been prior to the Roman invasion; by others it is supposed to be of the same antiquity as Severus's wall, and to have been a fortress in that celebrated rampart. In the Itinerary of Antoninus it is called Laguvallio, a name which Burn supposes to have been formed from the British Llu gy du groul, signifying the "Army by the well." This appellation was by the Saxons contracted into Lu-ell, or La-all; to which the British Caer, a city, being afterwards prefixed, it became Caer-Luell, a term which, by an easy transition, has, in more modern times, beer changed into Carlisle. It was taken by David I. of Scotland, to whom it was afterwards ceded by Stephen. This monarch afterwards greatly improved its means of defence, and here he resided for some time after the unfortunate battle of the Standard. Restored to England by Malcolm 1V. it suffered a severe struggle, in 1173, by William the Lion; it successfully resisted him, but was taken by his successor Alexander. Restored again to England, it was, about 1292, reduced to ashes by fire. To this place Edward I. retreated after the battle of Falkirk, and here he assembled a parliament in 1298. Here, too, he appointed the rendezvous of his forces, destined for the final subjugation of Scotland, and celebrated his birthday, shortly before he died, on his march against Scotland in 1307. In the long and desperate wars between the two countries that succeeded, Carlisle was repeatedly |