AGRICULTURE, &c. [From the New-England Farmer.] all they can within themselves. When diet and plan to take them up by the roots from the labor are scarce and dear, and a man has seve- field or garden, and set them out again in the ral farms, or more land to improve and cultivate bottom of a cellar, the cooler the better. CULTIVATING TULIPS.-The situation of the AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS, Nos. III & IV. than he can take care of, unless he hires a numON LABOR. When I have been riding in the ber of laborers, he should let, or put them to the country in a very hot day, and seen farmers halves, as it is called, to honest and industrious beds for full grown flowering bulbs, should almowing and hoeing in the full blaze of the noon men, if he can find them. For, the difference ways be in an open, airy, part of the garden; day sun, the custom of those farmers with whom between hiring laborers and boarding them, and the common soil must be taken out the full diI was conversant when a lad has immediately letting or putting out a farm, as above, the pro- mensions of the bed, to the depth of about occurred to my mind. In the months of June, duce of which may amount to eighty or a hun- eighteen inches, and the place filled up with July and August they retired so early to rest that dred pounds, would be twenty or twenty-five good sandy loam, from an old pasture, (which they seldom needed a candle to light them to per cent. in favor of the proprietor. And he will should be dug at least four months before it is their beds: and they rose as early in the morn-not have the trouble of providing for, and paying used) mixed with a small portion of well-rotted ing as they could see to work. In the heat of a number of people; some of whom, after all two-year-old horse-dung. The bed must be the day, unless a shower, or something extra his attention and punctuality toward them, will raised three inches above the paths, at the outcalled them to exert themselves, they laid aside not acknowledge themselves satisfied and con- sides, and four inches, at least, in the middle their labors for an hour or two, and indulged tented. Good help, as it is called, is generally of the bed; this convexity will render it more themselves in a comfortable nap after dinner. scarce and dear, and with difficulty obtained; capable of casting off the water, when exposed This gave them fresh strength and vigor; and and a farmer who hires careless, ignorant and at any time to heavy rain. The bed being thus they went forth to the labor of the evening, with slothful laborers, notwithstanding all his own formed, the next thing to proceed to is plantspirit and pleasure. And if farmers would work industry, will never grow rich. as early and late as they could in the summer sea son, they might rest from eleven until two The following we deem worthy of the notice o'clock, and escape the intense heat and thirst of of those who cultivate the vine in this country, the day and not be one of so much fatigued and is from the London Gardener's Magazine. as others, who begin their labor morn ing; the best time for doing this is the beginning of November; plant the bulbs about five inches from each other in the rows, and the same distance from row to row, being careful put in each hole a little fine river sand, be fore you introduce the bulb this will not by ing, at six or perhaps seven o'clock, and who, ON A RAPID MODE OF RAISING EXCEL- be of great service to the root, but will also to perform the labors of the day, must bear the LENT VINE PLANTS. greatly prevent their being attacked by the grub heat and burden of it, and go to their beds at SIR:-The following is a mode by which I and wire-worm. The depth they must be plantnight exceeding weary, and quite exhausted.-raised a sufficient number of fine young vines ed is about fourinches.- [London Hort. Reg.] From eleven till two, you may walk round your to stock a vinery : &c. farm, stir hay, or do any light labor, without fa- At the pruning season, leave a shoot of strong MITES, &C. IN SEEDS. - Various species of tiguing yourself in the least. This walk will young wood, over and above what may be mites, and other curious insects may be found refresh your spirits; and may save your lands wanted for training, of a sufficient length to in the siftings of seeds, particularly a very pefrom the inroads of unruly cattle, sheep, swine, bend down to any convenient place where a pot culiar one in those of the common poppy; this Walls and other fences should often be can be placed to receive it as a layer; and also insect is furnished with two fangs of a very forinspected, if you wish to preserve the fruits of for training it during its growth. When the midable description, having joints like the claw your labors, and half an hour, or more, in the vine begins to push, displace all the buds from of a lobster. With these fangs it seizes its prey time and season of it, devoted to this purpose, the shoot intended for laying, except the leading and conveys it to its mouth. I would recomwould not fail of being well rewarded. These one. When this is grown to about 8 inches or mend every person possessing a microscope to hints may be improved on; and I close this pa- 1 foot in length, bend it down to the pot, and lay provide himself with some of these siftings. per by observing, that mowing and hoeing, both it so that the top joint, whence the young wood [From the Spirit of Washington.] for comfort and profit, should be performed ear-has sprung. may be fixed with a strong crook at MANUAL LABOR. - As a branch of education ly in the morning and late in the evening. about 1 inch under the surface of the mould. to our higher seminaries, manual labor is atEXCHANGING WORK. Farmers, who handle As soon as it begins to take root, which may be tracting public attention and winning converts but little money, should be cautious of entering known by removing a little of the earth, begin to a belief in its great utility. The developeinto cash engagements; they will find it more to weaken its resources from the mother plant, ment of the physical as well as the mental powers, convenient to exchange labor than to hire and by making an incision in the wood behind the in order to make the whole man symmetrical pay money. Neighbors who have lands to pot; which enlarge by degrees, as fast as the and well balanced, has been too long neglected. break up, and teams to connect together, may young plant will bear it, until it be quite sepa- It was not thus in ancient days. Happily for do this business cheaper by exchanging with rated from the old one. the causeof education, the prejudices which reeach other, than by hiring help and cattle. It The advantage of the method is, that the sulted from the superstitions of the dark ages will often be found mutually beneficial to make vine may be grown to 10 or 20 feet and upwards and the reactions of the Protestant reformation, exchanges, even in mowing and hoeing. Thro' in length the first season, with a pot full of roots: are being dispelled, and a just medium, or a a difference in the situations and soils of farms, so that it may be planted in any situation where combination of mental and intellectual developethough adjoining each other, and through early it may be wanted, without being checked in its cultivation in the one and late in the other, it growth, as is generally the case when grown in frequently happens that the corn, grass, flax, the usual way from a layer. I am, Sir, yours, &c. T. RUTGER. Short Grove, Essex, July 5, 1832. ment in the formation of man, is beginning to reassume its proper importance. The Lane seminary about two miles from Cincinnati, where there are about 90 students, shops for those who prefer fer that kind of exercise; and for all in rainy weather and in winter. Each student is required to work three hours every day, either on the farm or in the shops. &c. on one, is forwarder and ripe sooner, by The pot ought not to be less than a 24; it several days, than on the other. In this case must be filled with rich compost; and, if the has connected withit a farm of about 110 acres, it would be prudent to unite their labors, and layer be watered occasionally with liquid ma- which is cultivated by thestudents, and from it not to hire; this would be almost so much nure, it will considerably promote its growth. their tables are supplied. They have also worksaved. But, then, these exchanges should never make any alteration, either in meats or drinks, in the farmer's family; for if any extra provision is made, an extraordinary expense is incurred. The chief use of land, land and that which makes it principally beneficial and pro-cyclopædia, that cabbages possess the properfitable to a man, is this, it gives him employ-ty of fattening cattle not only more expeditiousiment; it is of very little advantage or profit to ly, but in less proportion than turnips; an acre him who does not labor upon it in person. A of the former having been found to faten one in farmer should therefore be cautious of hiring four more than the same extent of the latter much help, and at no time more than he can crop." fully and profitably employ, and readily pay. [From the New-England Farmer.] CABBAGES.- It is asserted in Dr. Rees' En Mr. John Townsend, of Andover, Conn. It is said by men who have experience in this mode of education, that greater proficiency is made where labor to such an extent is combined with study; and that dyspepsia is a stranger to such schools. Why can they not be introduced in this coun And to do this, if he hires for nd month, or for commends the following mode of preserving try? We hink they may, and with great advana year, he should endeavor to raise a surplus-cabbages. "Dig a trench about six inches tage. age of some one or of several articles, to the deep, in dry ground, and wide enough to admit GRAPES.-The editor of the Baltimore Patriot amount of the laborer's wages at least; and if the head of the cabbage; lay two sticks parallel acknowledges the receipt of a basket of grapes he does this, even then, he finds that a year's with each other on the bottom of the trench, from Dr. Norton, of Richmond, Va. consisting wages are not easily paid; it will take off a or the heads to rest on, to keep them from the of the "Woodson" and "Cunningham," native considerable part of his corn, flax, dairy, or ground; place the heads on the sticks with the varieties, which the Doctor introduced into his some other produce. Those farmers who hire roots up, and surround them with straw; then vineyard from Prince Edward county, in that much labor done will soon be convinced, if men cover them with earth six or eight inches deep, state. The Woodson is a red grape, the berry of sense, that scarce any farm will yield six having the ground sloping to carry off the rains a medium size, between the chicken and the per cent. and keep up the necessary repairs; they will come out in the spring sound, fresh large fox; the bunches very compact and weighand that although they possess flocks and herds and tender, as they were when gathered." ing about 4 ounces; free from pulp, a rich flaand are the proprietors or owners of the soil, Cabbages should not be pulled till there is vor. The Cunningham is a black or deep purthey are but little more than stewards to their danger of their freezing too fast to be got up. ple, covered with bloom; the bunches ragged Jaborers. And this should excite them to labor If there happen to fall an early snow it will not and irregular, (in this resembling the chicken industriously with their own hands, and to do injure them. If room can be spared, it it is a good grape,) berry a little less than that of the Woodson, free from pulp, and rich in saccharine mat-this method for grafting whenever the stock mice, spiders, ants, and fowls, are very deter; the skin thick and leathery. The latter re- and the graft are of the same size, or very structive to the worms: care must be taken, sembling in flavor and richness the Herbemont nearly so.--[Loudon's Magazine.] Madeira, and both are decidedly very superior grapes, both for the table and wine. Each of [From Cobb's Manual on Culture of Silk, &c.] A GOOD HUSBANDMAN.-Let us for a moment visit the dwelling of a good husbandıman. We ON REARING SILK WORMS. and admiration. therefore, to keep them out of the way of all such enemies. The Nursery, Shelves, &c. - In Europ laboThe silk insect affords a display of the wis ratories have been constructed with great ca dom of Divine Providence in the adaptation of and expense; but, however convenient these means to ends, calculated to excite high interest may be, they are by no means necessary to success in rearing silk-worms: almost any find him in possession of a competency. Every The extraordinary effect produced by this lit- building will answer for that purpose. I have reared them myself with success in a barn, in thing about him is marked with neatness and or- tle animal in the short space of six weeks is no der. His family is distinguished for industry, less than the conversion of the vegetable sub- my cellar kitchen, and other rooms of my dwelfrugality and correct deportment. stance of the mulberry leaf into threads of rich ling house, and in the lower story of Tremont though not bred a scholar, is replenished with and durable silk. Well might the Emperor Jus- House in Boston. It was found in Frarce that useful knowledge. His mind, tinian be astonished to find that the rich and the cocoons brought to market by the peasants, raised in hovels so full of cracks as easily to be He knows enough of law to avoid litigation; beautiful material of his magnificent robes was enough of the human system to keep it health-first produced and worr by this feeble insect; seen through and to admit the air freely, were ful by diligent ex-ercise, and by temperate hab- and well might he repay with munificence the richer and heavier than those reared in palaces its; enough of morality and religion, to prac- monks by whose exertion the eggs of the silk and in the confined rooms of dwellings in c.ties.* tice them. In the morning he rises with the worm were smuggled in a hollow cane from In- The apparatus of the Rev. Mr. Swain, I should dawn; calls his household round the family dia to Constantinople. This hollow cane was think might be worth adopting, for those who altar; pays his devotions to the fountain of the ark whence came out the germ of those nu are beginning on a small scale; in fact I have light; and like the great luminary of heaven, he performs the duty of the day. At mid-day and at evening, he returns to his house, where good order, conjugal affection and filial respect, bid him welcome. His labor done; the world at rest; at peace with himself and his God, he is ready for repose. His heart is an altar; his house a Bethel; and his family a church. If Satan broke into Paradise and blasted all its glories, he would meet a repulse on this consecrated spot. - [Moore's Address.] This apparatus consists of a wooden merous tribes of this insect which have spread had something like it constructed for my own [From the Portsmouth Journal.] BUTTER.-Two farmers, from a town near color. Those which remain yellow have not the centre of New-Hampshire, each carried 2 been fecundated, and of course are worthless. or 300 lbs. of Butter, to Newburyport, a time since, for sale. Their farms were close together, and as near-lar. frame. remove the litter. I have used three tiers of The upper slide is of paper only and designed The Eggs. The eggs are of small size. to receive the worms as soon as hatched; the When first laid, they are of a pale yellow color, others are of wicker work, the opening being but in three or four days turn to a light slate about a quarter of an inch square; under each color, and subsequently to a dull brownish slate of these are slides. This occupies little space and is neat, and the persons using it can easily short The most proper place for keeping the eggs rough pine boards fixed upon upright posts, auntil they are wanted for hatching is a dry cel- bout four feet in width, one above the other, They should be kept in a tight box, to with a space between of two and a half feet, afly alike as possible. Their pastures were sim- protect them from mice or insects, and dry, so that the mould and mildew may not injure them. fording room sufficient to pass all round the frame, so that I could conveniently reach any The Hatching, Leaves, &c. -The advance of part of it. In making the shelves, it is well to The other, after offering his all round, at the the season determines the time of hatching the have the lowest one six inches broader than the stores, made out to get 13 cts. The difference eggs. As soon as the leaf of the mulberry be-one above it, and to make the same difference between the lots of butter, [look to it, farmers' gins to unfold-which is generally in this cli- in the other shelves above, so as to break the wives and daughters!]-was simply this, -one mate (New-England) the latter part of May- fall of such worms as happen to tumble down. farmer had good Dairy woman on his farm, and you observe that there is a prospect of hav- A good form for the shelves is that adopted by while the family of the other made bad butter. ing ilar, and the number of their cows the same.Yet the one sold his butter quick, at 19 cts. room; a sufficient quantity of food, it is time to ex- Mr. J. Y. Tomkins, of Baltimore, and which I pose the eggs to hatch. No other process is ne-saw in the nursery of Gideon B. Smith, Esq. cessary than to expose them to the air in a of that place. It is about 24 feet wide, by five they hatch voluntarily in a day or two or six long, long, made of thin boards, with a piece after the exposure. Various modes are adopt-two inches wide nailed flat on the upper edge ed in Europe-hatching them in ovens, carry-along the sides and ends, with legs about a foot ing them about the person, &c.-but nothing of long in the corners. The legs do not pass through the table, but leave a part of the hole on that kind is necessary here. on be taken off The Different Ages, Moulting, &c. There It is best to preserve those insects for rear- the upper side for the feet of another table to ing, that come out as nearly at the same time set in. Thus contrived, five or six of these taas possible. As soon as the worms begin to bles are set one above another, and are taken appear, lay over them young and tender mul-down, cleaned and again set up with facility.berry leaves; they will soon attach themselves One of these shelves will accommodate 500 to the leaves, and by taking hold of the stems worms. It might be as well to put old newsof the leaves you may remove them easily. papers the shelves, which might They ought now to be supplied with fresh ten- whenever it was necessary to clean the worms, der leaves three times a day. As the leaves and then replaced. Thus I have done. when very young will dry so much in a short time, if exposed to the air, as to be unfit for use, you may put them in a glazed vessel, or keep * I saw at Philadelphia on the 21st of June them covered in a cellar or cool place: by which means the leaves may be kept good for two or last, worms raised by Mr. D'Homergue in a three days. Besides, it is well to have always yard of mulberry trees, which bore heavy rains in your house at a time a stock of leaves, suffi- and thunder storms, as well as cold windy days, cient at least for three days' provision for your a few of which spun in 30 days, and produced worms in case of wet weather. If leaves are excellent cocoons. They began to mount 32 given when wet, they will cause disease. Be days after hatching. I also saw a few worms careful never to pull the leaves when wet, eith- raised from eggs which were laid on the outer with rain or dew, except on absolute neces- side of a brick wall, in a northern exposure, sity, and in that case you must spread them which had stood all the severity of the winter. and turn them, that the leaves may be perfectly I saw many thousands of excellent cocoons, dry before you give them to the worms; rats, raised by Mr. Du Ponceau, under the care of Mr. D'Homergue, in the heart of the city of PhiNEW METHOD OF GRAFTING BY APPROACH. * Mr. D'H. proposes the following method to ladelphia. I tried some on trees in the open air -Cut off the stock in the form of a wedge, as in fig. 91, and cut the graft upwards, half way preserve leaves: Put them under cover on a the present season, but they did not succeed ; through, for a sufficient length, as in fig. 92; brick pavement, or gravelled floor ; turn them they attained, however, to a considerable size, then place the graft upon the stock, as in fig. over, and place them further, where it is not but the frequent rains destroyed them. 93, and bind it on with bass and clay as usual, damp, (for they always leave a dampness where † Farmers, however, who would make it taking off a circle of bark between the graft they lie,) three or four times a day, or an hour profitable, should raise one or two hundred and the root, as in fig. 93, m, which will cause before you feed the worms; you may thus keep thousand, and rough boards will make the the sap to flow through the graft into the stock them three or four days, The leaf wants air cheapest and most ready shelves for use on an n, instead of into its own root o. I recommend to keep fresh, extensive scale. are several varieties of silk-worms.* The home, and high consideration abroad, rarely, if dignity of the nation and the rights of our citizens, most common varieties hange their skins four ever, equalled in the history of nations. To pre might have ended in defeat and disgrace instead of different times. These changes are called serve this bond of our political existence from de- victory and honor, if the States who supposed it a moultings, and de intervening times the differ-struction, to maintain inviolate this state of na- ruinous and unconstitutional measure had thought The time requisite for the several tional honor and prosperity, and to justify the con- they possessed the right of nullifying the act by changes depends greatly on the temperature. If fidence my fellow-citizens have reposed in me, I, which it was declared and denying supplies for its ANDREW JACKSON, President of the United States, prosecution. Hardly and unequally as those mea. e weather is warm, they will generally hap- have thought proper to issue this my PROCLA. sures bore upon several members of the Union, to pen as follows: the first moulting ngo on the fourth MATION, stating my views of the Constitution the Legislatures of none did this efficient and peace. or fifth day after the hatching-the second be- and Laws applicable to the measures adopted by the able remedy, as it is called, suggest itself. The gins on the eighth day-the third on the thir- Convention of South Carolina, and to the reasons discovery of this important feature in our Constitu. teenth and fourteenth days-and the last change they have put forth to sustain them, declaring the tion was reserved to the present day. To the states. on the twenty-second. course which duty will require me to pursue, and, men of South Carolina belongs the invention, and the Union carries with it internal evidence of its im The fifth age lasts about ten days; at the end appealing to the understanding and patriotism of upon the citizens of that State will unfortunately of which the worms have reached their ultimate the people, warn them of the consequences that fall the evils, of reducing it to practice. Hier growth, being three inches in length, and are must inevitably result from an observance of the If the doctrine of a State veto upon the laws of prepared to spin their cocoons. Thus thirty- dictates of the Convention. two days intervene between the hatching and Strict duty would require of me nothing more than practicable absurdity, our constitutional history will the beginning of the cocoon, and I have known the exercise of those powers with which I am now, also afford abundant proof that it would have been the period retarded to sixty days. These or may hereafter be invested, for preserving the repudiated with indignation had it been proposed to changes will only be noticed by accurate ob- peace of the Union and for the execution of the laws. forsi a feature in our Government. servers. But the imposing aspect which opposition has as- In our colonial state, although dependent on ane. sumed in this case, by clothing itself with State au- ther power, we very early considered ourselves as thority, and the deep interest which the people of connected by common interest with each other. * I saw in the Nursery of Gideon B. Smith, the United States must all feel in preventing a re- Leagues were formed for common defence, and beEsq. of Baltimore, four different varieties. I sort to stronger measures, while there is a hope that fore the Declaration of Independence we were would recommend, as most profitable for rear-any thing will be yielded to reasoning and remon-known in our aggregate character AS THE UNITED ing, the large white. PROCLAMATION, strance, perhaps demand, and will certainly justify COLONIES OF AMERICA. That decisive and important a full exposition to South Carolina and the nation step was taken jointly. We declared ourselves of the views I entertain of this important question, a nation by a joint, not by several acts, and as well as a distinct enunciation of the course which when the terms of our confederation were rеmy sense of duty will require me to pursue. duced to form, it was in that of a solemn WHEREAS, a Convention assembled in the State of The Ordinance is founded, not on the indefeasible league of several States by which they agreed S. Carolina, have passed an Ordinance by which they right of resisting acts which are plainly unconstitu- that they would collectively form one nation for the declare, "That the several acts and parts of acts of tional and too oppressive to be endured; but on the purpose of conducting some certain domestic con. the Congress of the United States purporting to be strange position that any one State may not only de. cerns and all foreign relations. In the instrument laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the clare an Act of Congress void, but prohibit its exe- forming that union is found an article which deimportation of foreign commodities, and now hav-cution that they may do this consistently with the clares that, "every State shall abide by the determiing actual operation and effect within the United Constitution-that the true construction of that in-nations of Congress on all questions which by that States, and more especially," two acts for the same strument permits a State to retain its place in the confederation should be submitted to them." purposes passed on the 29th of May, 1828, and on Union, and yet be bound by no other of its laws than Under the confederation then, no State could lethe 14th of July, 1832, "are unauthorized by the those it may choose to consideras constitutional. It gally annul a decision of the Congress, or refuse to Constitution of the United States, and violate the is true, they add, that to justify this abrogation of a submit to its execution; but no provision was made true meaning and intent thereof, and are null and law, it must be palpably contrary to the Constitu- to enforce these decisions. Congress made requisivoid, and no law," nor binding on the citizens of tion; but it is evident, that to give the right of re- tions but they were not complied with. The Gothat State or its efficers: and by the said Ordinance, sisting laws of that description, coupled with the vernment could not operate on individuals. They it is further declared to be unlawful for any of the uncontrolled right to decide what laws deserve that had no Judiciary, no means of collecting revenue. constituted authorities of the State or of the United character, is to give the power of resisting all laws. But the defects of the confederation need not be States to enforce the payment of the duties imposed For, as by the theory, there is no appeal, the rea- detailed. Under its operation we could scarcely be by the said acts within the same State, and that it sons alleged by the State, good or bad, must prevail. called a nation. We had neither prosperity at home is the duty of the Legislature to pass such laws as If it should be said that public opinion is a sufficient nor consideration abroad. This state of things could may be necessary to give full effect to the said Or-check against the abuse of this power, it may be not be endured, and our present happy Constitution asked why it is not deemed a sufficient guard a- was formed, but formed in vain, if this fatal doctrina dinance; AND WHEREAS, by the said Ordinance it is further gainst the passage of an unconstitutional act by Con- prevails. It was formed for important objects that ordained, that in no case of law or equity, decided gress. There is, however, a restraint in this last case, are announced in the preamble made in the name in the Courts of said State, wherein shall be drawn which makes the assumed power of a State more and by the authority of the people of the United in question the validity of the said Ordinance, indefensible, and which does not exist in the other. States, whose delegates framed, and whose convenor of the acts of the Legislature that may be pass. There are two appeals from an unconstitutional Act tions approved it. The most important among these ed to give it effect, or of the said laws of the passed by Congress-one to the Judiciary, the other objects, that which is placed first in rank, on which United States, no appeal shall be allowed to the to the People, and the States. There is no appeal all the others rest, is, " to form a more perfect Union." Supreme Court of the United States, nor shall any from the State decision in theory, and the practical il. Now, is it possible that even if there were no express copy of the record be permitted or allowed for that lustration shows that the courts are closed against an provision giving supremacy to the Constitution and purpose, and that any person attempting to take application to review it, both judge and jurors being laws of the United States over those of the Statessuch an appeal shall be punished as for a contempt sworn to decide in its favor. But reasoning on this can it be conceived, that an instrument made for the of Court; subject is superfluous when our social compact in purpose of "forming a more perfect Union," than And, finally, the said ordinance declares, that the express terms declares, that the laws of the United that of the confederation, could be so constructed by people of South Carolina will maintain the said Or- States, its Constitution and treaties made under it, the assembled wisdom of our country as to substitute dinance at every hazard; and that they will consider are the supreme law of the land-and for greater for that confederation a form of government depenthe passage of any act by Congress abolishing or caution adds, "that the judges in every State shall dent for its existence on the local interest, the party closing the ports of the said State, or otherwise ob. be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or spirit of a State, or of a prevailing faction in a State? structing the free ingress or egress of vessels to and laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." Every man of plain, unsophisticated understanding, from the said ports, or any other act of the Fede And it may be asserted without fear of refutation, who hears the question, will give such an answer as ral Government to coerce the State, shut up her that no Federative Government could exist without will preserve the Union. Metaphysical subtlety, in ports, destroy or harass her commerce, or to enforce a similar provision. Look for a moment to the con- pursuit of an impracticable theory, could alone have the said acts otherwise than through the civil tribu-sequence. If South Carolina considers the revenuo devised one that is calculated to destroy it. nals of the country, as inconsistent with the longer laws unconstitutional, and has a right to prevent I consider then the power to annul a law of the continuance of South Carolina in the Union; and their execution in the port of Charleston, there United State, INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE EXISTENCE OF that the people of the said State will thenceforth would be a clear constitutional objection to their col. THE UNION, CONTRADICTED EXPRESSLY BY THE LETTER hold themselves absolved from all further obligation lection in every other port, and no revenue could be OF THE CONSTITUTION, UNAUTHORIZED BY ITS SPIRIT, to maintain or preserve their political connection collected any where; for all imposts must be equal. INCONSISTENT WITH EVERY PRINCIPLE ON WHICH IT WAS with the people of the other States, and will forth. It is no answer to repeat, that an unconstitutional FOUNDED, AND DESTRUCTIVE OF THE GREAT OBJECT FOR with proceed to organize a separate Government. law is no law, so long as the question of its legality WHICH IT WAS FORMED. and do all other acts and things which sovereign and is to be decided by the State itself; for every law independent States may of right do; After this general view of the leading principle, operating injuriously upon any local interest, will be we must examine the particular application of it AND WHEREAS, the said Ordinance prescribes to perhaps thought, and certainly represented, as un. which is made in the Ordinance. the people of South Carolina a course of conduct, constitutional, and, as has been sl.own, there is no The preamble rests its justification on these in direct violation of their duty as citizens of the appeal. grounds:-It assumes as a fact, that the obnoxious United States, contrary to the laws of their coun- If this doctrine had been established at an earlier laws, although they purport to be laws for raising try, subversive of its Constitution, and having for day, the Union would have been dissolved in its in. revenue, were in reality intended for the protection its object the destruction of the Union-that Union, fancy. The excise law in Pennsylvania, the embar- of manufactures, which purpose it asserts to be unwhich, coeval with our political existence, led our go and non-intercourse law in the Eastern States, constitutional-that the operation of these laws is fathers, without any other ties to unite them than the carriage tax in Virginia, were all deemed uncon unequal that the amount raised by them is greater those of patriotism and a common cause, through a stitutional and were more unequal in their opera- than is required by the wants of the governmentsanguinary struggle to a glorious independence-tion than any of the laws now complained of; but and finally, that the proceeds are to be applied to obthat sacred Union, hitherto inviolate, which, per- fortunately none of those States discovered that jecte unauthorized by the Constitution. These are fected by our happy Constitution, has brought us they had the right now claimed by South Carolina, the only causes alleged to justify an open opposition by the favor of Heaven to a state of prosperity at The war into which we were forced, to support the to the laws of the country, and a threat of seceding from the Union, if any attempt should be made to thus procure redress. Congress may undoubtedly---this we do not allege, but because they have passed enforce them. The first virtually acknowledges, abuse this discretionary power, but the same may them with improper views. They are unconstitutional that the law in question was passed under a power be said of others with which they are vested. Yet from the motives of those who passed them, which we expressly given by the Constitution, to lay and col- the discretion must exist somewhere. The Consti- can never with certainty know---from their unequal lect imposts; but its constitutionality is drawn in tution has given it to the Representatives of all the operation, although it is impossible from the nature question from the motives of those who passed it.- people checked by the Representatives epresentatives of the States, of things that they should be equal--and from the disHowever apparent this purpose may be in the present and by the Executive power. The South Carolina position which we presume may be made of their procase, nothing can be more dangerous than to admit construction gives it to the Legislature or the Con. ceeds, although that disposition has not been declared. the position that an unconstitutional purpose, enter-vention of a single State, where neither the people tion This is the plain meaning of the Ordinance in rela to laws which it abrogates for alleged unconstitu tained by the members who assent to a law enacted of the different States, nor the States in their se. under a constitutional power, shall make that law parate capacity, nor the Chief Magistrate elected tionality. But it does not stop there. It repeals, in void; for how is that purpose to be ascertained?- by the people have any representation. Which express terms, an important part of the Constitution Who is to make the scrutiny? How often may bad is the most discreet disposition of the power ? itself, and of laws passed to give it effect, which have never been alleged unconstitutional. The Conpurposes be falsely imputed-in how many cases are I do not ask you, fellow citizens, which is the stitution declares that the judicial powers of the United they concealed by false professions-in how many constitutional disposition-that instrument speaks States extend to cases arising under the laws of the is no declaration of motive made? Admit this doc. a language that cannot be misunderstood; but United States, and that such laws, the Constitution, trine, and you give to the States an uncontrolled if you were assembled in General Convention, and Treaties, shall be paramount to the State Constiright to decide, and every law may be annulled under which would you think the safest depository of this tutions and laws. The judiciary act prescribes the this pretext. If, therefore, the absurd and danger-discretionary power in the last resort? Would you mode by which the case may be brought before a ous doctrine should be admitted, that a State may add a clause giving it to each of the States, or would Court of the United States, by appeal, when a State annul an unconstitutional law, or one that it deems you sanction the wise provisions already made by tribunal shall decide against this provision of the such, it will not apply to the present case. your Constitution? If this should be the result of Constitution. The Ordinance declares there shall be The next objection is, that the laws in question your deliberations when providing for the future, no appear---makes the State law paramount to the operate unequally. This objection may be made are you, can you be ready, to risk all that we hold Constitution and laws of the United States---forces with truth to every law that has been or can be dear, to establish, for a temporary and a local pur-judges and jurors to swear that they will disregard passed. The wisdom of man never yet contrived pose, that which you must acknowledge to be de. their provisions; and even makes it penai in a suitor a system of taxation that would operate with per- structive and even absurd as a general provision? to attempt relief by appeal It further declares, that fect equality. If the unequal operation of a law Carry out the consequences of this right vested in it shall not be lawful for the authorities of the United makes it unconstitutional, and if all laws of that the different States, and you must perceive that the States, or of that State, to enforce the payment of dudescription may be abrogated by any State for that crisis your conduct presents at this day would recur cause, then indeed is the Federal Constitution un- whenever any law of the United States displeased worthy of the slightest effort for its preservation. any of the States, and that we should soon cease to We have hitherto relied on it as the perpetual bond be a nation. ties imposed by the revenue laws within its limits. Here is a law of the United States, not even pretended to be unconstitutional, repealed by the authority of a small majority of the voters of a single State. Here is a provision of the Constitution, which is so lemnly abrogated by the same authority. On such expositions and reasonings the Ordinance grounds not only an assertion of the right to annul of our Union. We have received it as the work of fut the Ordinance, with the same knowledge of the trusted to it as to the sheet anchor of our safety in you that the proceeds of the tax will he unconstituthe stormy times of conflict with a foreign or do. tionally applied. If this could be ascertained with the laws of which it complains, but to enforce it by a mestic foe. We have looked to it with sacred awe certainty, the objection would, with more propriety, threat of seceding from the Union if any attempt is as the palladium of our liberties, and, with all the be reserved for the law so applying the proceeds, made to execute them. solemnities of religion, have pledged to each other but surely cannot be urged against the laws levying This right to secede is deduced from the nature of our lives and fortunes here, and our hopes of hap- the duty. the Constitution, which they say is a compact between piness hereafter, in its defence and support. Were These are the allegations contained in the Ordi- sovereign States, who have preserved their whole we mistakon, my countrymen, in attaching this im- nance. Examine them seriously, my fellow citizens, sovereignty, and therefore are subject to no superior; portance to the Constitution of our country? Was -judge for yourselves. I appeal to you to deter- that because they made the compact, they can break our devotion paid to the wretched, inefficient, elum mine whether they are so clear, se convincing, as to it, when, in their opinion, it has been departed from by sy contrivance, which this new doctrine would make leave no doubt of their correctness: and even if you the other States. Fallacious as this course of reasonit? Did we pledge ourselves to the support of an should come to this conclusion, how far they justify ing is, it enlists state pride, and finds advocates in the airy nothing, a bubble that must be blown away the reckless, destructive course, which you are di. honest prejudices of those who have not studied the by the first breath of disaffection? Was this self. rected to pursue. Review these objections, and the nature of our government sufficiently to see the radidestroying, visionary theory, the work of the pro- conelusions drawn from them, once more. What cal error on which it rests. found statesmen, the exalted patriots, to whom are they? Every law then for raising revenue, ac- The people of the United States formed the Conthe task of constitutional reform was entrusted? cording to the South Carolina Ordinance, may be stitution, acting through the State, Legislatures in Did the name of Washington sanction, did the rightfully annulled, unless it be so framed as no law making the compact, to meet and discuss its proStates deliberately ratify, such an anomaly in the ever will or can be framed. Congress have a right visions, and acting in separate conventions when history of of fundamental legislation? No; we were to pass laws for raising revenue, and each State has they ratified those provisions; but the terms used in not mistaken. The letter of this great instrument a right to oppose their execution-two rights direct. its construction, show it to be a government in is free from this radical fault: its language di. ly opposed to each other-and yet is this absurdity which the people of all the States collectively are rectly contradicts the imputation-its spirit, its evi. supposed to be contained in an instrument drawn represented. We are ONE PEOPLE in the choice of dent intent, contradicts it. No, we did not err! for the express purpose of avoiding collisions be. the President and Vice President. Here the States Our Constitution does not contain the absurdity tween the States and the general government, by an have no other agency than to direct the mode in of giving power to make laws, and another power assembly of the most enlightened statesmen and pur. which the votes shall be given. The candidates to resist them. The sages whose memory will al est patriots ever embodied for a similar purpose. having the majority of all the votes are chosen. ways be reverenced have given us a practical, and, In vain have these sages declared that Congress The electors of a majority of States may have given as they hoped, a permanent constitutional com- shall have the power to lay and collect taxes, duties, their votes for one candidate and yet another may pact. The Father of his country did not affix his imposts, and excises---in vain have they provided that be chosen. The people, then, and not the States, name to so palpable an absurdity. Nor did the they shall have power to pass laws which shall be are represented in the Executive branch. States, when they severally ratified it, do so under necessary and proper to carry those powers into exe- In the House of Representatives there is this the impression that a veto on the laws of the United cution, that those laws and that constitution shall be difference, that the people of one State do not, as in States was reserved to them, or that they could ex- the "supreme law of the land, and that the Judges in the case of President and Vice President, all vote ercise it by implication. The people of all the States their Conventions-examine the speeches of the most Search the debates in all every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the for the same officers. constitution or laws of any state to the contrary not-do not vote for all the members, each State electing zealous opposers of Federal authority-look at the withstanding." In vain have the people of the several only its own Representatives. But this creates no states solemnly sanctioned these provisions, made material distinction. When chosen, they are all amendments that were proposed-they are all silent them their paramount law, and individually sworn to representatives of the United States, not representa-not a syllable uttered, not a vote given, not a mo- support them whenever they were called on to execute tives of the particular State from which they come. tion made to correct the explicit supremacy given to any office. Vain provisions! ineffectual restrictions! They are paid by the United States, not by the State; the laws of the Union over those of the States-or vile profanation of oaths! miserable mockery of legis- nor are they accountable to it for any act done in to show that implication, as is now contended, could lation! If a bare majority of the voters in any one the performance of thier legislative functions; and defeat it. No-we have not erred! The Constitu- state may, on a real or supposed knowledge of the tion is still the object of our reverence, the bond of intent with which a law has been passed, declare however they may in practice, as it is their duty to our Union, our defence in danger, the source of our themselves free from its operation---say here it gives do, consult and prefer the interests of their particu prosperity in peace. It shall descend as we have too little, there too much, and operates unequally lar constituents, when they come in conflict with received it, uncorrupted by sophistical construction, here it suffers articles to be free that ought to be taxed any other partial or local interest, yet it is their fir t to our posterity; and the sacrifices of local interest, ---there it taxes those that ought to be free---in this and highest duty, as representatives of the United of State prejudices, of personal animosities, that case the proceeds are intended to be applied to purpo- States, to promote the general go good. were made to bring it into existence, will again be ses which we do not approve---in that, the amount patriotically offered for its support. The Constitution of the United States then forms raised is more than is wanted. Congress, it is true, a government, not a league; and whether it be formed The two remaining objections made by the Ordi. are invested by the Constitution with the right of de- by compact between the States, or in any other manciding those questions according to their sound discre- ner, character is the same. It is a government in nance to these laws are, that the sums intended to tion; Congress is composed of the representatives of which all the people are represented, which operates be raised by them are greater than are required, and all the States, and of all the people of all the states; directly on the people individually, not upon the that the proceeds will be unconstitutionally em- but we, part of the people of one state, to whom the States-they retained all the power they did not ployed. Constitution has given no power on the subject, from grant. But each State having expressly parted with The Constitution has given expressly to Congress whom it has expressly taken it away-we, who have so many powers as to constitute jointly with the oththe right of raising revenue and of determining the solemnly agreed agreed that this Constitution shall be our er States a single nation, cannot from that period possum the public exigencies will require. The States law---we, most of whom have sworn to support it--- sess any right to secede, because such socession does have no control over the exercise of this right, we now abrogate this law, and swear, and force others not break a league, but destroys the unity of a nation, other than that which results froin the power of to swear, that it shall not be obeyed. And we do this, and any injury to that unity is not only a breach changing the Representatives who abuse it, and not because Congress have no right to pass such laws which would result from the contravention of a come [See page 812.1 A TORNADO IN THE VALLEY OF THE Spectacles Exhibited at Rome by Julius Cæsar.-formed to a travelling trinket seller,) tampering with MISSISSIPPI. Never before, according to traditions which lasted the tattling tire-women, who (thus tempted) told A writer in the American Journal of Science through several generations in Rome, had there been that the templar had trespassed over the tower so vast a conflux of the human race congregated to threshold and triumphantly tarried there, talking gives an excellent article on the Origin, Exten-any one centre, on any one attraction of business with taste, talent, tact and tenderness to the tempt. sion and Continuance of Prairies. The extract or of pleasure, as to Rome on occasion of these spee-ing "treasure of the turret." This tantalizing tale on the tornado will be read with interest: tacles exhibited by Cesar In our days, the great- tormented the tyrant, who, throwing the traveller's est occasional gatherings of the human race are in travestie towards the terrified tire-women, trod the We have stated that hurricanes and whirl- India, especially at the great fair of the Hurdwar, tower-hall, traced the true lovers to their trellised winds, by their inroads upon the forests, are in the northern part of Hindostan; a confluence of turf terrace, and treacherously thrust his two-edged chiefly instrumental in forming prairies. many millions is sometimes seen at that spot, brought toledo at the templar, (then talking tranquilly to It is believed that hurricanes are not so fre-together under the mixed influences of devotion and Theresa ;) that tender girl transiently turned ere quent and so violent as formerly. For the last commercial business, and dispersed as rapidly as the threatened turpitude took effect, threw her taper 25 years particularly, they have diminished in they had been convoked. Some such spectacle of form towards Theodore, too late to transmute the number and energy. The signs of hurricanes, nations crowding upon nations, and some such Baby- terrible thoughts of the tyrant, whose thrust traver. previous to the year 1805, would indicate in lonian confusion of dresses, complexions, languages, sed the twain; and thus they tasted death together, their case, a frequency and violence unequalled and jargons, was then witnessed at Rome. Accom. a two-fold triumph to the terrific tempered Theobald. in any subsequent period. This triumph terminated tragically. Tristram, modations within doets' and under roofs of houses, or of temples, was altogether impossible. Myriads trenched benind thick trees, traced the thane of myriads lay stretched the ground, without even throughout this traitorous transaction, took aim the slight protection of ts, in a vast circuit about twice, though terror took from the truth of the first, In the year 1805 it happened to the writer to be roving on that most beautiful lawn, extending from Kaskaskia to Illinois, and which is the city. Multitudes of tren, even senators, and the shaft twisted into a tall tree;-twang!-this time called the American bottom. There was the others of the highest rank, were trampled to death the truer dart transfixes the tyrant, terminating his most charming alternation of prairie, and wood- in the crowds; and the whole family of man seemed turbulent thraldom. The tumultuous tones of two land, and while he was musing on the cause gathered together at the bidding of the Great Dicta- or three troopers on the turrets, made the trainband which gave rise to forests of grass, or cane, and tor.- [Blackwood's Magazine.] [From the Comic Offering for 1833.] A TRAGIC TALE TOLD TO A "Т."* throng towards the terrace to take Tristram to the torture; that trusty trooper turned tauntingly to them, throwing his truncheon triumphantly towards the tardily-tamed tyrant, just then the talismanic of stupendous oaks and cotton woods, he was roused, and his attention directed to a scene of unequalled grandeur and horror. It was a whirlwind that had crossed the Mississippi, and Two tired travellers tried to trace their track tone of thrilling trumpets told of timely aid, and was making its way through the swamp, until through the tangled thickets of Tewksbury; they twenty templer troops turned round the tower. it was near the charming prairie, which at that took two or three turnings through the trees, but The tragic tale terminates thus; because having moment afforded rest and comfort to a solitary their toilings there tended to tantalize them tho. already used every other kind of T, I could only de. pedestrian. By the irresistible force of the wind, roughly, by tempting them to traverse thorough. scribe the battle with Gunpowder T," which might fares that transiently turned (they thought) toward. affect the nerves of my fair readers; so here is an whole forest s were in a moment twisted from the town, then the turf terminated treacherously in end of the Tease. the ground, and when thrown from the mouth trackless thickets. Thus they tarried till twilight's of the vortex, such was the violent collision of thick gloom tended to increase their tribulation, SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.-tree against tree, that they were pounded into and to thwart their task; the taller traveller, a tem. The following is a list of the signers, with the pebillets and splinters. A sound of universal dis- plar, turning to the tired trooper that trustily tended riods of their death annexed respectively: tress burst forth from every quarter, and earth him, told him that 'twere better to trust themselves Button Gwinnet..... Georgia, Pennsylvania, Joseph Hewes...... North Carolina, and sky appeared to be blended. In a twink- to a temporary tent of trees, than to try the tedious beneath a tower whence a twinkling taper threw a In this tornado, as well as many that had be-tremulous light through the tracery window of a tall fore occurred in these countries on a smaller turret. Tristram's thundering "tattoo," summons scale, there was nothing to justify a belief with ed the timely aid of a train of torch-bearers; these Mr. Dunbar, " of a vortex with a central spot in took Theodore to the tower-hall, where his trance terminated to show him state of profound calm ;" or of Dr. Franklin, who supposed osed the "vortex of a whirlwind to be twenty, timidly tending him, and telling her tire. a a true vacuum." a transcendant beauty of women their different tasks for treating the sufferer. From the lake to the house was about two The toilet of the lady Theresa consisted of a tiffany tunic, tied with thread-gold tassels at the throat, hundred yards, between which stood a huge a taffety torquoise-colored train, a Turkish turban, cotton-wood tree of at least seven feet in diam- and transparent tissue veil thrown back from the eter, and more than one hundred feet in height. temples; 'twere tedious to try to transmit the tempt. It was observed when the vortex had nearly or ing traits that transfixed the templar's transported quite reached the tree, that the leaves and limbs gaze, as, with tremulous tongue, he tried to tell his began to point upwards, and at the same instant thanks; timidly she turned from the tender tone, her of time they were crushed, and ran together, wh twining, tendril-like tresses thrown aside betraying ich gave the appearance of a mock body, by the transient tint his tribute to this transcendant which the trunk seemed to be extended; but im- treasure had sent thrilling even to her throbbing mediately the trunk was twisted from the stump, temples and well-tuned throat. Theodore transported to the tesselated and tapesleaving about ten feet above ground, when, with a quickness, that the eye could not follow, tried throne-room, told to Theresa tales of the tent, the triumphant tilt and tournament; their tete-a-tete all ran through the throat of the vortex, and was tending frequently to tenderer themes; and ten days thrown out to float with others in the regions (tedious to Tristram, transient to Theodore) transported the trembling lover into the trothed of The above. Thomas Nelson, Jr.. Virginia, Benjamin Franklin.. Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman.....Connecticut, John Witherspoon..New Jersey, Virginia, Connecticut, New-Hampshire, Samuel Adams...... Massachusetts, Robert Morris Pennsylvania, George Wythe ..Virginia. Died, May 27, 1777 June 12, 1778 There was remaining of the stone chimney, resa. about one foot above ground, and not one of the Theobald the Thane, the tyrant of Tewksbury, stones removed was to be seen. Whether they kept the orphan Theresa in thrall, that timid girl were carried up in the vortex and thrown out tolerating the tutelage he had treacherously taken, by the circular impetus of the air, and deposited through terror of his temper. beyond the reach of observation, we were un- The time that the templar tarried at Tewksbury the Deelaration, on board a vessel bound to St. Eusable to determine. The water and mud of the Tower, the absent Thane traversed his vast tract of tatia, and nothing more is known of their fate. It lake were deposited on the field which contain- territory, ritory, th thinly tenanted through his thirst of thrift is supposed that the vessel was lost, and that all on ed the wheat, and from thence to the wood-land and tyrannic treatment to the tenants. Treacherous board perished. beyond the prairie in the direction of the torna- tempered, he trusted not to Theresa thoroughly, but do, was about three miles; on which land there took the trouble to turn back to the tower, (trans- The three most brilliant planets of our system, were to be found only the bodies of two of the (Venus, Jupiter, and Mars) may be seen between 5 * It may not at first be perceived that this article and 6 o'clock in the evening. Mars is in the east, horses and five or six of the cattle. This mighty is composed of words commencing with the letter near the Pleiades and about 18 degrees above the wreck was seen to pass to the north-west of St. "T," an occasional connecting word has been re. horizon; Jupiter nearly the same distance from the Louis, more than twenty miles above the plan-quired, but in the first sixty, for instance, only four meridian, and Venus in the west, about 12 degrees will be found which do not commence with a "T." from the horizon-so that as the observer faces the Thomas Jefferson... Virginia, Aug. 4, 1821 July 4, 1623 July 4, 1826 Nov. 4, 1832 * Mr. Lynch and his lady embarked, shortly after tation. |