OFFICE, 35 WALL-STREET. CONTENTS. Editorial Notices, &c.....481/ Results of Gen. Scott's ..493 Remarks on the present sys. 485 486 .488 tisements... .....490 Marriages and Deaths.....496 The Cholera...... Prices Current.. 495 496 The AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL is published at 35 Wall-street, New-York, at $3 a year, in advance. AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL. NEW-YORK, JULY 28, 1832. should have, in our new and vastly extended country will be common in this country, as it was thirty -at least not very soon, such roads as are to be years ago to predict that steamboats would make a found in Great Britain, where an immense population passage to Albany from this city in twenty-four and great wealth are concentrated in a small space; hours. yet we are decidedly of opinion, that "whatever We should be pleased to see, -nay, we hope some. is worth doing at all, is worth doing well," and there- public-spirited individual, or road company, will fore we are desirous to see improvements introduced construct a few miles, or even a single mile, of pure into our system-or rather want of system, of ma- McAdam road-for a sample to those who may king and repairing roads. hereafter desire to construct such roads. Upon some of our principal roads an amount has Why will not our city Corporation make an been expended sufficient to have McAdamized and experiment in some of our principal streets, not only kept them in repair; yet where is there a road in to set a good example to others, but that we may in this country that can stand three days of rain, or some measure be relieved from the incessant clatter that is proof against the frosts of winter? We know of carts and carriages passing over the horrid rough of none, nor shall we, until some other mode of con- pavements of our city? No one, we think, will doubt their entire superiority over pavements in structing be adopted. The examination of Mr. Goldsworthy Gurney, by Mr. McAdam says, that "the true principle of every respect, but more especially in the convenithe committee of the House of Commons, upon the road making is, that the road should be considered ence of being kept clean, as, when once consolidasubject of steam carriages upon common roads, will as an artificial flooring, forming a strong, smooth ted, it becomes one mass, and almost as smooth as With these remarks, and a few extracts on the be found in this number of the Journal. It is a and solid surface, capable of carrying great weight, a floor, and may be swept with great ease. document of much interest to those who have any without obstruction to the wheels." inclination to become acquainted with the improve- to be made of broken stone, without mixture of 484th and 485th pages, wo take leave of the subject ments of the present day. The inventors of steam earth, clay, or chalk, or any other matter which for this week. "The road is carriages have attained, in England, to a much will imbibe water, or be affected by frost." "The NEW-YORK AND ERIE RAILROAD.-A short time greater degree of perfection than is generally sup-form should be nearly flat," rising from side to cen- since, we announced to our readers that orders had posed in this country. They are not an uncom-tro, in a road of thirty feet wide, not more than been issued by the Secretary of the War Department mon sight, either in the city of London or the sur- from three to five inches, which will be sufficient to for a thorough survey of the route for this highly imcarry off the water, and yet carriages will not be in-portant national work. We are now under the rounding country. They are thus far only used for earrying passengers; but we have little doubt that commoded by the crown of the road. The bed of necessity of informing them that those orders have they will eventually be used in some parts of the road should be made smooth with an iron rake, been countermanded by the President of the United Great Britain for transporting the mail, as well as to receive the materials of which it is to be com. States. Of the cause of this countermand we are passengers; and possibly also, light articles of mer. posed, broken so as that none shall exceed in weight not informed; but suppose it is in consequence of chandize, which may require speed, as on roads near-six ounces and of course a great proportion of the unconstitutionality, in his opinion, of the mealy level, they will probably attain to the velocity of them will be much smaller-which are to be strew-sure. from seven to twelve miles, and, in some instances, ed over the surface with a shovel in layers of three It is much to be regretted that the corporators even to twenty miles per hour. or four inches each in thickness, to the depth of should have thu's been disappointed, and the survey MCADAM ROADS.-This subject, although for some ten or twelve inches. After it shall have been com- of course delayed, as the season is far advanced, and time delayed, has been by no means forgotten. It pleted, and carriages commenced running upon it, no other measures have been taken-in consequence is, in our opinion, one of great importance to this an attentive, careful man should be constantly of the favorable answer which was returned to their country, and should therefore be better understood. smoothing the surface until it becomes consolida-application. They are now, in truth, where they Several extracts have been published by us, and it ted, to prevent the formation of ruts; and he says were three months ago,--without engineers; and was our intention to have continued them at shorter that a road so constructed will become impervious we fear, the season will pass away without effecting intervals; but we found other matters more imme. to water-which will pass off into the ditch at the any thing, although it was highly important that a diately in our line, which demanded, as we thought, side, and of course it will never be affected by rain survey should be made this season. It is to be hoped our first attention. Those being in a measure dis- or frost. Upon such roads we may transact busi- that measures will be taken immediately to effect a posed of, we now return to, and shall frequently ness with great facility: a pair of horses will then survey, of a part at least, if the whole cannot be speak of, and publish, extracts from a work upon the take two tons, as easy as they now take one; and if done, before the e nsuing winter. subject at the head of this article. the elevations are of moderate inclination, steam car The ship Herald 1, at this port from Liverpool, has There is, perhaps, no branch of business, or rather riages may, with great ease, be used instead of stage on board a Locomotive Steam Engine, for the Baltino general system, of so much importance to the coaches, for carrying the mail, and for most other more and Susqueh: Inna Railroad.- [Baltimore Amecommunity, which is so unskilfully performed in purposes. It would not be, in our opinion, so great rican.] this country, as that of road making. We do not a stretch of imagination to predict that, in twenty The Salem Gazet te calls the double marriage of expect, for it is not in the nature of things that we years' time, steam-carriages upon McAdam roads Lieut. Seton, at Hei 'l Gate, a twice laid rope, STEAM CARRIAGES ON COMMON ROADS. Extract from a Report to the House of Commons Are you the proprietor of a steam carriage used on public roads ? Not the proprietor; I am the pa tentee. Juntil after its return; the carriage was also injured taking a wheel of five feet diameter off the axle, and From the experiments you have made, with a On what roads have you commenced running such carriages? I have commenced on several of the boilers since 1825? We have altered and the weight to be drawn and the velocity required, roads. The first road I commenced was Edgeware, changed in the mechanism only; the principle has what diameter of propelling wheel do you think then Stanmore; I ran there for a short time only; been invariably adhered to; the present carriage is will be generally used? Five fest; the piston of principally experimentally; then to Barnet, te deprived of its chimney, and a variety of other dis- the engine should not travel more than two miles Edgepaleto intend other placareta deschid Have you made any alteration in the formation view to proportion the diameter of the wheels with and a half per hour; therefore we may multiply ran a carriage on my own account to Bath and Has your principle, with respect to all, remained from this rate to any speed we please. back; that was only one journey; an experimentai the same? Precisely the same. journey. Since that they have been running as What is the breadth of the tire of your present How far have you improved the formation of your wheel? None less than two inches; but in late public stages, principally between Gloucester and working carriage as to weight? The weight was experiments we found a wide tire more desirable Cheltenham. For what poriod? Sinou Foliumy last. Thuy dieuuringu a principal objection to the practical application of than a narrow one, and we have increased it to about were stopped about three weeks, in consequence of weighed four tons; this was objectionable on ac-is no increase of power necessary with a wide wheel, inge of a given power tree inches and a half in width, we find that there an accident to one of the axle trees; they were to be. count of its weight, which wasseverely felt in con- but I gin about this time. think, on the contrary rather less. We have Have you been yourself on these carriages while would injure the roads, which injury would produce in power, but the difference is so slight, that it is sequence of its effect on the roads. I thought it not been able to decide positively the true variation they have been running? Yes; in the first instance, a toll that would perhaps injure the economy of it: not perceptible. I almost always accompanied the earriage. No 3, weighed four tons; No. 4, weighed three State in detail the progress which you have made tons, with the same power; No. 5, two tons, with of coaches? I think about two inches; in a pri. What is the ordinary width of the tire of wheels in bringing these carriages to their present improved the same power; the present carriages building will vate carriage rather under two, and in stage coaches state? I must beg to have reference to the draw-not weigh more than 35 cwt. with the same power. over two inches. ings. [1he witness produced the drawings, Nos. 1, What does the carriage which runs between Glou. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.] This first drawing, No. 1, was cester aud Cheltenham weigh? By a letter from velling engine? Twelve nominal steam engine Of how many horse power is your ordinary tra. the first experiment I made connected with the sub. the magistrate, now produced, it is stated to weigh horse power; to work eight hours it takes the com. ject, in which I conceived I had removed the diffi- nearly three tons; it ought to weigh only 45 cwt.; mon stage coach 32 hours; an engine propelling the culty of driving steam carriages on common roads, if it weighs three tons, there is extra weight, of same weight for eight hours should be considered a by inventing a light and powerful boiler, of which which I know nothing. This which I produce a 32 horse power, according to the rule laid down by this is a representation. The application of that sketch of, marked No. 6, weighs 35 cwt. and it has engineers, but this is not true as to locomotive enboiler will be seen in No. 2. The boiler itself is the same power. Those carriages at Gloucester gines. not represented on the carriage in this drawing, but were built principally under the superintendence of Taking your latest improvement, to what num. simply the engine, and the modes of propelling the another person. carriage. This was in the year 1825. It was then a very prevalent opinion that the bite or friction of the weight of the travelling carriage alone, without the road; 35 cwt. will be about 3 1-2 horses' work When you state the weight of 35 ewt. you mean think about 10 cwt. will do the work of a horse on ber of draught horses would it be equivalent ? I the power to the ground was not sufficient to propel the weight of the passengers, or the carriage along a common road, particularly up or water? the weight of fuel always. hill; it was thought that the wheel would turn round, reduce the weight considerably as improvements go and a half at a timo on the road? Yes, in each Yes, just so; I think it is possible to You mean that it will displace about three horsos and the carriage not proceed. With that view, the ap. on. I have a carriage now building which I do not stage it will displace 3 1-2 or 4 horses, and about 30 paratus shown in this figure, No. 2, which I call feet expect will weigh above five cwt., which is expected horses in eight hours. Is that in practice, or in idea? Practice. whole is on springs. What is the weight of an ordinary stage coach? plied the power immediately to the two hind wheels most conveniently? I think about seven miles. Into what stages would you divide your journeys through a crank, in the common mode of a steamboat, the propellers being also fixed, but travelling for such a stage? The fuel and water will be in What weight of fuel and water would you lay in I think slower than the wheels, were brought into action if proportion to the size and power of the carriage. riage suficiently powerful to draw a carriage conWhat would be the weight of your engino carthe wheels slipped, which it was thought would be For a machine, weighing 35 cwt., marked by you taining 18 persons? The weight of the propelling the case in difficult situations. This carriage went No. 6, what weight of fuel and water would you ro. carriage would be about the weight of the horses; up Highgate hill in 1826, and in Edgeware, c. also to quire? Three bushels and a half of Stanmore, and went up Stanmore hill, and Brock-tity we take to supply this distance, and the first that of a carriage drawn by horses, and I find the ley hill, near Stanmore, and against all those hills charge two bushels; the first charge always remain weight of a horse to average about 10 cwt.; there. the wheels never turned, and the legs never came ing, it decreases of course down to the first charge, fore, taking four horses at 10 cwt, the four horses into action. This is No. 3. After these experi. and taking the mean, it will be 3 3.4. The weight would be two tons, which is somewhere about the ments, the legs or propellers were entirely removed, of water at present I think is about 10 gallons a weight of my carriage; to do the same work, some and from further experiment it was found, by a po- mile which is consumed, that would be 70 gallons, a horses weigh as much as 16 ewt. some considerably culiar application of the steam, (namely, by wire gallen weighing about 10 lbs., making 700 lbs.; the loss than 10 cwt. drawing.") that the bite of one of the hind wheels mean of this will give the quantity. If the roads Have you examined the effect on the roads of the was sufficient for all common purposes. If the are good it doos not take so much, we can do with propelling wheels of your carriage? As far as steam was let on suddenly, the wheel would turn almost half the quantity; if the roads are bad we am enabled to judge, I should say that they did not round, and the carriage not go forward; but when must take the whole quantity, and the mean will be more injury than any other carriage of the same si wire drawn, one wheel was found sufficient. By 350 lbs. this arrangement, also, the carriage was guided more Will you state the progressive alterations you have weight. I have taken the loss of iron from the weight; I mean the carriage itself, weight for accurately and more easily. The second wheel made in the diameter of your wheel, and the breadth tires of the wheels, and compared it with that of the was applied by uniting it with the crank at any time, of the tire? The diameter of the wheel has general if one was found insufficient. ntly been the same, about five feet. In general, were the wheels connected together, What difference is there between the fore and hind loss from other carriages running the same number of miles, and I found the loss the same nearly. Javel turn? If it does, it is either imperfect or the fault Do you find that the wheel never slides in the of the engineer; if the steam is wire drawn (using To the technical term) it never does so; if the steam is laid on saddenly on the engines, it acts like a per or had they an independent motion? Always one wheels? About a foot in diameter difference; about the axle,) and can be attached to the wheel at plea. hammer. The carriage, of course, would not be pro. sure by a bolt, making the wheel also in that case a matter of option. Do the wheels follow in the same track? That is cussion, and affects the wheels as if struck with a part of the axle. This carriage, I should observo, ran to Barnet, and went up all the hills to Barnet, which travels between Cheltenham and Gloucester? The committee understand that they do not in that in 1827, with one wheel only attached to the axle, Perhaps that is the case there; it is a matter of con- tions of these carriages, does the wheel slide in that and was run for about eighteen months experimen. venience in some experiments. I have built them way frequently? It may sometimes at starting for tally in the neighborhood of London. From these with three wheels only, one wheel in front, and in an instant, but never on the road unless it in experiments showing that one wheel was sufficient some, as in No. 3, with six wheels; my present car. over weighted; I mean, if it has an over weight at sea to propel the carriage, and the carriage being at the riage has only four. same time reduced two thirds in weight, it was thought desirable to draw another carriage, instead in the same track with the fore wheels? Yes; There is no smoke unless any smoky matter gets Do the hind wheels of your present carriage follow of to carry on the same; that will be seen in No 5. those carriages now building will do so; the hind accidentally into the fire, the fuel being coke; of Is there much smoke created by your carriage ?This carriage went to Bath, and over all the hil's wheels will be nearer to each other than in many course there will be smoke if there are coals.majda between Cranford bridge and Bath, and returned others. with only one wheel attr.ched to the axle; the other carrier, by means of attachment, having bro- pelling wheels of your new earriage? What diameter do you propose to make the pro. Yes, but not openly; the steam is allowed to es. Are you frequently obliged to let off steam 3en in the first onset, ap.d not having been repaired have them about five feet. I would observe, that by I propose to cape from the safety valve into a chamber ly constructed, which prevents any nuisance from it. peculiari Dung Linoitaniyami 23 daje tached to it. wift beer To lub s vaimuos sist ameter. There is no annoyance either from smoke or I think 16 to 18 inches; the crank is half that. I In the further progress of the improvement of steam? There is no annoyance either from smoke may state here, that I have had accidents of break- this description of carriage, do you suppose that or steam, when the engine is perfect. ing the crank two or three timos during my experi- greater weight will be drawn, by adding to the num. Have you found that horses are more liable to be ments: the last crank was broken in consequence ber of carriages, or by increasing the size of the frightened by passing your carriages, than passing of going through some rough stones laid unusually one carriage drawn? The carriage drawn with its other carriages? As far as my own observation thick; I understand as much as 18 inches deep. load should never excced three tons, and the carriage goes, I should say about the same. I have travellad What do you anticipate will be the most frequent to draw it should never exceed the weight I have with a carriage, I think, five years, more or less, accident which will happen to your drawing ma- previously stated, about two tons or 50 cwt.; it is every week. I have been very frequently in the chines? I should say the derangement of the possible to draw more than one carriage on good public streets of London, and also in the private and pumps is most likely to occur, in consequence of roads, but I do not think it would be a circumstance public roads in the country; I have certainly seen which the carriage would merely stop. horses shy often, but never saw a horse make a dead During the experiments you have been making, stand. of common occurrence. What have the chief inconveniences been that you have you frequently had your tubes burst? Very have met with on your journies? The principal inIs there a very peculiar noise attending the mo. often. conveniences we have met with have been minor de. tion of your engine carriage? The noise of wire Do you conceive you have remedied the proba. rangements of some part of the machinery, such as drawing, &c. is at the will of the engineer; if the bility of such occurrence? Yes; the first tubes we the valves of the pump being deranged, or tanks carriage should make a noise, he has the means of used were iron gas tubes, which were not welded, leaking, or something of that kind. I never met stopping the noise; but there ought not to be any but simply "butted" together. The consequence with any serious accident, except perhaps the first disagreeable noise. was, that whenever any great pressure came upon accident in going up Highgate Hill, which was five Must not the noise proceed from the imperfection them the seam opened: but from practica and ex. voare ar The carriage was not than comploto in of the works? Yes, and that only. perience we found it necessary to wrap over, or reference to dragging; I went up the hill contrary Do you attribute the startling of horses to the overlap the odges, and weld them from end to end; to the expectations of every body present, and the peculiar noise of the engine, or to its unusual ap. and now we are not subject to those accidents. workmen were so delighted at it that thuy neg pearance? I think it must be from its unusual ap- What is the diameter of the tubes of your boiler? lected to lock the wheel; the carriage was started pearance. It appears from an observation on the We make them from half an inch to two inches; down the hill without any drag to it; it became dif. carriages at Cheltenham, made in this committee, to the best size, I think, is an inch diameter. ficultly manageable, and ran against a stone and have been more troublesome than any where else. To what pressure per square inch do you prove was upset. This is the only accident I have ever Those carriages were made with curtains, to inclose them? To about 800 lbs.; I think they would bear experienced myself. I believe Sir Charles Danco persons who might ride in them, and the carriage al. 2,000 lbs. once upset the carriage in a first essay. Those are together rather more outrê in its appearance; from What is the greatest pressure they would bear? the only accidents of the kind I am aware of. the flapping of these curtains, or some circumstan. It is impossible to say. I have never been able to It has been stated that one of your engines has ces of that kind, the horses have been startled, or ac. burst one when well made, when lapped and welded. blown up at Cheltenham; is that the case? I am cidents have occurred there. Are you aware that there is an imperfection in the carriage at Cheltenham, which is stated to oc. About 70 lbs. casion noise? I have not seen much of these carriages; I was never at Cheltenham but twice or thrice, and then but for a short time. What is the average pressure on the boiler per not aware of that; I rather believe that the lifting square inch, in your ordinary rate of travelling? of the safety valve when the carriage stops is considered to be a bursting, which I think must be so in And you have tried the tubes to 800? Yes; we this statement. I saw the carriages, the day after sometimes may work up to 100 lbs. and 120 lbs.; the accident of the crank breaking, where it is statbut that is a case of great emergeney. ed to have burst, and certainly the carriage had not What have you found to be the effect of the What is the greatest possible pressure it will be blown up then; nothing more than the safety valve wheels on a very rough road full of ruts? If you exposed to? Never more than 130 lbs.; the safety had lifted. I came to Cheltenham the day after the start the carriage from a rut, it takes more power; valve blows at 70 lbs. to the inch; it is generally on accident occurred. but when the carriage is in motion, the momen- the lift on a level hard road. I do not think that the What was the nature of the accident which octum takes it over all the inequalities with the usual pressure is more than 20 lbs. to an inch on the piston. curred? The breaking of one of the cranks, occaforce. Is it likely that persons would ordinarily work sioned by the extra difficulty the carriage was placed Do you find that when the propelling wheel gets with the safety valve on the lift? Yes; or nearly in; new stones were laid in a hollow of the road, I into a rut, the first power it exerts is in sliding?- so sometimes. am teld about 18 inches deep; the carriage had gone Frequently; and sometimes it will be necessary to Is there not a waste of fuel when you work on the through it twice with twenty passengers; the third attach the two wheels, for one wheel will not be lift? It will be in proportion to the escape of steam time it fractured the axle, from the extra force nesufficient to get it out of that difficulty. The engi. from the safety valve; the pressure on the boiler is cessary to get it through; the road was in an ununeer, in such case, attaches a second wheel by the 70 lbs.; on the engine frequently it does not exceed sual state; I saw the passengers of a four horse bolt, and I have never known a situation yet, in 20 lbs. to an inch; and when I was asked the pres- coach get down in the stones. I was told at the which a carriage with both wheels attached will not sure I worked at, I supposed the question referred to time, by people of great respectability, that all the get out. I have seen it in a clay pit eight inches the pressure on the piston collectively. two horse coaches invariably put down their passen. deep propel itself through, having sunk through the What is the thickness of your tubes? The thick-gers; that the mail was stopped; that there were, upper surface of gravel in a yard. ness of the iren is about the eighth of an inch. two wagons and two coaches in the stones stopped When you attach the second wheel, is the in. What is the thickness of your working cylinder? at the same time, and that they were obliged to excreased power owing to the more favorable situa. It is about three quarters of an inch; it has also change their horses to get through tion of the cranks? The power of the engine re- ribs round it. Has any other accident occurred to that carriage mains the same, but the application of it is doubled Of what metal is your working cylinder formed? except that you have now stated? Nothing that I by friction. Cast iron; we have worked gun metal, but cast iron am aware of material. Suppose that both wheels were in the rut? Happears to be best.. Have the wheels of your carriages frequently have seen both wheels in a rut. In the case I have Have you found that there is great facility in canght fire? Never; I saw the three carriages the just spoken of they were both in a rut; in a differ- guiding those carriages? I have always found the day after the accident; neither one had taken fire, ent state of weather, the effect, hold, or bite, on the most perfect command in guiding them. I am sorry such an idea should for a moment exist; wheels, is very different; if the state of the road is Supposing you were going at your ordinary rate I think it has been occasioned by misconceptien or between half wet and half dry, it is more apt to of eight miles an hour, could you stop immediately, prejudiced misstatements. slide; and, in some instances, with a heavy weight or would the carriage run for any distance? In case Is the construction of your boiler and of your fire attached, we are obliged to go with bath wheels of emergency, we might instantly throw the steam place such, that it is impossible for the carriage to locked, when the same weight would have been on the reverse side of the pistons, and stop within a catch fire? 1 Selieve it to be impossible. taken by one wheel only in very wet or dry weather. few yards. The stop of the carrriage is singular; You have state, that you require to charge your Is it only in starting that that difficulty occurs? it would be supposed that the momentum would car-engine once in seven miles? Yes; to charge the Only in starting on a level or slight incline; but ry it far forward, but it is not so; the steam brings tank with water, and take fresh fuel. up hills we have sometimes been obliged to attach it up gradually and safely, though rather suddenly. Do you anticipate, in the course of your experiboth wheels; the bite only from the one wheel being Supposing you were going at the rate of eight ence, that you would be aute to overcome that in. not sufficient to propel a load behind it. miles an hour, can you say at what number of yards convenience of being obliged to charge so frequentWhat is the operation of the propelling wheel it would be possible to stop? I would say within ly? We can now go double the distance; but we when it meets with the obstruction of a large stone six or seven yards. should have a weight of water and a weight of on the road? If the difficulty is so great that the Ilow would you manage on a declivity? On a fuel, a greater expense to carry than if we tako in carriage cannot advance, it slips on the stone; but declivity we are well stored with apparatus; we one charge at seven mile stages. I have blocked up the wheels of the carriage with have three different modes of dragging the carriage. Are the wheels you ordinarily travel with four square pieces of wood four inches in diameter and You have stated that you found no difficulty in inches wide on the tire? From three and a half to started it when so blocked up. guiding the drawing carriage, or any difficulty in four inches. In proportion to the size of such obstruction there guiding the carriage which is drawn? Not the Have you any information to give to the commit. is liability in the crank to break? Certainly; but least; it is peculiarly connected, so that the fore tee in relation to the relative wear of the tire of the cause which occasions a crank to break is one wheels of the carriage drawn follow the tracks of wheels and the shoes of he rses? That is a new which cannot be explained on common principles; the hind-wheels of the steam carriage drawing, horse shoe (producing one), a nd this is a shoe of the it frequently happens, as in steamboats, and very of. although making a circle of 15 feet diameter, which same size, worn on the street: of London nine days > ten in this carriage, when the power applied to it is is a singular property. the shoe has lost about 18 ou, uces. not equal to its being broken, the accident occurs, In what circle do you think you could turn both Have you any means of ast tertaining how many and must be referred to a jar or percussion; the ax. carriages? In a circle of ten feet, the inner di hours a day it had been out? The horse ran in a les are unusually large in consequence. cab; it was out a certain numi ber of hours; I think What is the threw of the crank? Half the diam- Supposing you were going at the rate of eight three or four hours each day; the smith was taking eter of the stroke of the engine; eight inches and a miles an hour, in what inner circle do you suppose off the shoe which had been worn, and putting on half to nine inches. you could turn? I should be very sorry to attempt the other, when I asked 'nim to let me have them. With a wheel of five feet diameter, what is the to turn within a small circle. I think I might say, The difference betweer the wear and tear of tires throw of your crank? About nine inches. probably it might safely be done in one of 100 feet and horse shoes on the roads in the neighborhood What is the length of the stroke of your cylinder? diameter. of London are in the proportions of about thres 1 fourths on the shoes, and one-fourth on the tires; taxed? I have fifty four, which I now produce. I estimate of the expense of running a steam coach, but in London, over the streets, about seven-eighths understood there are others. and one-eighth. I would observe that on r ilroads, Have any of them passed into a law? Yes, some will prepare them. where horses draw the carriages, the expense of of them have. and one of running an ordinary coach? Yes, I At what rate do you suppose it would be safe to keeping the horse roads is so great, that the propri- In your opinion, what proportion of the tolls run steam carriages on the public reads ? I have etors frequently go to a great expense to pave them. should horses and carriages be chargeable with ?- run them safely eighteen and twenty mines an hour; From Cheltenham to Gloucester, for instance, and Taking the average of the amount of tolls through. but twelve miles an hour is perfectly safe and prac in many other parts of England, this is the case. I out the country, it will be found that where a horse ticable. The rate will be determined by practice would also call the attention of the committee to pays a penny not drawing, he pays about three pence principally: in directing the carriage at present some parts of London, where the horses and the when he is drawing. In that case, the toll upon there is no difficulty or danger in guiding the carwheels continue to pass over the same ground re- the coach is nominally put upon the horse (it says, riage at this rate. spectively, as in Wych-street; and I would submit se many horses drawing :) four horses drawing will Would there not be danger in passing a carriage the importance of the committee referring to the be a shilling; four horses passing through, not draw-drawn by horses? If the engineer was careless it expense of keeping the towing-paths of canals in ing, will be four pence; in some cases it is three might be, but not with care; a mail-coach travels repair, where only horses, and comparatively few, half pence a horse when not drawing, and sixpence far beyond that at times. travel ever them. At this moment, those are the when drawing; but in general the proportions ap- You make your wheels cylindrical? They must only means enabling me to speak to the relative pear to be, three eighths the toll placed upon the bo cylindrical, for they turn with the axles. wear and tear. horse, and five eighths upon the carriage; three half None of yours are less than three inches now? Have you used your carriages on pavements?- pence a horse not drawing, gives three fourths; but No; three inches to three and a half, even where Yes; never to run continually en a pavement, but the mean is about three eighths and five eighths; so the carriage weighs two tons weight. REMARKS ON THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF ROAD-MAKING. to run in and out of towns. that the toll is virtually about five eighths on the car. Do they run υασίνι pavements than on ordi-riage, and three eighths on the horse. I have provinary roads? Yes; they only take about a quarter ously stated that I have had horses weighed, and the power on a pitched pavement, that is, a quarter found the average about 10 cwt. each horse; there- By John Loudon McAdam, Esq. General Surveyor of Roads, &c. of the power they would over a gravelled road. fore, if a steam engine weighs 10 cwt. it should pay During nearly five years that the writer has given In the progress of this improvement, do you an- only as one horse when it passes through not draw- his whole attention to the improvement of the Turnticipate that it will be necessary to adapt some por-ing, and as one horse drawing when it has any thing pike Roads, experience having confirmed his ideas tion of the turnpike road to carriages of this de- attached to it. A 10 cwt. steam engine cannot pro on the subject, no endeavors have been spared to exscription, or do you think they can be put into ope- pel more than one horse can draw: theretore the ration on the turnpike roads as they are now exist. weight drawn cannot exceed a certain quantity. If tend the benefits which have already resulted to the Bristol district, over the whole country. The very ing? I think they can be put into operation on the the weight of the engine exceeds 10 cwt. and not limited means possessed by any individual for influturnpike roads as they are now existing; I have no twenty, it should payas two horses; if it exceeds doubt at all about it. 20 and not 30, it should pay as three horses; if 30 encing this important branch of domestic economy. draw a You do not anticipate the necessity of paved ewt, and not exceed 40, it should pay as four horses, roads being made for the purposes of those car- and so on. riages? As far as economy goos, in the expense of Practically, horses power, it may be desirable; but for the practical ap- weight of 30 cwt.? Yes, sometimes, but 15 cwt. a plication of the steam it is not necessary. has occasioned frequent attempts to convey instruc. never been entirely successful; it being impossible to to obtain any just ideas of it, beyond the first principles, from books. tions for road making in writing. This method has drawing frequently acquire a mechanical art without actual practice; or horse is the usual weight. I have always felt a Can any proportion be drawn between the fric. great anxiety that the weight of the steam engine tion occasioned by the horses' feet and the tire of should not injure the road, and I have felt desirous the wheel? I do not see how it is possible to do of not introducing it until it was reduced; and 1 so, unless you take the loss or abrasion of the two now cheerfully admit, that if the weight of the loco- smooth, solid surface, at once eapable of carrying metals respectively, in a given quantity of work or motive exceeded 60 cwt., which is the weight of the miles travelled over. present loaded stage coaches, with the passengers Have you any practical experience in the repair and their luggage, there should be a very heavy toll of turnpike roads? I have had my attention turned put on them. I would also propose that it my wheels to it, connected only with this subject. I have are wider than four inches, the tolls should be less; seen the great expense of keeping towing paths and if they are six inches, then they should be still less; horse paths in repair; and I have seen the great ex- but taking the principle of 10 cwt. of iron and coppouse of keeping the streets in repair, where horses per to do the work of one horse, and that it should alone travel; and I have seen the great wear and pay the same tolls, and that no weight of steam cartear of iron shoes, when compared with the wheels riage should be admitted above 60 cwt. on the road, of carriages. These principles are, that a road ought to be con sidered as an artificial flooring, forming a strong, great weight, and over which carriages may pass without meeting any impediment. Directions for Repair of an Old Road, being the substance of a communication made to a Committee of the Honorable House of Commons in 1811, and published with the Report by order of the House with additions and alterations, deduced from actual practice during the last three years. 1st February, 1819. No addition of materials is to be brought upon a I certainly should myself be content, and as I can. road, unless in any part of it be found that there is Have you any plan to submit for fixing the tolls not for a moment imagine that the 10 cwt. running not a quantity of clean stone equal to ten inches in on steam carriages? The plan I should propose on feur wheels can do so much harm as 10 cwt.car- thickness. would be, if I may be allowed the term, that an iron ried on four feet, that the interests of turnpike The stone already in the road is to be loosened up horse of the same weight as one of flesh and bones trusts would be fairly preserved by such a scale of and broken, so as no piece shall exceed six ounces should pay the same toll; and taking one horse to tolls. in weight. The road is then to be laid as flat as possible, a rise of three inches from the side to the centre is sufficient for a road thirty feet wide. The stones when loosened in the road are to be gathered off by means of a strong heavy rake, with weigh 10 cwt. that for every 10 cwt. the steam car- What is the amount of toll charged between riage weighs, it should pay the sametoll as one horse Gloucester and Cheltenham? Five shillings and pays; altho' I do not not admit that the same weight sixpence, carried on four wheels will do as much mischief as on What would be charged on a four horse coach? four hoofs. If we take the turnpike acts, and look Two shillings and eight pence. at the comparative rate of tolls charged when a horse Your steam carriage, according to the last im- teeth two and a half inches in length, to the side of is drawing, and when he is not drawing, I shall be. provement, weighs 35 cwt. without the weight of the road, and there broken, and on no account are I conceive, borne out in my position. persons to direct it? Yes, and without the weight of stones to be broken on the road. Can you point to any clause in private bills which the fuel. When the great stones have been removed, and press more than you conceive they should on steam Do you not consider that the steam carriages would none left in the road exceeding six ounces, the road carriages? There is one, the Liverpool and Pres- be applicable not only to the moving carriages at is to be put in shape, and a rake employed to smooth cot road bill, this session, charging a toll per horse a rapid rate, but also to moving certain weights at a the surface, which will at the same time bring to the power, which it is difficult to determine. My objec- slower pace? I think it is possible, but it would be surface the remaining stone, and will allow the dirt tion to that is, that if the horse pover is taken as the very expensive, because I find that when you get to go down. nominal engine horse power, a team coach would below a rate of four miles an hour, the expense in When the road is so prepared, the stone that has have to pay 21. 8s. where a stage coach pays only 4s. fuel is greater than the expense in horses; if the been broken by the side of the road is then to be a toll. The next is the Bethgate, near Edinburgh rate exceeds four miles an hour, then it is cheaper, carefully spread on it-this is rather a nice opera. road, where the toils are on weight, and an engine and it becomes cheaper geometrically over horses as tion, and the future quality of the road will greatly of three tons (about the usual weight of a loaded you get up. depend on the manner in which it is performed. The four horse stage coach) would have to pay about 11. What is the greatest weight which you conceive stone must not be laid on in shovels full, but scatter7s. 1d. when tour Lorses would have to pay 5s. The your steam carriages could draw after them on a ed over the surface, one shovel full following anoth. next is the Ashburn and Totness road bill, where evel road at the rate of four miles an hour, the er, and spreading over a considerable space. 21. would be charged on the steam carriage and the carriage weighing two tons? Every 10 cwt. in the Only a small space of road should be lifted at carriage attached, being 5s. on each wheel; four engine would draw what one horse could draw, so once; five men in a gang should be set to lift it all horses, at the same rate, would have to pay 3s. The that two tons would as much as four horses. across: two men should continue to pick up and rake next is the Teignmouth and Dawlish roads; they Will the rate of tells you have remarked in the off the large stones, and to form the read for receiv. are in the proportion of 21. and 12s. bills you have produced, prohibit the use of steam ing the broken stone, the other three should break What is the most favorable instance to stean, coaches on these roads? Certainly. stones-the broken stone to be laid on as soon as carriages ? The Metrop olis roads, near London, charge ls. for four horses What do you calculate to be the comparative ex- the piece of road is prepared to receive it, and then and 2s. for the steam car- pense of running a steam carriage and running a break up another piece; two or three yards at one riage and the one drawn. I complain of that because coach with four horses? That varies in different lift is enough. it limits me to a particula ar kind of carriage. I am situations, according to the price of coke and the The proportioning the work among the five men building one which will not weigh more than 5 cwt. price of labor. It is in all cases considerably less, at must of course be regulated by the nature of the and carry only two or three persons, and it would east one-half less. road; when there are many very large stones, the be excessive to have to pay 2s. There is no reduction if it is no bigger t You anticipate that the principal use of steam three breakers may not be able to keep pace with the han a wheel-barrow; being carriages will be the conveyance of passengers, and two men employed in lifting and forming, and when propelled by machinery, it will be charged double. at one half the expense at which they travel now? there are few large stones the contrary may be the How many private alls have been introduced this Yes; and in lees time. case of all this the Surveyor must judge and direct. session in which steam. carriages have been specially Can you deliver in to the committee & detailed But while it is recommended to lift and relay roads Writers for the press, then, are professional agi. tators-they are also ambitious of a high station in which have been made with large stone, or with hammers by the wives and children, so that whole large stone mixed with clay, chalk, or other mis families are employep. In Sussex, the proportion is greater between for society it is to be presumed, therefore, they only chievous materials, there are many cases in which it would be highly unprofitable to lift and relay a road, mer and present prices; the breaking of fint cost agitate until they have shaken themselves into a even if the materials should have been originally too at one time two shillings per ton, and is now done, good place. Thus it may be said of a lawyer, he is by introducing a better method and fitter tools, at a turbulent fellow, a bitter Radical, until he is mado a judge, when, from his new elevation, he takes large. The road between Cirencester and Bath is made one shilling per ton. By a more judicious preparation and application that commanding view of things which enables him of stone too large in size, but it is of so friable a na. ture that is lifting it becomes sand; in this case I of materials the quantity of stone consumed in roads to see that every thing is placed exactly where it If the writers for the press live on agitation, there recommended cutting down the high places, keeping is decreased, by which a great saving of expense i ought to be. the surface smooth and gradually wearing out the made, and with this great advantage, that the saving materials now in the road, and then replacing them is in horse labor of cartage, while the labor price is is little reason that they should despair. The elewith some stone of a better quality properly prepared. given to men, and in such a manner as includes boys ments of confusion are pretty numerous; the ReIn like manner, a part of the road in the Bath dis. from the age of ten upwards, women and old men form Bill, is, however, far more likely to reduce If periodical writers have assumed a position in trict is made of freestone, which it would be unpro- past the age of being able to labor hard. The pro- them into some order than to "perpetuate agitation." portion of men and horse labor in the Bristol dıs. fitable to lift. At Egham, in Surry, it was necessary to remove trict, under the former management, was one fourth Relerinmand Brace their respective revolu. the whole road, to separate the small portion of val- to mon's tabor, three fourths to horse labor. Under tions, the reasons is pretty plain. When affairs are uable materials from the mass of soft matter of which a better system of management the proportion has thrown out of their ordinary routine, it requiros it was principally composed, which was removed at been exactly reversed; during half a year that an something more than rank and fortune to restore considerable expense, before a road could be again exact account was kept, there was paid, for men's, the state-machine to equilibrium; crises of this nawomen and children's labor, £1088, for horses' la- ture always call forth men of talent, and cast into the shade men of straw. Who are so likely to unmade upon the site. Other cases of several kinds have occurred where bor, 1035. This immense advantage is presented in every part derstand the public interests as these who have for a different method must be adopted, but which it is impossible to specify, and must be met by the prac. of the country, as roads are confined to no particular years been daily discussing them, with the whole Periodical writers either are, or ought to be, pub. tical skill of the officer whose daty it may be to su place, and are universally in want of repair: ample country for an audience? perintend the repair of a road, and who must con. funds are already provided for every useful and pre. stantly recur to general principles. These princi-per purpose, although at present misapplied in allicists: they ought to be familiar with all the inples are uniform, however much circumstances may most every part of the kingdom, while the laborers terests of the country, and the constant habit of exdiffer, and they must form the guide by which his are in want of that employment which it ought to amining questions connected with its great interest, judgment must be always directed. afford them. generally ends in qualifying them for giving advice in most national questions. We will not contrast When additional stone is wanted on a road that It is curious to observe how writing has had to has consolidated by use, the old hardoned surface of The Locomotive Steam Engine, constructed by with this the usual education of sucking statesmen. the road is to be loosened with a pick, in order to Davis and Garther, of York, Pennsylvania, com. menced her operations on the Baltimore and Ohio struggle against power. At first the feudal baron make the fresh materials unite with the old. wheels. Carriages, whatever be the construction of their Railroad, under the most favorable auspices, on was ashamed of being able to write, and the signing wheels, will make ruts in a new made road until it Tuesday. It started from the Pratt street Depot, his name was like putting on his armour, a service consolidates, however well the materials may be pre- for Ellicott's Mills, with the entire train destined to be done by an inferior; however, writing bepared, or however judiciously applied; therefore, a for that place, consisting of fourteen loaded cars, came general, and barons were obliged to learn to careful person must attend for some time after the carrying, together with the Engine Tender, a gross write in self defence. (It may be remarked they The next stage was printing: it was long unread is opened for use, to rake in the track made by weight of fifty tons. The whole went off in fine still write worse than any body else.) style, and was soon out of sight. A gentleman The only proper method of breaking stones, both present says it was out of sight of the Depot in genteel to have a printed book; a kind of blemish for effect and economy, is by persons sitting; the about six minutes, and the rapid gliding of the im on nobility, and indulged in by the youth, apologizstones are to be placed in small heaps, and women, mense train was one of the most imposing and led for by the old: but at length printing became uniTo print a large book was, however, less a crime boys, or old men past hard labor, must sit down with beautiful spectacles he ever witnessed. - [Gazette.] versal, the people felt it a weapon of their own. small hammers and break them, so as none shall exA trial was made on Saturday on the Newcastle han a small work, and the fewness of the audience ceed six ounces in weight. and Frenchtown Railroad, of Stephenson's locomo. calculated upon was a recommendation. The next stage was printing small books, and The Tools to be used are,Strong picks, but short from the handle to the tive. The engine, with the tender and a passenger car, crossed from New Castle to Frenchtown in then, periodically: we are in this stage now-the point, for lifting the read. Small hammers, of about one pound weight in the fifty six minutes. At half past seven the locomo. aristocratic prejudice is strong, but the the tide is head, the face the size of a new shilling, well steeled, tive started to return with a train of seven cars, against them; they "believe and tremble." Pericontaining twenty one cords of pine wood, together odicals have become a sort of necessity even to them, but still to write in them is defilerment, and to dewith a short handle. Rakes with wooden heads, ten inches in length, with iron and lime on freight, and one passenger The labor in ascending the hill at Frenchtown, preciate those who do, acceptable. This is passing and iron teeth about two and a half inches in length, car. very strong for raking out the large stones when at an ascent of thirty feet in the mile, was consider. away. The organs of public communication will the road is broken up, and for keeping the road able, but no stoppage took place. After overcoming soon take their due place amongst other useful and smooth after being relaid, and while it is consoli- the elevation, the train went off in fine style at the powerful means of influencing the governing will; dating. Very light broad mouthed shovels, to spread the miles, when the connection of the burthen cars cidents of education, are most capable of employbroke. The engine was stopped in less than a minute, ing these engines for the increase and preservation broken stone and form the road. Every road is to be made of broken stone with and with four cars put in retrogade motion, and af of the general happiness, will take that "station in out mixture of earth, clay, chalk, or any other mat-ter a detention of ten minutes again moved forward. society" which they deserve, and from which a lawter that will imbibe water, and be affected with frost; This being the first trial, it was found necessary to adventurer would endeavor to drive them in vain. nothing is to be laid on the clean stone on pretence replenish the wood and water, after which the re. Such men do not guide the destinies of nations. of binding; broken stone will combine by its own maining five and a half miles were passed over in angles into a smooth solid surface that cannot be af- twenty eight minutes. Estimating the wood to fected by vicissitudes of weather, or displaced by weigh 2000 pounds per cord, which, being unseason the action of wheels, which will pass over it without ed, is considered light weight, the engine and train a jolt, and consequently without injury. a rate of about 10 miles per hour, for three or four and the men who, by the gifts of nature and the ac could not have weighed less than fifty tons. road, the opinion of the experienced among the It was passen Prices. The prices of lifting rough breaking the stones, forming the road, smoothing gers that in daylight the distance could have been the surface, cleaning out the water courses, and re- performed in an hour. The result of the first trial placing the stone, leaving the road in a finished of the power of the engine, however, was highly state, has been found in practice to be from one pen- satisfactory to all parties.- [Baltimore American.] ny to two pence per superficial yard, lifted four inches deep; the variation of price depends on the greater or lesser quantity of stone to be broken. At two pence per yard, a road of six yards wide will cost, therefore, one shilling per running yard, or £38 per mile. [From the New Monthly Magazine.] Our correspondent has, with his usual ability, touched on a subject of high importance, and which, at our leisure, we propose to treat at greater length. There is no doubt that in England literary men, so far from enjoying at present their legiti. anate power, have not hitherto assumed the station that belongs to them. Look at the difference in France! The main cause here is obvious-the great want of union among literary men. We have serious thoughts of proposing a Brotherhood, which we will venture to say shall be more powerful than any po. litical or masonic, or even priestly body ever estab The Gentlemen of the Press. Among the classes lished. Who have so clear a right to possess power enumerated by Lord Lyndhurst, as favorers of the as those who diffuse knowledge ?- [LD. N. Monthly Reform measures, is the periodical press. He is Magazine.] quite right the great majority of the men, who write in newspapers and other periodical publica. given by the Ex-Chancellor is curious: "A formidable and active body, to wit, the pe Any rough road may be rendered smooth and solid at this price, unless it be weak and require an addi tion of stone, or require some very material altera tions, are warm advocates of the Bill-but the reason tion of shape. Breaking stone has been reduced in price by the use of more proper hammers, and the sitting pos- riodical press, the greater portion of which support Lure. [From the Montreal Gazette.1 A friend in Edinburgh has communicated to us the following as a good recipe against an attack of the Cholera Morbus: "One bottle best brandy, with a quarter of a lb. this measure for reasons that are sufficiently appa- of stick Turkey rhubarb, placed over a slow fire for They prosper in agitation, and they think ten hours in a close vessel. Strain the contents thro' The Commissioners at Pristel used to pay fifteen Lent. pence per ton for limestone from Durdham Down, that ths carrying the Bill will perpetuate agitation. a picce of fine muslin, to obtain the entire strength for the use of their roads, and broken to a size above Besides, looking to what has occurred in France of the rhubarb. To this add 120 drops of laudanum, twenty ounces. Stone is now procured from the and Belgium, these conductors of the press see a and the same quantity of spirits lavender. This will same place, broken so as none exceed six ounces for new road opened to their personal ambition. They make about a dozen of doses, of a wine glass full each, ten pence per ton! and the workinen are very de believe that they will be enabled to take a station and a dose to be given on the first attack of vomiting; after the first dose, the second to be given. sirous of contracts at that rate, because the heavy in society, and to assume a power which, five or and should it be severe and not stop, in half an hour work is done by the men, the light work with small six years ago, never entered their minds." |