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Room 10 was entered through Room 9. Against the E. wall of the former, which was completely ruined, was found a mass of charcoal, which I may suggest was the remains of a door leading into Room 9. By the side of the wall dividing Rooms 10 and 11 were found a number of bricks.

The finds here, in comparison with the remainder of the Prætorium, were numerous. There were a large

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number of fragments of bronze, evidently portions of ornaments, but so much decomposed that in many cases it was only discernible by its colour. bronze coins (Antoninus 1). In the centre of the room, 1 ft. below the surface, a small lump of decayed wood or charcoal, in the middle of which was a lump of bronze. I conclude that it had been a bronze ornament or charm, which had been hidden, and had lost its shape either by the action of fire or Time. Various

portions of glass in shape of window-glass, vessels, and counters, also two iron calthrops, or crows' feet, about 2 in. long. They were so shaped that, however they were thrown down, one point always stood up. They were used in ancient as in modern warfare, as obstacles to hamper the approach of cavalry, or bare-footed infantry; these were for the latter purpose, as is proved by their small size.

THE CHAMBER DUE N. OF SACELLUM, ROOM 11.

This was probably entered direct from the court, but all its walls have been robbed down to the foundations. The wall nearest to the Sacellum was 3 ft. thick, with deep foundations. It is difficult to account for this great thickness, unless it was a support for an upper chamber. At the corner nearest the outside wall were a number of pillar-stones.

A patch of red clay, 5 ft. by 2 ft., in the centre of the room, probably marking the site of a hearth.

Two post-holes; in the centre hole the remains of a long post, 3 ft. down; part possibly of the remains of the older building, which was built on a sleeper bed, as is found at Ardoch. The floor was slightly different to Room 10-3 in. stamped clay, 1 in. wood, 10 in. stamped clay, 1 in. wood, 10 in. stamped clay. A buttress on the E. side was evidently intended to serve as a support for a wooden beam or pillar.

The finds here were fewer-several portions of window-glass by the E. and W. wall, a small amount of pottery, a large quantity of nails and charcoal, a few remains of decomposed bronze, and small portions of glass vessels.

THE SACELLUM (13).

This chamber presents the exceptional feature of possessing double walls, divided by a packing of clay 2 ft. thick, guarding it on three sides. The floor of the Sacellum is 2 ft. lower than those of Rooms 10

The space

and 11, but it is level with the court. between them (12) had the same floor level as the Sacellum for 9 ft. inwards from the court, when it rose abruptly to the height of that of the adjoining chambers. From this point on it was filled with stamped clay. It is evident that these special precautions (a mass of clay round its walls and a drain under the floor) were intended to keep the chief room of the Prætorium dry. The ground on the W. being higher, it was from this side that percolation of damp was to be feared. This may explain why the clay packing did not extend all the way on the N. side.

The side of the wall next the clay was not properly faced.

The walls of the Sacellum, except those on the W. end, were standing 3 ft. high. The N. and S. walls had no foundations, but were built on the top of the stamped clay. I consider, taking into account the construction of these walls, that they were of a later date than the other portion of the Prætorium.

It possessed no underground chamber, and the floor was paved, below which was 1 ft. of stamped clay. Finds. The only find in space 12 was a dolphin fibula of a late period.

In the Sacellum, a few pieces of unadorned Samian and black pottery, and several pieces of lead, which had evidently been melted by fire.

A space, probably containing two rooms, still awaits exploration in the S. W. angle of the Prætorium.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON THE UPLANDS OF NORTH CARNARVONSHIRE

(Continued from p. 60.)

BY W. BEZANT LOWE, M.A.

THE PRIMITIVE DWELLING HOUSE.

IN very early times primitive man lived in a cave, but the only example in this neighbourhood is that of Kendricks Cave, Llandudno. Here were discovered remains of the long-headed Neolithic people, generally known as Iberians; similar remains were found by the late Mr. H. D. Pochin at the Gop, near Newmarket, Flintshire.

As man increased in numbers the accommodation afforded by caves was insufficient, and he had to turn his attention to some other form of dwelling. He copied the round shapes of nature. In this way was evolved the simplest form of hut-dwelling above ground, resembling the wigwam, made of boughs arranged in a circle, and inclined to a central point, where they were supported by a post fixed upright in the ground. To give greater protection against wind and rain, a low circular wall was built; at first this consisted of earth, thrown out from the interior of the circle; this was, later on, strengthened with a few large stones placed at intervals, examples of which may be seen near Llyn Dulyn, and in Wern Uchaf Field, Llanfairfechan. By degrees the single circle was replaced by two concentric circles of stones, the space between being filled with the earth thrown out. Good examples of these may be seen in the hut-circles on Conway Town Mountain. Lastly, no earth was used, but a thick dry rubble walling, as may be seen in a circle on the slopes of Foel Lwyd.

As stone was plentiful in North Wales, it was used freely, and as the skill of the builder increased the walls were made higher; and, in order to cover the hut, the stones of each succeeding course projected inwards, so as to form a dome-shaped roof, making a hut like the bee-hive huts of the South Aran Isles, Ireland. Some of the huts on Penmaenmawr Mountain exhibit this kind of construction.

The following rough classification of the most important circular houses in the district under review will be adopted :

1. Hut-circle villages.

2. Hut - circles associated with camps or hill'fortresses.

3. Detached hut-circles.

1. HUT-CIRCLE VILLAGES.

These occur at heights ranging from 350 feet to 1700 feet.

Hut-circle Village above Gwern Engan.

This is situated at a height of about 600 feet on an upland flat, with rising ground at its back on the W. and facing E. Close by is a lakelet, called Gwern Engan, which would afford a plentiful supply of water; the village is, moreover, just above an ancient trackway running from the summit of the Sychnant Pass to the Conway Valley near Trecastell, Thus there was easy communication between Dwygyfylchi on the N., and the upper Gyffin Valley on the S.

The accompanying sketch plan (Fig. 1), by Mr. A. E. Elias, shows the general arrangement of huts, etc.; the straight lines of walling are probably of late date.

On the N.N.E. side, it is protected by a wall from 15 feet to 18 feet thick, which circles round to the W. at the N. and S. ends, finally dying away on the mountain slope. The greatest length of the enclosure is

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