be 11 3.4 cents per ton for the day's work of 20 riles. motive engines. ing assumed at forty cents each per day, and the boy hour. If a higher velocity be requisite, the superi-throughout the year. If locomotive engines be used, who rides them at fifty cents, the two men who ma- ority of the locomotive engine becomes more and ne expense will be required for their maintenance nage a boat of 25 tons, at one dollar each; the total more manifest; and if the velocity be greater than (at least of any importance) when they are not actucost for these items will be $2.90, of which but 40 10 or 12 miles per hour, the locomotive engine alone ally in operation. Moreover, trade is not equally ac. cents, or less than one seventh of the whole, is for can be employed. The muscular force of a horse tive during every season, and at some periods is althe horse! Even if boats of 50 tons be used, the decreases in a very rapid ratio when the speed ex-most stagnant, time is also consumed in waiting for proportion will be less than one-fourth of the whole. ceeds 2 1-2 miles per hour, and cannot therefore be cargoes; hence, the economy of locomotive engines The cost for traction and attendance for 25 tons will as advantageously employed on Railroads as loco- is greater. 3rd. The next element to be considered in the On level Railroads, a horse exerting a force of 125 The great economy which results from the use of cost of transportation, is the expense of vehicles, in. lbs. can draw about 13 tons 8 cwt., (the friction be- steam power, renders the cost of traction and attend. cluding the capital requisite to purchase and keep ing 1-240th of the load, and the earriages 1-4th of ance not only less on descending or on level Rail them in repair. This, however, forms but a small the gross weight,) the useful load is therefore about roads than on Canals, but even on Railroads when portion of the total expense, on either Railroads or 10 tons. One man can attend to six horses, (and in the ascent is as great as 60, or even more than 60 Canals, compared with the items which have boen some cases even a greater number are managed by feet in every mile, throughout the whole distance of previously mentioned. Canals have, in this respect, one man drives eight the road. Such grades, however, will rarely occur, trifling advantage over Railroads. Boats are less mutus The expense for traction and attendance and are mentioned only to exhibit the great addition. exponsive in their repairs and maintenance than will therefore be 40 by u, squat Lo wagons notwithstanding the fact, that the actual horses, and one dollar for the inan: total, $3.40 for plication of this powerful and economical agent. cost in the first instance of the latter may be even 60 tons of merchandize, or 52.3 conts perton for The use of steam power is impracticable on Ca- less, when used to convey a given tonnage at a ve. 20 miles, (the day's work when the horses are con- nals. It has repeatedly been attempted by the mest locity of six or eight miles per hour-the annual exstantly employed.) If, however, occasional days of ingenious and persevering efforts. Numerous plans pense of repairs will more than balance this advanrest be permitted, horses can draw a greater load on have been tried in Europe and in America. Large tage. A boat of 25 tons will cost on an average either a Railroad or a Canal than the weight above- suins of money have been expended, and the result about $350, and will last eight years. The expense one man; at Mauch Chunk mentioned. On descending Railroads the load will L a has been, and ever will be, a failure. Fallacious of Railroad wagons, to convey the same number of be greater, and in some cases oven 25 tons net weight statements, the product of ignorance or sanguine ex. tons at the same rate, (21-2 miles per hour,) and can be drawn down the inclination, and the empty pectations, have often been published which predict. for the same distance, will be (if the wagons cost wagons drawn up with equal ease by a horse. In ed a successful issue. Experience has demonstrated sixty dollars each, and carry about three tons each) such cases the cost, even for horse power, is equal the impracticability of the object of their desires. $500: their duration will be nine or ten years. If on Railroads and Canals; and if the usual circuitous The laws of nature cannot be altered in accordance the velocity be increased, a smaller number of course of the latter be considered, the expense of with our wishes: these laws are opposed to the ex. wagons will be sufficient, and the prime cost will be traction on them-will be greater. periment. The agitation of the water in a Canal, less; consequently, there will be a saving in the in. terest of capital. The wear of the wagons will be produced by the action of a paddle-wheel, or any rather greater than in a direct ratio to the velocity. other contrivance acting on the water for the pur In England the cost of wagons (including their pur. banks of a Canal, even if the velocity of the boat chase, repairs, and maintenance) was, prior to the were moderate. If the velocity should be increased, year 1825, about one twelfth of a penny per ton per mile. The wagons were used for the conveyance of and other minerals; of course, On undulating Railroads, when the ascents and descents nearly balance each other, and when the grade does not exceed 26 feet to the mile, the effes. Live work of a horse will be three-feurths of the per formance on a lavel. But, if a Railroad be thus un pose of propelling a boat, would speedily destroy the dulating, the disadvantage will be compensated, in the wave produced by the mere passage of the boat many cases besistance between would produce this effect with greater rapidity peculiarly betonussion are there when it is compared with a Canal. When the grade These effects have never been obviated, or even ma is materially greater than 26 feet to the mile, it will The axles, &c. were also injured by the coal dust. generally expedient will power statements which from time to time have been pub- made in good particularmente ich on these ascents. The additional cost will, however, lished. If the Canal should be provided with a subbe less than the expense which would be necessary startial and adequate lining of stone, to prevent the to overcome an equal elevation on a Canal by meane abrasion of its banks, the expense would be enormous. of locks and their attendants. The expense of con- If these difficulties did not exist, others would re. struction and management, and also of the time con-main. The resistance opposed to the motion of sumed in overcoming the difference of level, being all terially diminished, notwithstanding all the flattering Since that period great improvements have been boats is, at least, under the most favorable circum estimated. In the great majority of cases, particu-stances, as the squares of their velocities; and in Jarly in the United States, the amount of the des- Canals it is well known to be greater. Hence, a cending tonnage will be much greater in weight rapid motion would be enormously expensive; and than the acoonding or ill draw greater loads thee, beyond a very moderate limit would be impossible if the Railroads were level. The level profiles of the boat could not contain an engine possessing the requisite power. If the motion, on the contrary, be horses, or other power, will draw greater loads than Canals prosent no such advantage. Hitherto, in this chapter, the comparison of the slow, then horses could draw the boat with less ex cost of transportation on Railroads and Canals has been made with undue partiality to the latter. The used for the conveyance of passengers and merchan- axles uniformly and perfectly lubricated an by ex. (A description of ling is given in Chapter in Railways pense than the maintenance of the engine and engineer would require. The engine would, moreover, to the cargo. The employment of a steam tug, or this speed the most favorable to Canala: namely, towboat, for the purpose of drawing a number of the latter. If, however, a rate exceeding about four boats in a line after it, has been suggested, On broad, deep, and walled Canals, where long levels miles per hour be attempted--and this will frequent- exist, this may be sometimes attended with advan. If this be added to the sum of 17-60ths of a cent per speed has been supposed to be equal, and the rate of occupy space, which could be more profitably devoted render the wagons more durable. Hence, the ex that at which a horse can draw the greatest load on pense will be less than formerly, and, although the iron work of wagons is more expensive in the United States than in England, the cost will not, in general, exceed one fifth of a cent per ton per mile. ton per mile for the cost of traction and attendance, will be detained at each lock until the last boat of the aggregate 29-60ths of a cent will be the totai Jy be desirable-a horse cannot draw as great a load rapid transportation. This subject will be resumed in a subsequent portion of this chapter. impracticable. cost per ton on a level Railroad, when six horses are managed by one man, (the wages of the latter being one dollar perday; the charges attending the use of horses being forty cents per day; the journey 20 miles, at the rate of 2 1-2 miles per hour.) The cost of traction and attendance on Railroads, The splendid triumphs of steam are displayed on a in the cases which have been mentioned, is less than wider and a nobler theatre. On the Delaware, (where The cost of traction will be much less if locomotive the cost on Canals, even when horses are employed, the first steam vessel commenced its triumphant engines be used, and the speed may be greatly in. But, if the great invention of the nineteenth century march,) and on the great rivers of the world, as well creased. Railroads, however, which are adapted to be resorted to an invention for which the world is as on the stormy billows of the ocean, it moves with the use of these engines require more expense for indebted to a native citizen of Pennsylvania-the lo resistless force, and almost magic rapidity, the most their construction than those which are calculated comotive steam engine-the cost of traction and at. stupendous fabrics-but disdains to "drag the slow solely for horse power; the grade, or profile, and tendance will be much less on Railroads than on Ca. barge" on the sluggish puddle in a Canal. Its "un- the curves must be more gentle, and the superstruc. nals. The great improvements which have been re. conquered arm" exhibits all its unrivalled energies, ture, or Railway, more substantial. Although the cently made, and those which are daily in progress, and all its almost miraculous activity, only when it cost of traction and attendance, as well as the wear would render any statement of the present cost of "drives the rapid car." of the vehicles and of the Railway, is greater Jittle value, and of only temporary utility. A great In stating the cost of traction and attendance on when the speed is at the rate of 10 miles per hour reduction in this expense has already been effected Railroads and Canals, in all the preceding calcula. than at a less rate, still the total cost is, in general, -a farther reduction is confidently anticipated. Attions, it has been supposed that transportation could liess when locomotive engines travel even at this present, the best engines consume only one third of be constantly effected without any delay, or any in-speed than when horses are used, even at a rate of a pound of coke per mile for each ton drawn by terruption for accidents, or from the changes of sea- only 2 1-2 miles per hour. It has already been prov. them. Coke is well known to be inferior for the sons. But this is impracticable on Canals: few of ed, that under these circumstances the cost of tracpurpose of raising steam to coal; but, on the Man. them are navigable during more than 260 days in the tion and attendance is less on Railroads where hor. chester and Liverpool Railroad, parliamentary regu. year, in consequence of the frost, and if the drought ses are used than on Canals, and a fortiori when lolations prohibit the use of every other fuel. In the of summer and the repairs be considered, even this comotive engines are adopted. If, therefore, all the United States, bituminous or anthracite coal, or pine limited number must often be reduced. The horses, remaining expenses be added, the result clearly wood, (which is admirably adapted to this purpose, or other motive power, and the attendants, must be proves that the tolls and the cost of transportationon and very abundant,) may be employed; all have been maintained during the interval; and as they sannot Railroads are, in the great majority of cases, less tried, and great success has attended the experiments. be always employed in other occupations with equal than on Canals. * Steam power will not cost 37.100ths of the amount profit, the expense during the limited period when which will be required for horses, even when the they are actually employed will be greater on Canals speed of the latter is that at which they can perform than the estimates which have been given in the pre-passengers and light merchandize, alone, will yield a On many extensive Railroads the receipts from the greatest amount of work, namely, 2 1.2 miles per ceding pages. On Railroads they can be employed sum sufficient to remunerate their proprietors. LAAMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL. NEW-YORK AMERICAN. គទី ០០០០២ JUNE 30, JULY 2, 3, 5, 6-1832. LITERARY NOTICES. alala The purposes and thoughts of man, whose eyes 437 that the study of the ancient classics may not make) him a more useful or prosperous artisan, or prepare him better to discharge the mechanical avocations to study the diversity of human character, and from of life. But in admitting this, I would also say, that the lessons of experience to estimate the principles the same argument, according to the particular des. of human action. He then too finds that the intellect, before which he bowed, was unable to peneTHE OFFICES OF THE HOLY SPIRIT, in a series of tination of the individual, would, in its turn, sweep natal four Sermons, preached before the University of Cam- away every department of science or of learning: trate or comprehend that scheme which is now unin November, 1831: by the Reverend and even this admission I would still further encuin. derstood by the unlettered Christian: and, contrastbridge, (Eng.) ber with the observation, that in this country, ing the glimmerings of a Socrates or a Cicero with the light of revelation, his humility becomes the Charles Simeon: New York; Swords, Stanford & where the highest honors are open to all who may Co.: 1 vol. 120. pp. 103. -These are the discourses deserve them, where he, who commences as the throne of his desert, and his faith is strengthened and it of a pure-minded, learned, and zealous divine, preach- humble tradesman to-day, may become the legisla. confirmed. en you The studies of youth are the mere training of the ed before ripe scholars, and therefore most carefully tor to-morrow-even with the mechanic-that time somes composed, and full of the unction of that Holy Spirit may not be misspent that opens to him the stores of mind for the contests in which it is afterwards to woande whose blessed offices they aim to set forth. The little volume which contains them in minted on very pretty type and paper. ancient learning and wisdom; and that, even upon mingle. It is not the race itself, but the preparation for it it is the wutting to exercise every fathe calclating principle of utility, the Greek and T.. tad languagusare so ruentined with the terms of cully, in order that vigor and elasticity, and strength those sciences, which the utilitarian approves, that may be given to the mind against the day of trial. some, if but a partial knowledge, is necessary for the It is the imparting and confirming a vigorous and professional learning of the divine, the lawyer, and healthy constitution to the childhood of intellect, if pursued to that it may sustain its manhood of exposure and its consequences, would tear every generous senti. conflict with purity and with power. Where then ment from the breast of youth, crush every aspira. can living waters that may refresh and invigorate, Dr. Chalmers, of Edinburgh, will be eagerly read by tion of genius, and destroy that love of our kind be drawn from richer tonntains than from the mounbout the friends of our late Bishop. It records the lead- which is founded upon a fervent admiration of all tain springs of classic literature? JAGD ARCHDEACON STRAHAN'S LETTER ON THE LIFE AND 19930 The system of utility, excellent in statuary, in sculpture, in music, and of its kind! Where can poetry, at once the cause and indicaing incidents of his career as a clergyman of the that is beautiful in nature or lovely in conduct. And Episcopal Church, and their results; it examines its dogmas would teach us that our noblest thoughts tion of a nation's feelings, gaze with more inspired which hover around Athens in all her former pride adoration than at that wonderful monument of huwhich, erected in an age almost unknown, has lol with frankness and vindicates with ability his course and glory, surrounded by the monuments of the arts man genius, the poems of Homer? that monument, on several points wherein some of his own commun- which even her turbulent people respected and preabove all modern efforts, the first and most exalted ion dissented from him, such as his opposition to the served, that our fondest veneration for that land of withstood the assaults of time, and still towers Who can dwell upon his glowing terar Bible Society for instance: and it criticises with kindly poetry, of eloquence and of science of all that was freedom the sermon preached and published by him, in painting-for that land, which, notwithstanding pages, and not find his own soul enlarged by every on his return from Europe, especially that part relat- the humiliation of the slave and the oppression of splendid achievement by every lofty sentiment-ing to the condition of the established Church in En- the despot, is fresh and green in the adoration of ev. by the wisdom of the old and the daring of the gland; the greater part of this criticism was made ry scholar; that all these must be forgotten and sa. young-the filial piety and devoted friendship that crificed to the selfish philosophy of practical utility. breathe, live, and move in this wonderful work?But the objects of education I assume to be of a no- Where can the patriot find purer principles of freegureoverbally to the Bishop himself by Dr. Strahan, shortdly after the appearance of the sermon. Altogether bler and more generous character. I assume that it dom than those which journey through the pages of Where did the accents of liberty roll upon the this letter will renew in many minds the admiration must be our desire to raise us individually, and as a ancient literature as its companions and its guides? Aimer and the regrets of which Bishop Hobart is so warm. nation, not only in the scale of wealth and power, nél ally the object. toye AN ADDRESS delivered before the Association of hit the ALUMNI of Columbia College, at their anniverMasary, May 9, 1899, by OGDEN HOFFMAN: New York, DWG. & C. & H. Carvill.-Well has the orator of the Alumni, in this address, sustained his own reputalight task, and the cha tion, and that was not a uoi racter and objects of his Alma Mater. Mr. Hoff -od but as a cultivated and an intellectual people; and tongue with a more commanding and pervading in. as well as tried abilities, of Dr. to estimate the powers of his man's glowing periode, from which we make large of life when the youthful mind requires stimulants and not bow before the majesty of their genius, and porta extracts, will serve as another example to prove the to urge it on its progress-when it is necessary that find his own powers exalted by the very homage he its advances in knowledge should be perceptible to is paying? Where can more beautiful treatises, of bib value of those classic studies he so gratefully, so itself, when the labor of acquisition should be at all that can assuage the evils of life, or purer rules once attended by the rewards of attainment. The of conduct, apart from Revelation, be found, than -Wan opportunely, and so eloquently vindicates. cares and tumults of life, were devoted to "friendes Brought by the course of his remarks, which were perfect formation of these languages then developes those which, composed in hours stolen from the "who harnessed for the Conqueror the designed to commemorate the labors and character to the young student the principles of universal gram of the Professors who adorned the College when he mar. It is then that he is thrown upon his own re. ship" and to "old age?" The glowing songs of sources, and when after much labor and much Pindar, to feel and history of Livy, and the annals of Tacitus are all Sumathimself was an alumnus, to speak of the classics, thought, he is able to master a passage which at first chariot of the Muses," the gaiety of Horace, the own mind, and with living springs at which the mind of youth may be TMr. H., after paying a deserved tribute of praise to was obscure or unintelligible-he begins exultation and pride to taste the fruits of his own strengthened and refreshed. Translations, it is true, Tam the early patriotism, exertions. His advances are not measured solely by may correctly tell us what they said or what they Wilson, Professor of the Greek and Latin, thus còn. he praises of his preceptors, which sometimes he did the lineaments may be preserved and the features of the mind be coldly commended to us-but Montinues: or partial, but his progress is dead and extinguishedfost mp Of the department over which Dr. Wilson presi- might consider unequal no is marked by mounds which proclaim to himself and the soul that animated, and the spirit that shone "Tis Greece-but living Greece, no more." ded, would that I could say that she too needed #defenders. But in our age, innovation may have to his friends the industry of the toil, and the dili through them, I care not that in after life these early studies may sometimes assumed the garb of reform, and when gence with which he is pressing to his mark, as he to the inutility of the study of the classics has been journeys on from book to book with the excitement openly enforced with a talent and learning which of curiosity, and the untiring gratification of satisfied be forgotten I care not though even the characters have flowed from the very sources that have been ambition. The history of other times, and the opin. in which they were written become as a dead letter thus contemned, and when amongst the "wild spe- ions and actions of the great of other ages, are then to us and their noblest works as a sealed bookculations of learned men"-I speak it with defer- indelibly stamped upon his memory by the very labor the deep and noble feelings which their fervant stuence-and in the very establishments of universities of acquisition, and when all that in after life he may dy once excited, have purified the heart which was destined for the improvement of youth, the question have received without labor, without consciousness, even their temporary habitation, and left an impress has been gravely proposed, and to propose the ques. has been effaced, the principles of action, as exem. upon our thoughts which no forgetfulness can, eftion, implies a doubt as to the answer-whether the plified in the Great of Greece and Rome, their les- face; whatever labor, whatever care, may be thrown time that is spent by youth in the attainment of sons of experience, their models of eloquence and into Alpheus, although they may vanish from the classical knowledge, might not be more usefully taste, will remain unforgotten and indelible. The sight, will, in after life, and in other times, reappear employed-I have thought that it might be well to virtuous youth of Cyrus, the ingenuous and lovely in Arethusa, with all their fulness and with all their attract attention to the dangers that await us, that character of his mind, the wise precepts and affec. freshness: - Our first studies, like the first vegetation each may contribute, if it be but a feeble effort to tionate counsels of the disciple of Socrates, the Bee of our own forests, may have been suffered to decay preserve our academic halls from the contagion of of Greece, will then sink deep in his mind, and un. and sink again into the soil whence they sprung, consciously pervade his own thoughts and charac. but their richness and their power, when goodly a thousand fold which that In believing and asserting the importance of clas-ter. But it is in the later period of his studies, seed shall afterwards be sown, will be attested by the th, I mean, of course to speak of when the mind has been expanded by the knowledge fruit of a hundred and sical studies to youth, their importance the time. If it has acquired, that he finds a liberal education. as part of it fertilized and en. soil will yield. the object be only to devote that time which may be riched by the atmosphere of genius in which he has The duties and the pleasures of rural life to aportabsolutely necessary to enable the student to com- breathed and moved. He then begins to arm him which he devoted himself could not extinguish, in mence the trade for which he may be destined, if self with the weapons of ancient learning, and is most bigoted utilitarian can demand, I will admit anatomize.. John Hampden, those principles which his early they nero called forth against the acts of a weak, a education at Oxford had instilled into his mind; vacillating, and a tyrannical king, until ho, who : durst at his own charge support the liberty and the to Beering's Strait, it will be recollected, was insti-etry in it. We extract the following sketch of a prosperity of the kingdoın, became the argument of tuted for the purpose of co-operating with Captain "true-love" story. It is whimsical enough to find all tongues," and the disinterestedness of whose Franklin, in his land expedition to the Arctic for the subject matter for a fashionable novel in a state patriotism, and rectitude of whose purpose, have given him that memory, which, in the language of the purpose of discovering a north-west passage to of society so inartificial: the time, "was such that in no age to come, but it the Pacific. The two exploring parties were at one The idea of passing all their days upon an island will more and more be had in honor and esteem." time within fifty leagues of each other; and it is only two miles long, without seeing any thing of stronger argument, with. The mercantile life for which he was destined, painful to think, that had either party pushed their the world, or, what was a out doing any good in it, had with several of them been deeply considered. But family ties, and an and in which he had entered, could not destroy in known. first instrument the world ever young Hancock that desire for liberty which his progress for three days longer, the grand problem of early studies at Harvard had excited; they were a north-west passage would have been completely ardent affection for each other, and for their native roused into action at Lexington, sustained his repu-solved. They did, however, all that could be ex- soil, had always interposed to prevent their going tation through proscription and calumny, until he pected of men, and the liberality and enterprize of away singly. George Adams, however, having no but, on reasons became for a time the sole and for over the arst, the British Government were well bestowed upon wife to detain him he is the contrary, expeditions conducted by men of such energy of cha- foreign to his home, was very anxious to embark in In devoting this, perhaps here unnecessary, time racter as Franklin and his coadjutors. The nnall the stesson, and I would share .ooded to his to the vindication of the study of the ancient clas- result of their operations may be summed up in the wishes, had not his mother wept bitterly at the idea sics, I do not wish to be misunderstood; I do not following extracts from the work before us: intend to place them higher in the scale of intellec. The enterprising voyage of Captain Franklin tual improvement than the other branches of know. ledge; I believe them all to be necessary links in down the Mackenzie, and along the northern that chain of a liberal education which is to connect shores of the continent of America, is now familiar the mind to the duties of life. of parting from him, and imposed terms touching his return to the island to which I could not accede. It was a sore disappointment to poor George, whose case forms a striking instance of the rigid manner in which these islanders observe their word. to us ail; and, considering that the distance between Wives upon Pitcairn Island, it may be imagined, the extremities of our discoveries was less than fif. are very scarce, as the same restrictions with re. We must make room for one extract more, which, ty leagues, and that, giving him ten days to perform gard to relationship exist as in England. George, in his early days had fallen in love with Polly regard being had to the place, the circumstances of it in, he would have arrived at Point Barrow at the precise period with our boat, we must ever regret girl a little older than himself; but Polly. the times, and those of the Speaker, is a testimony that he could not have been made acquainted with probably at that time liking someone else, and alike just and manly, to the jurisdiction of that our advanced situation, as in that case he would being at the age when young ladies' expectations Court-which for paltry purposes of party, it is too have been justified in incurring a risk which would are at the highest, had incautiously said, she never have been unwarrantable under any other circum-would give her hand to George Adams. He, nevertheless, indulged a hope that she would one day re. much the fashion to assail : stances. The extent of land thus left unexplored between lent; and to this end was unremitting in his en. Point Turnagain and Icy Cape, is comparatively so deavors to please her. In this expectation he was insignificant that, as regards the question of the not mistaken; his constancy and attentions, and, north west passage, it may be considered to be as he grew into manhood, his handsome form, known; and in this point of view both expeditious, which George took every opportunity of throwing though they did not meet, may be said to have been into the most becoming attitudes before her, softenthe coast at Return Reef and Point Barrow, it is nothing passed before, she would willingly have tends gradually to the eastward to Return Reef, leav. given him her hand. But the vow of her youth was not to be got over, and the love-sick couple lan. the laws of England, might have contained an in. fully successful. From the nature and similarity of ed Polly's heart inte a regard for him, and, had scription to record the fact, that nearly every im. provement that he has suggested has long been in very probable that the land from Franklin Extreme use, in this land but of yesterday. The rights of our ing Point Barrow in latitude 71 deg. 23 min. 30 sec. guished on from day to day, victims to the folly of College, humble as she may be, will be protected by N. the northern limit of the continent of America. early resolution. the learning and integrity of a wise and ju- The determination of this great geographical The weighty case was referred for our considera. diciary and to the decision of the Supreme Court question is undoubtedly important: but though it tton; and the fears of the party were in some mea. of the United States, in the case of Dartmouth Col sets a boundary to the new continent, and so far sure relieved by the result, which that would lege, may every institution of learning look for safe- diminishes the difficulties attending an attempt to be much better to marry than to continue unhappy, ty and protection. Acase, where was effect a passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic, in consequence of a hasty determination made be arrayed a sovereign State, and on the other the pow. yet it leaves the practicability of the North west fore the judgment was inatured; they could not, erlese creature of individual bounty, and yet against Passage nearly as doubtful as ever; and it is evident however, be prevailed on to yield to our decision, that State and in favor of the vested rights of her that it cannot be otherwise, until the obstructions and we left the unmarried. weaker antagonist was that case adjudged, and by set forth in Captain Perry's voyage are removed, as that State was that judgment obeyed; an obedience it would avail little to be able to reach Hecla and So however, contrary to all the laws of romance that was a proud homage to the purity of that Court, that rendered a inoral triumph to the Con. Fury Strait, provided that channel were always im- in such case made and provided, the island lovers did stitution of which she is a living member, and the passable. glory, which that obedience gave, was reflected " Before a Point Barrow, and in all probability proceed beyond since been united, and have two children." * not remain; for, alas for human fallibility! the fastiFrom what has been set forth, in the foregoing dious Polly subsequently relented, and we are afternarrative of our proceedings, it is nerly certain that, back upon that State as a member of a confederacy by watching the opportunity, vessel may reach wards told in a note to the volume, that "they have which could boast of such a judiciary. that fortress of our Constitution," in the language it. Had we been permitted to make this attempt, of one of the most gifted of our Alumni, the me. we should no doubt be able to speak more positively CELEBRATED FEMALE SOVEREIGNS. By Mrs. Jame. up to the adouration of his country by the labor of upon the subjeet; and, as I have always been of son. Harpers' Family Library, No. XXXIV. The "before it I would not only throw opinion that a navigation may be performed along authoress of this work is already known to many the shield of honest Ajax, but I would build round any coast of the Polar Sea that is continuous, I can mortals of whose talents have been recently held his biographer, it a wall of brass, and, if too weak to defend the rampart against the host of assailants, I would call to my aseretance the good senso, the patriotism, and the virtue of the land." THE TRAVELLER'S POCKET MAP OF Ohio, has just been published by Edmund M. Blunt, of this city It is a colored Map, of a convenient size, and is ac. companied with a little Guide book, in which the roads, canals, and distances are accurately described and laid down; also with a list of stages and steambeats. see no insurmountable obstacle to the exploit. In as the writer of "The Diary of an Ennuyee," a As regards the question whether it be adviseable could be batter qualified for the task she has here to attempt the passage from the Atlantic to the Pa- undertaken, than Mrs. Jameson: and we know not cific by an eastern or a western route, Capt. Beechey how a female could more worthily occupy her talscoma in favor of the latter, and gives an opinion ents than by thus illustrating the character of her that could steam vessels, properly fitted and adapted own sex. Mrs. Hemans has already commemorated NARRATIVE OF A VOYAGE TO THE PACIFIC, TO co. to the service, arrive in good condition in Kotzbue its gentler virtues, its fondness and its faith, its for OPERATE WITH THE POLAR EXPEDITIONS. By Capt. Sound by the beginning of one summer, they might titude and its capability of noble sacrifice, with a F. W. Beeshey, R. N. Carey & Lea, Philada.- succeed in reaching the western shore of Melville pen whose original force, fervor and delicacy, is Travels and voyages, of all kinds of writings, seem to Peninsula in the next. There, however, he thinks not to be the less prized, because from frequent use be the only ones which never go out of fashion. they would be stopped, and have to encounter diffi- it has run into mannerism that nearly amounts to They are among the first books which give an ap-culties which have repulsed three of the most perse- monotony. Miss Edgeworth had before in her adpetite for reading in childhood, and the last which vering attempts ever made toward the accomplish. mirable novels portrayed the domestic qualities and keep alive the love of reading in old age. The phi-nent of a similar object. varied excellencies of the female character; and losopher examines them for the study of nature; the Not the least interesting part of Capt. Beschey's Joanna Baillie has long since, in her nervous delistatesman for that of man; the poet for materiel for Narrative, is his account of a visit to California and neations of the passions, given in herself an exam his muse; and the merchant for a market for his a cruise among the islands of the Pacific. A few ple of the loftier features her pen has illustrated. goods: while such disinterested people as the reader pages are devoted to Pitcairn's Island, and the de- To this assemblage of names, that of Mrs. Jameson and ourselves, seek only to amuse a vacant hour in scription, like all others of that nook of the world will hereafter be added, if the favorable reception thoir perusal. The expedition of Captain Beechey and its singular little community, has a tinge of po- which the present work has met with abroad should MBNWnduce her to follow it up with some additional volumes upon the same, or a similar subject. The first tof the volumes before us contains the Lives of Se Joanna had chosen as her partner in the dance reer has closed. He died this morning, a little be Prince Galeazzo of Mantua, who, in his rapture for fore 8 o'clock. During the previous 48 hours such courteous condescension, made a vow that he had been sinking so fast that his physicians saw tha miramis, Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, Zenobia, ing to the foot of her throne two captivo, knights, to faculties returned at the commencement of this er would requite the honor she had done him, bybring- no human skill could keep him alive. His mente vul Queen of Palmyra, Joanna I, Queen of Naples, Jo. be disposed of as she thought fit. At the end of a sis, and only left him with the extinction of life. bayadanna II, Queen of Naples, Isabella, of Castile, year, he appeared before her with two knights of noble blood and approved valor, whom he had vanquished ful sister Eliza, died at Florence on the 9th inst. o Prince Borghese, widower of Napoleon's beaut in single combat, and presented them to her as her apoplexy. NOTI Mary, Queen of Scots, and Queen Elizabeth. The sa second volume contains the Lives of Christina, slaves by all the laws of chivalry. Galeazzo having df78 Queen of Sweden, Anne, Queen of Great Britain, thus acquitted himself of his vow, the queen equally CHOLERA MORBUS. - Report of yesterday, Liverpool their country loaded with presents. * * Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany, and Cather. fulfilled her duty as a lady and a princess; she gave Those Her assassin, Charles of Durazzo, met with a doom which shou or wach should seem to have been contrived by the avenging furies. After a turbulent unhappy 9.lection,-Mary of Scotland, and Joanna of Sicily ly fixed on the throne of Naples, and proceeded to reign of three short years, he deemed himself secure. 꼬 May 23, 1832. New cases 4; dead 3; recovered 0; cases remain. ing 7. From the commencement of the disease, on 12th May, 1832:-number of cases 22; deaths 11; recovered 4. Board of Health for the City of Dublin.-Lower The story of the young, the accomplished, and ill. Hungary, to wrest that crown from Maria, the terial diminution in Cholera for several days, and fated Chatelard, rash and extravagant as was his con. daughter and heiress of Louis of Hungary, the old that, out of a total of 3:29 cases, whereof 319 are in duct, is one of the most melancholy that is told of enemy of Queen Joanna. The young Queen of Hun- the hospital, there have been but two deaths, whilst gary, who was then about fifteen, was of a gener the recoveries have been 43: and the number of con. rous, frank, and noble nature; but her mother, the valescents have greatly increased. the unhappy court of Mary Stuart. BRITISH HOUSE OF LORDS-MAY 18. After some parliamentary business, " When the queen arrived from France, there Regent Elizabeth, was more than a match for Du. came in the train of Monsieur D'Anvillo, * one Chate. razzo in artifice and cruelty. By her machinations lard, a gentleman by birth, a soldier by profession, a he was decoyed into the apartment of Maria, and scholar from education, and a poet by choice. He while he stood reading a paper, a gigantic Hunga- from Cambridge, (as we understood his grace,) ob. returned with D'Anville to France, after enjoying rian, secretly stationed for that purpose, felled him served that he felt it his duty to address their Lord. its from the rank of his protector, the various amuse to the earth with his sabre. His death, however, ships, in order that he might explain the share he had Toxoments of Mary's court. In November, 1562, he again was not instantaneous: he lingered for two days in 112 visited Scotland, bringing letters from D'Anville agonies, neglected and abandoned; at length his red, and respecting which he had been subject to exhad in some transactions which had recently occur and others to the queen. It is supposed that the enernies, becoming impatient of his prolonged existabduke employed him as the interpreter of his passion ence and fearful of his recovery, caused him te be for Mary, but that Chatelard was mad enough to suffocated or strangled. entertain hopes for himself, upon what grounds we "Voilà," says Brantome, after relating the death arcannot now judge." He proceeded the fuli length, of Joanna and the fate of her murderer, -"Voilà un 110 on the 12th of February, 1563, of concealing him-juste judgement ne Dieu, et une noble et brave prinanuself in the queen's bed-chamber, with his sword and cesse, vengeresse de son sang innocent. nowdagger beside him. He was discovered, but the 1st fact was concealed from the queen by her feinale at- colomniée bien légèrement." "Voilà aussi la fin de cette brave reyne qu'on a Amaltendants, from prudential motives, till the morning; ast on being made acquainted with this piece of temeri HISTORY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES, ty, the queen commanded Chatelard out of her dedicated to Washington Irving, Illustrated with a sight, and banished him from the court. The queen, series of views-London. The thirty-seventh No. with a part of her train, left Edinburgh on the 13th, treme misrepresentation, and greatly vilified by persons high in station and by others of great respectability. Their Lordships would remember, that in inforined them, that in consequence of the advice the course of last week his Majesty's ministers had which they had given his Majesty on an important subject, and of his Majesty not having felt inclined to accede to that advice, they conceived it to be their daty to tender their resignation. His Majesty was pleased on that day on which he was left alone by his, who had been in high confidence, and to ask his ministers (cheers) to send for a noble friend of him whether there did not exist any means of ena and slept at Dunfermling; on the 14th she proceed. of this fine work which is now before us. containe bling his Majesty to form a government to carry into ed to Burnt Island, where she slept. Having retir with an excellent Portrait of Washington, much execution an extensive reform, without any extraorted to her chamber, Chatelard followed her thither, well prepared matter, written in a very liberal style, such a communication, and therefore inquired of oth dinary exercise prerogative. He was prepared for and suddenly presented himself before her, to clear of which we subjoin a specimen. ers who, however, were not willing to serve his Ma Thimself, he said, from the former imputation. She Bordered him to be gone; he refused; and, astonished A Just Rebuke. The principal annual works jesty under existing circumstances. He, in consewhich issue from the American press are the Amer. quence, attended his Majesty and gave him his ad at his audacity, the queen herself was fain to cry ican Almanac, a most admirable publication, and vice, which was not to appoint him, (the Duke of Bout for help. "The Earl of Murray was sent for, on when the queen in her agitation and terror called out to him to defend her, and strike his dagger into the intruder; but Murray thought proper to send him to ward, reserving this daring or infatuated misIni creant to the due course of the law, which would the Annual Register, which improves every year, Wellington) his minister. (Cheers.) He did not both as to matter and arrangement. The pictorial look forward to objects of ambition. He recomannuals certainly exhibit no advanced state of the nended his Majesty to seek for assistance in other arts either of painting or engraving; and, indeed, quarters, and declared himself ready to give his Liaare more discreditable in the former point than in jesty every assistance in his power, whether in or out Jay open the whole transaction." He was tried at tish prints, and this (unless the taste of the Ameri-advice given him by his ministers. This much be latter: for most of the designs are taken from Eng- of office, in order to enable his Majesty to resist the St. Andrew's, condemned to death, and executed on the 22d of February. He refused to avail himself of can people is founded upon the principles that a felt himselt bound to declare, that if ever there as 11 any minister or confessor, but having read aloud painter is to have "no honor in his own country") a case in which the King had acted fairly, and with Ronsard's hyınn on Death, he turned towards the pa most unnecessarily, as the scenery of the Hudson, perfect good faith towards his ministers, and in which lace, and exclaimed, "Adieu! la plus belle et la the Potomac, and the Ohio, not to mention a thou. there was a total absence of intrigue, it was this bplus cruelle princesse du monde!" he thon quietly other American artists, would produce as interest. consider the advance given by ministers and to sand other streams, and pencils of Cole and individual instance. Here his grace proceeded to crimes arose from a heated imagination, and a too ing an annual, as borrowed prints, which, as inva. characterize it in severe terms of censure If, said daring admiration of the queen, we may wish that sions of copyright, render the works not only unpal. his Grace, the independence of Parliament were to submitted to the streke of the executioner. As his Mary had extended her mercy to him, or could have done so without drawing suspicion on herself. JOANNA OF SICILY. - One of the women about the court, who was mistress of Louis, had endeavored to palliate her own misconduct by calumniating the atable, but unsaleable in Great Britain. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE. LATEST FROM EUROPE. - From the Courier and depend upon any body of men being bold chough to advise the Sovereign so to overwhelm the opinionof their Lordships, there would be at once an end to their existence as a deliberative assembly, and feeling so, it was his duty to give his Majesty the adqueen. Louis either believed, or pretended to be. Enquirer we have copied some late intelligenze revice he had already stated. But supposing that Peers were not actually created, would not the threat to lieve, this slander; he burst into the most violent ceived by the Silas Richards. The chief items as to create them, for the purpose of inducing Noble reproaches against his wife; and it is even said that reform in England, are, the formal statement to Lords to absent themselves from the House, be just in the height of his fury he struck her. Joanna sent the House of Lords, by Earl Grey, that he had re- as much an act of violence as the creation itself?for the woman, confronted her with her husband. The other branch of the question was as to the na and easily proved the falsehood of both; but instead sumed his office as Minister; and the assurance ac-ture of the communication which he had received of punishing her rival and accuser, she merely dis. companying that statement, that he had only done from his Majesty. The express words, as well as he missed her from the court, saying with dignity, so on conditions that would enable him to redeem coul recollect, were, that an administration should "Thank your God that your enemy is your Queen." his oaiginal pledge in favor of reform. That a cre- be formed upon the principle of carrying an exten. sive and efficient measure of reform. He was free anna entertained for her husband, and the wrongs tion of peers will not of necessity be resorted to, to confess that he had always opposed reform. He she had just received, as a woman, a wife, and a so- may, we think, be inferred from the declaration of was still so. If we consider the passionate attachment which Jo ↑vereign, & nobler, a more beautiful instance of fe- Lord Horwood-that, for fear of worse, male magnanimity can hardly be imagined. He considered reform not only unme. "he would cessary but injurious. He had stated in his place in withdraw his opposition to the bill." Others wil that house, on a former occasion, when the quesfollow his example. met According to Brantome, Chatelard was the grand- could amend that bill in such a way as to place it in form Bill, and, at the same time, alluded to informa-nation ensued. Sir Robert Peel's statement was the a state which would overcome the dangers which tion that he had just received of attacks that had only one possessing any interest. nouv were likely to result from its becoming a law. The been made on the archepiscopal residence near Šir Robert Peel, stated, that on Wednesday, (the 16th inst.) a communication was made to him by a noobject of his communication with his Majesty was York. not, then, to forward such a measure as that, but he The Duke of Rutland then warmly eulogized the ble Friend, for whom amidst all the calumnies heaped was called on to aid his Majesty in resisting an ad- resistance to the creation of Peers, by the Duke of upon him, (Hear, hear!) he was bound to avow his vance which went to overturn one branch of the Wellington in recent communications with the sincerest admiration and love, he meant Lord Lynd burst-(Murmurs and cheers.) He considered himconstitution. He never could have consented to pass King. public opinions that measure unmutilated through their Lorhships' The Earl of Harewood begged leave to ask the self perfectly justified in making such an avowel, from their his knowledge of the character and publi could communicate to Noble Earl opposite if he On Wednesday the to the Ministry? [Hear, Noble Lord waited on him, and informed him, that he Government, House. Under these circumstances he did not consent to Lordships whether any final arrangements had been the Noble Lord. (Hear, hear.) assist his Majesty in attempting to fornı an adminis-come to with respect a commission to form a had not received of tration. He knew that there were some persons, hear.] Earl Grey-My Lords, I am always happy to af but, from the official situation, which he held as Lord as a Chancellor, he had been selected by his Majesty vortex for collecting persons of power and influence to confer together the present state of affairs. That to his Majes- the part of his Majesty, that, resign for whom he had high respect, who thought that he onght to have looked to anterior circumstances to ford any information which lies in my power, but those preuges which he had already given against especially after the courteous manner in which the Referm. If he had taken a different course, and if, question has been put by the Noble Lari opposite. Noble Lordinued under the ties when his Majesty had called upon him for his aid (The noble Earl spoke in so low a tone of voice as which his Majesty is involved by the resignation of his in the position in which he was placed, and if he occasionally to be almost inaudible. We understood Ministers, in consequence of what had taken place in could have brought himself to have said to his Ma. his Lordship to say, my Lords, I should have been the Lords, he should have any objections to take a part jesty upon that occasion, "I cannot assist your prepared before perhaps to have given your Lord- in forming an administration? He, at the same time Majesty, bocause I have expressed strong opinions ships a statement of the result of certain communi- notified, that his Grace the Duke of Wellington was contrary to reform," if he had done so, he declared cations which I have had with his Majesty, but the willing to lend his assistance in forming a ministry, that he could not have shown his face in the streets. time has now arrived my Lords, when I am in a for the purpose of facilitating an arrangement, and would either take some office or decline taking office He could not, however, feel any regret for his own situation to state to you that result. Your Lordships are already aware that when I and at all, to bring things to a satisfactory issue.-(Hear! conduct in having answered to the call which his Majesty had made upon him. He would not detain my colleagues felt ourselves called upon by a proceed--It was also notified to him, in the clearest terms, on in your Lordships' House to if he would accept office, their Lordships any longer upon the details of this ing transaction. He called upon their Lordships to ty those offices to which by the gracious kindness of and the highest political office in the House, it was to look to the real circumstances of the case-If they the King we had been appointed, that a Noble Duke, be on the condition of supporting an extensive system would look back to the speech which was delivered who is now absent from this House, was commission- of reform. He replied from the impulse of his feeling, from the throne in June, 1831, to both houses of ed by his Majesty to form another Administration.- and from his regard to character, no authority exerciParliament, they would recollect that his Majesty Your Lordships are also aware that in consequence of sed by any man, or any number of men, could make then stated, in strong terins, that the question that Noble and Gallant Duke having given up that him swerve from his purpose and that it would be utshould have their most serious consideration, and commission with which he had been entrusted by his terly impossible for him to accept office on condition that, in forming any measure of reform they should Majesty, fresh communications took place between the of carrying the Reform Bill. He also said, that in the King and myself, and I have now the satisfaction to present state of public feeling, and, on the review of adhere to the acknowledged principles of the con inform your Lordships that those communications have his whole conduct throughout the discussion of the bill, stitution. Now, he would put it to their Lordships been brought to a favorable termination. [Hear, hear.] it would be quite impossible to take office, even for the whether they could have contemplated at that time I have now, my Lords, to inforın you that, in conse- purpose of removing the diffiulties and embarrassments that any effort would be made, or that these pro-quence of his Majesty's desire most graciously ex- into which his Majesty had been thrown. It would ceedings could lead, by any possible means, to the pressed to me, and in consequence of the feeling of be impossible for him to take office, because in order to destruction of that House. confidence that I am in such a position as will enable render his services of any use, he knew weli, that, if If any man at that time foretold what was after- me, as well as my colleagues, to redeem that pledge he took office at all, he must do it with a light heart, wards to occur, and would have revealed the facts of which I gave to your Lordships on my first accepting firm step, and erect attitude.--(Loud cheers from both the case, as they now stood, he would have been office-that pledge being that unless I felt myself sides of the House.) He came to that resolution be thought to have given expression to something armed with a sufficient security to pass the Reform cause he was fully convinced, that he was not a fit which had passed in a dream. For his own part, Bill which is now on your Lordships' table unmutila- man, under such circumstances, to become a minister In short it would have placed him in when he first heard that there was an intention to ted and unimpaired in any one of its great principles of the crown. create l'eers, he could not believe it-he thought it-I say, my Lords, that in consequence of now finding a situation such as no man was ever placed in, nameimpracticable. He did not think it possible that any myself in such a situation, by the gracious kindness of ly, that of coming round on the moment, and supportminister could even be brought to devise, such a his Majesty, as to be able to state to your Lordships ing a bill against those very men whom he had voted means. He hoped their Lordships would see, in the that such is my confidence, from the assurances which with, in almost every shape of it. - (Cheers.) The circumstance in which he was placed, that he could I have received from his Majesty as to my being in Right Hon. Baronet proceeded, at some length to eulo not refuse his aid to his Majesty; but when he found full power to effect that much desired object, that the gize and defend the Duke of Wellington, whose conby the discussion which took place on the Monday present Ministers will continue in office. (This an-duct, he said, had raised his Grace higher in his esteem, in the other House of Parliament, that a majority of nouncement was hailed with loud cheers.[ He added as it must raise him higher in the esteem of ail good that house had expressed an opinion in favor of the that he felt most anxious for the speedy adjustment of men, than before the recent transaction. conduct of Ministers, and found from the declara. this great measure; and, to effect that object, all his The London Courier of 22d May says: tion made in that House, that he could not find energies should be directed, fecling assured that the result would be such as to restore to the country hap- The Reformers have been agreeably disappointed members in that House to forin part of an adminis. tration which would have the confidence of the piness and tranquillity. He concluded with moving at the mild turn which the debate took last night in that the Reform Bill be further considered on Monday the House of Lords, and it is believed that the so. country, he felt bound to advise his Majesty that he next. [This proposition was also hailed with great cessions will be sufficiently numerous to secure the could not form as administration with these obsta cheering.] passing of the Reform Bill without a new creation cles before him, and recommended to his Majesty to The Earl of Harewood said that if power to carry of Peers. Earl Grey, however, must be on his open communications with his former ministers. the Bill were given, they all knew what that power guard; he has to deal with old politicians, who Lord Lyndhurst then rose, and said, that having meant; if adopted, deliberative character of the never slumber, and who are ready to take advanbeen sent for by his Majesty on the day that he re- House was gone, the crown was endangered, as well coived the resignation of his ministers, he proceeded as the liberty of the subject; and therefore, acting on to Windsor, when his Majesty informed him that he compulsion, to avert greater evils, he should withwas totally unprepared for the situation in which he draw all opposition to the Bill. tage of any defect of strategy. We have received positive information that the had been placed; that he sent for him as his former The Earl of Winchelsea, the Duke of Newcastle Chancellor, to require his advice, and desired him to and Lord Wharncliffe complained that the independ- Spanish Government is about to send two frigates point out to him the state of political parties, and of ence of the House of Lords was now destroyed. The to Madeira, under the pretence of protecting Spanthe country. His Majesty then gave him permission Earl of Radnor replied preceding speakers. The ish interests; but, in reality, to assist Don Miguel to to the Lord Wharncliffe again Noble Earl's speech brought these points. conmunicate with other persons on the by introducing provisions, &c., for garrisonAs Spain has no trade or intercourse with Madeira, the real object of this expedition must be evident to our Government, and we have no doubt that Lord Palmerston will adopt measures to defeat it. It is the determination of Ministers to allow no ish Government. A squadron is now fitting out for other persons, six in namber, and on Saturday the The Chancellor of the Exchequer stated, in reply the Tagus, with troops on board, for the purpose of sacrifice which he was not prepared to make-no ob. loquy which he was not ready to undergo, and no inisrepresentation which he was not ready to endure, Immediately on the call of the House being disposed in order to rescue his Majesty from the position in of, which call Mr. Hume enforced to ensure a assistance to be given to Don Miguel by the Span. which he was placed. He communicated with some tendance of members, full at Duke called at St. James's. This was all that he to Mr. Hume's inquiry, that he considered the minishad to do with the transaction, and here is (Lord terial arrangements to be settled; and that as there was protecting British interests in Portugal; but we are assured, that if a single Spanish soldier should be Lyndhurst's) interference ceased. His Lordship then now every reasonable probability of carrying the re form bill, the Ministers would continue to hold their sent in support of the Usurper, the Commander of entered into a long defence against the personal im was greeted with im- the British squadron will have authority to co-ppe. rate with the Patriots against the Usurper. This press and by Moinbers of the other House, aluding mense cheering.) Lord Milton stated, that in consequence of such is the honorable and proper course, and whether in observations reported to have been used by Sir Francis Burdett. Earl Grey afterwards addressed the House, after which their Lordships adjourned. After the presentation of some petitions, The Archbishop of York entered into an explana communication he should not move resolutions which Spain should be so rash as to provoke our inter- with the funeral orations pronounced over the grave of M. CASIMIR PERRIER. The oration of M. Dupin tion of his conduct on, and his opinions of, the Re. A good deal of conversation, discussion, and expla- was perhaps the best, He said |